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Lukito S, Lam SL, Criaud M, Westwood S, Kowalczyk OS, Curran S, Barrett N, Abbott C, Liang H, Simonoff E, Barker GJ, Giampietro V, Rubia K. Effects of fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex on inhibitory brain activation in children with ADHD. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230097. [PMID: 39428885 PMCID: PMC11491852 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to replicate previous effects of functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) in right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) on IFC activation during a Stop Task in a larger group of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present double-blind, randomized controlled trial tested the effects of 15 runs of active versus sham fMRI-NF of rIFC on performance and activation associated with successful and failed inhibition versus Go trials during a tracking Stop task in 88 boys with ADHD (44 active; 44 sham), controlling for age and medication status. No significant group-by-time interaction effects were observed for performance or brain activation during the successful stop trials, and post hoc analysis showed very low numbers of active fMRI-NF learners. Nevertheless, during error monitoring, there was a significant group-by-time interaction effect on post-error reaction time slowing and in left IFC activation, which were both increased after active compared to sham fMRI-NF. The findings are in line with our previous observation of left IFC upregulation after fMRI-NF of rIFC relative to active fMRI-NF of parahippocampal gyrus. This highlights the potentially wider regional effects that fMRI-NF of a particular self-control target region has on other self-regulatory regions in ADHD. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Lukito
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sheut-Ling Lam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marion Criaud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Westwood
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Olivia S. Kowalczyk
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Curran
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nadia Barrett
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Holan Liang
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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Reduced Error Recognition Explains Post-Error Slowing Differences among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:810-820. [PMID: 34488920 PMCID: PMC8935138 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often show reduced post-error slowing (PES) compared to typically developing controls. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that children with ADHD have error recognition and adaptive control impairments. However, several studies report mixed results regarding PES differences in ADHD, and among healthy controls, there is considerable debate about the cognitive-behavioral origin of PES. METHODS We tested competing hypotheses aimed at clarifying whether reduced PES in children with ADHD is due to impaired error detection, deficits in adaptive control, and/or attention orienting to novelty. Children aged 7-11 years with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 74) and controls (n = 30) completed four laboratory-based computer tasks with variable cognitive loads and error types. RESULTS ADHD diagnosis was associated with shorter PES only on a task with high cognitive load and low error-cuing, consistent with impaired error recognition. In contrast, there was no evidence of impaired adaptive control or heightened novelty orienting among children with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive-behavioral origin of PES is multifactorial, but reduced PES among children with an ADHD diagnosis is due to impaired error recognition during cognitively demanding tasks. Behavioral interventions that scaffold error recognition may facilitate improved performance among children with ADHD.
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Criaud M, Wulff M, Alegria AA, Barker GJ, Giampietro V, Rubia K. Increased left inferior fronto-striatal activation during error monitoring after fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102311. [PMID: 32570204 PMCID: PMC7306625 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a self-regulation disorder, with impairments in error monitoring associated with underactivation of the related brain network(s). Psychostimulant medication improves ADHD symptoms and can upregulate brain function, but has side effects, with limited evidence for longer-term effects. Real-time functional magnetic resonance neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) has potential longer-term neuroplastic effects. We previously reported the effects of 11 runs of 8.5 min of fMRI-NF of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) in adolescents with ADHD. This resulted in improvement of clinical symptom and enhanced rIFC activation post-pre treatment during response inhibition, when compared to a control group receiving fMRI-NF of the left parahippocampal gyrus (lPHG). In the current study we applied a novel analysis to the existing data by investigating the effects of fMRI-NF of rIFC in 16 adolescents with ADHD compared to fMRI-NF of lPHG in 11 adolescents with ADHD on the neurofunctional correlates of error monitoring during the same fMRI tracking stop task and potential associations with cognitive and clinical measures. We found stronger performance adjustment to errors in the rIFC-NF compared to the control lPHG-NF group. At the brain function level, fMRI-NF of rIFC compared to that of lPHG was associated with increased activation in error monitoring regions of the left IFC, premotor cortex, insula and putamen. The increased activation in left IFC-insular-striatal error monitoring regions in the rIFC-NF relative to the lPHG-NF group was furthermore trend-wise correlated with NF-induced ADHD symptom improvements. The findings of this study show, that during error monitoring, fMRI-NF training of rIFC upregulation elicited improvement in post-error behavioural adjustments and concomitant increased activation in left hemispheric fronto-insular-striatal and premotor regions mediating self-control and self-monitoring functions. This suggests that the administration of fMRI-NF of the rIFC may have had an impact on wider networks of self-regulation and self-monitoring in adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Criaud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - M Wulff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A A Alegria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Keute M, Stenner MP, Mueller MK, Zaehle T, Krauel K. Error-Related Dynamics of Reaction Time and Frontal Midline Theta Activity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) During a Subliminal Motor Priming Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:381. [PMID: 31736729 PMCID: PMC6828612 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-error slowing (PES) is an established performance monitoring readout. Several previous studies have found that PES is reduced in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We analyzed reaction time data, along with electroencephalography (EEG) data, from a response priming experiment in children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 15) between 10 and 17 years of age. We report dynamic reaction time changes before and after errors: whereas TD controls readjusted their response speed to their individual average speed after committing an error, this reaction time adjustment appeared to be delayed and decreased in ADHD patients. In the EEG, error trials were accompanied by increased frontal midline theta activity, which was attenuated in ADHD compared to TD. We conclude that PES has a different time course rather than being fully absent in ADHD and discuss relationships with our EEG findings and potential implications for performance monitoring in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Keute
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Max-Philipp Stenner
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krauel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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Mohamed SMH, Börger NA, Geuze RH, van der Meere JJ. Error monitoring and daily life executive functioning. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2217-2229. [PMID: 31236652 PMCID: PMC6675750 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Error monitoring during task execution is reflected in post-error slowing (PES), which refers to the tendency to slow down performance after making an error in order to prevent future mistakes. The key question of the present study is whether poor error monitoring (reduced magnitude of PES) has negative consequences for daily life executive function skills, as well as functioning in different life settings such as work, family, social, and academic settings. Eighty-five university students performed a lexical decision task and completed The Executive Function Index Scale (EFI), and the Weiss Functional Impairments Rating Scale (WFIRS). Individual academic achievement was measured using the Grade Point Average. Statistical analysis revealed that a decreased magnitude of PES was weakly associated with less efficient planning (one of the executive functions). Results suggest that error monitoring, as measured by PES, was not associated with functioning in a naturalistic environment, but could be interpreted to some extent as an experimental marker of planning in daily life executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M H Mohamed
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
| | - Norbert A Börger
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reint H Geuze
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van der Meere
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ehlis AC, Deppermann S, Fallgatter AJ. Performance monitoring and post-error adjustments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an EEG analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:396-406. [PMID: 30375834 PMCID: PMC6203547 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, research into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has focused increasingly on its neurobiological underpinnings, revealing (among other things) frontal lobe alterations. Specifically, action-monitoring deficits have been described, including impaired behavioural adjustments following errors. Our aim was to examine the neurophysiological background of post-error behavioural alterations in an adult ADHD sample for the first time, hypothesizing that people with ADHD would differ from controls in neurophysiological markers of cognitive preparation and stimulus processing, specifically following errors. METHODS In total, 34 people with ADHD and 34 controls participated in an electroencephalography measurement while performing a flanker task. The final number of electroencephalography samples included in the analyses ranged from 23 to 28. We recorded event-related potentials for the erroneous response itself (error-related negativity) and for events following errors (intertrial interval: contingent negative variation; next flanker stimulus: P300). RESULTS Over frontal electrode sites, error-related negativity amplitudes were significantly reduced in people with ADHD across response conditions. Both groups showed reduced P300 amplitudes on flanker stimuli following errors. Moreover, during the intertrial interval, patients exhibited significantly reduced contingent negative variation, specifically following errors. At the behavioural level, we observed no significant group differences in post-error data. LIMITATIONS Only adults were examined (no longitudinal data). CONCLUSION Based on previous reports of post-error behavioural alterations in childhood samples, we conclude that people with ADHD develop compensatory strategies across the lifespan that lead to inconspicuous post-error behaviour in adulthood. Neurophysiologically, however, subtle alterations remain, indicating a perseverance of at least some frontal lobe deficits in people with ADHD who are partially medicated, particularly with respect to action-monitoring and post-error adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christine Ehlis
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Deppermann, Fallgatter); the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Fallgatter); and the LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Fallgatter)
| | - Saskia Deppermann
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Deppermann, Fallgatter); the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Fallgatter); and the LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Fallgatter)
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Deppermann, Fallgatter); the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Fallgatter); and the LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Fallgatter)
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Christensen KE, Lundwall RA. Errors on a computer task and subclinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:511-517. [PMID: 29971801 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have found increased error rate for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on response time (RT) computer tasks. Here we attempt the conceptual replication and extension of two studies that examined error rate in a general population of children (N = 203). Study 1 followed Johnstone and Galletta but considered associations between scores on a dimensional measure of ADHD symptoms (rather than comparing those with or without an ADHD diagnosis) and the frequency of commission and omission errors. Study 2 followed Shiels, Tamm & Epstein and examined post-error adjustment in the same group of children as for Study 1. Study 1 did not replicate previous findings of no increase in errors of commission in those with higher ADHD symptoms (Johnstone & Galletta). Instead, we found that younger children with lower ADHD symptoms were more likely to make commission errors, while omission errors did not vary with age. Study 2 replicated the previous finding of less RT slowing in children with more ADHD symptoms, extending this finding to a general population of children. Namely, as ADHD symptoms increase, RT slowing is less likely, putting children with higher ADHD symptoms at risk of additional errors. Overall, we extend previous ADHD research to typically developing children with ADHD symptoms.
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