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Liao YC, Yang CJ, Yu HY, Huang CJ, Hong TY, Li WC, Chen LF, Hsieh JC. Inner sense of rhythm: percussionist brain activity during rhythmic encoding and synchronization. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1342326. [PMID: 38419665 PMCID: PMC10899486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1342326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The main objective of this research is to explore the core cognitive mechanisms utilized by exceptionally skilled percussionists as they navigate complex rhythms. Our specific focus is on understanding the dynamic interactions among brain regions, respectively, related to externally directed cognition (EDC), internally directed cognition (IDC), and rhythm processing, defined as the neural correlates of rhythm processing (NCRP). Methods The research involved 26 participants each in the percussionist group (PG) and control group (CG), who underwent task-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions focusing on rhythm encoding and synchronization. Comparative analyses were performed between the two groups under each of these conditions. Results Rhythmic encoding showed decreased activity in EDC areas, specifically in the right calcarine cortex, left middle occipital gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, and left inferior parietal lobule, along with reduced NCRP activity in the left dorsal premotor, right sensorimotor cortex, and left superior parietal lobule. During rhythmic synchronization, there was increased activity in IDC areas, particularly in the default mode network, and in NCRP areas including the left inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral putamen. Conversely, EDC areas like the right dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, and bilateral inferior parietal lobule showed decreased activity, as did NCRP areas including the bilateral dorsal premotor cortex, bilateral ventral insula, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, and left superior parietal lobule. Discussion PG's rhythm encoding is characterized by reduced cognitive effort compared to CG, as evidenced by decreased activity in brain regions associated with EDC and the NCRP. Rhythmic synchronization reveals up-regulated IDC, down-regulated EDC involvement, and dynamic interplay among regions with the NCRP, suggesting that PG engages in both automatic and spontaneous processing simultaneously. These findings provide valuable insights into expert performance and present opportunities for improving music education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chun Liao
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Arts and Humanities Education, Taipei National University of the Arts, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Jung Huang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Hong
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Li
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fen Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chuen Hsieh
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Arts and Humanities Education, Taipei National University of the Arts, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ho MK, Saxe R, Cushman F. Planning with Theory of Mind. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:959-971. [PMID: 36089494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding Theory of Mind should begin with an analysis of the problems it solves. The traditional answer is that Theory of Mind is used for predicting others' thoughts and actions. However, the same Theory of Mind is also used for planning to change others' thoughts and actions. Planning requires that Theory of Mind consists of abstract structured causal representations and supports efficient search and selection from innumerable possible actions. Theory of Mind contrasts with less cognitively demanding alternatives: statistical predictive models of other people's actions, or model-free reinforcement of actions by their effects on other people. Theory of Mind is likely used to plan novel interventions and predict their effects, for example, in pedagogy, emotion regulation, and impression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Ho
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fiery Cushman
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Achim AM, Achim A, Fossard M. Referential communication in people with recent-onset schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:971256. [PMID: 36159951 PMCID: PMC9500190 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.971256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
People with schizophrenia present with language production impairments, yet very few studies examine language production in the context of collaborative, verbal interaction tasks performed with a real interaction partner. The current study relied on a referential communication paradigm in which participants with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC) presented a series of movie characters to their interaction partner, whose role was to identify and place the characters in the same order. The HC spontaneously provided more information when presenting characters that their interaction partner was unlikely to know than when presenting very well-known characters, and the magnitude of this adjustment was positively correlated with their performance on a theory of mind task. In contrast, people with SZ showed a significantly reduced (absent) adjustment to the likely-known vs. likely-unknown nature of the characters, and no correlation emerged with ToM. Further examination of the verbal productions revealed that HC often combined movie-related information (ex: character's name or movie title) and descriptive information whereas people with SZ more often used description only to present the characters. Overall, this study adds to our knowledge about referential choices in SZ in the context of collaborative verbal interactions with a real interaction partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie M Achim
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche CERVO and Centre de Recherche VITAM, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Achim
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marion Fossard
- Institut des Sciences Logopédiques, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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