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Resolvin D1 Prevents Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Reduces Collagen Deposition by Stimulating Autophagy in Intestinal Fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4749-4759. [PMID: 35013877 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is the most common complication of inflammatory bowel disease; nevertheless, specific therapies are still unavailable. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a typical endogenous ω-3 fatty acid-derived lipid mediator, has attracted wide attention due to its remarkable anti-fibrosis effects. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of RvD1 in intestinal fibrosis remain unclear. AIM To investigate the protective effect of RvD1 in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal fibrosis model and explore the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-fibrotic effect. METHODS A DSS-induced intestinal fibrosis model and intestinal epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) model were used to observe the efficacy of RvD1, and fibroblasts were stimulated with conditioned medium with or without TGF-β1 to investigate the probable mechanisms of RvD1 in intestinal fibrosis disease. RESULTS Intestinal fibrosis was effectively alleviated by RvD1 in a DSS-induced model, both preventively and therapeutically, and autophagy inhibition-induced EMT in intestinal epithelial cells was significantly suppressed in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, RvD1 reduced epithelial cell EMT paracrine signaling, which promoted the differentiation of local fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that RvD1 reduces autophagy-induced EMT in intestinal epithelial cells and ameliorates intestinal fibrosis by disrupting epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk.
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Yu Z, Liu S, Cui J, Song Y, Wang T, Song B, Peng P, Ma X. Early histological and ultrastructural changes in expanded murine scalp. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:141-152. [PMID: 31989853 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1720876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiangbo Cui
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yajuan Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baoqiang Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pai Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital; Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Cosin-Roger J, Canet F, Macias-Ceja DC, Gisbert-Ferrándiz L, Ortiz-Masiá D, Esplugues JV, Alós R, Navarro F, Barrachina MD, Calatayud S. Autophagy Stimulation as a Potential Strategy Against Intestinal Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091078. [PMID: 31540207 PMCID: PMC6770118 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently observed reduced autophagy in Crohn’s disease patients and an anti-inflammatory effect of autophagy stimulation in murine colitis, but both anti- and pro-fibrotic effects are associated with autophagy stimulation in different tissues, and fibrosis is a frequent complication of Crohn’s disease. Thus, we analyzed the effects of pharmacological modulation of autophagy in a murine model of intestinal fibrosis and detected that autophagy inhibition aggravates, while autophagy stimulation prevents, fibrosis. These effects are associated with changes in inflammation and in collagen degradation in primary fibroblasts. Thus, pharmacological stimulation of autophagy may be useful against intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Cosin-Roger
- Hospital Dr Peset, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Canet
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dulce C Macias-Ceja
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Gisbert-Ferrándiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Hospital Dr Peset, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Alós
- Departamento de Cirugía del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital La Fe, 46526 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarro
- Departamento de Cirugía y Coloproctología, Hospital de Manises, 46940 Valencia, Spain
| | - María D Barrachina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Yu K, Li N, Cheng Q, Zheng J, Zhu M, Bao S, Chen M, Shi G. miR-96-5p prevents hepatic stellate cell activation by inhibiting autophagy via ATG7. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:65-74. [PMID: 29051972 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC), which is the main source of extracellular matrix, plays a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis. Autophagy of hepatic stellate cell has been recently implicated in liver fibrosis, but the regulation of hepatic stellate cell autophagy during this process remains poorly understood. Here, we first identified miR-96-5p as an aberrantly expressed miRNA in fibrotic liver tissues. Next, we transfected miR-96-5p mimic into human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 and observed decreased protein and mRNA levels of α-SMA and Col1A1. In addition, transfection of miR-96-5p mimic significantly reduced autophagy activity of LX-2 cells, while transfection of miR-96-5p inhibitor promoted LX-2 cell autophagy. Moreover, autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) was predicted as a potential target of miR-96-5p and luciferase assay confirmed its direct interaction with miR-96-5p. Finally, reintroduction of ATG7 into LX-2 cells reversed miR-96-5p-mediated inhibition of autophagy as well as α-SMA and Col1A1 expression. In conclusion, we demonstrated that miR-96-5p can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation by blocking autophagy via ATG7. These findings provide new insight into the development of miRNA-based anti-fibrotic strategies. KEY MESSAGES • Altered miRNA expression profile is observed in fibrotic liver tissues. • miR-96-5p can inhibit HSC activation. • Autophagy of HSC is repressed by miR-96-5p during activation. • ATG7 is a direct target of miR-96-5p. • ATG7 can rescue miR-96-5p-mediated inhibition of autophagy and HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Mengqi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Suxia Bao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Mingquan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guangfeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Jo YI, Kim G, Jin YM, Park YJ, Kim HS, Park YS. Intracellular Remodeling and Accumulation of Aberrant Lysosomes in Differentiation of Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Parathyroid-Like Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:411-420. [PMID: 30603497 PMCID: PMC6171608 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into a variety of cell lineages such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes is often accompanied up-regulation of autophagy. In our study, we demonstrated that the expression of autophagy-associated proteins (p-Beclin 1, LC3A, LC3B, p-AMPK, p-mTOR and ATG3, ATG7, and ATG12-5) over a period of time was hardly distinguishable from control tonsil-derived MSC (TMSC). Despite the unnoticeable difference in autophagy activation between differentiated TMSC (dTMSC) and the control (cTMSC), we reported significant changes in intracellular compositions in differentiated TMSC into functional parathyroid-like cells secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH). By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed accumulation of multivesicular bodies (MVB) comprising small, degraded compartments densely accumulated as dark granular or amorphous clumps, multilamellar bodies and lipid droplets in dTMSC. However, no such structures were found in cTMSC. These results suggest that differentiation of TMSC into parathyroid-like cells producing PTH hormone is hardly dependent on autophagy activation in the beginning of our conditions. Furthermore, our results of intracellular remodeling and accumulated endo-lysosomal storage bodies in the later stages of TMSC differentiation present a possible role of the structures in PTH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Jo
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungah Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985 Republic of Korea
- Ewha Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Mi Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985 Republic of Korea
- Ewha Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Center (ETSRC), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Park
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Shin Park
- Major in Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
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Wei J, Zhu H, Lord G, Bhattachayya M, Jones BM, Allaway G, Biswal SS, Korman B, Marangoni RG, Tourtellotte WG, Varga J. Nrf2 exerts cell-autonomous antifibrotic effects: compromised function in systemic sclerosis and therapeutic rescue with a novel heterocyclic chalcone derivative. Transl Res 2017; 183:71-86.e1. [PMID: 28027929 PMCID: PMC7205471 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) governs antioxidant, innate immune and cytoprotective responses and its deregulation is prominent in chronic inflammatory conditions. To examine the hypothesis that Nrf2 might be implicated in systemic sclerosis (SSc), we investigated its expression, activity, and mechanism of action in SSc patient samples and mouse models of fibrosis and evaluated the effects of a novel pharmacologic Nrf2 agonist. We found that both expression and activity of Nrf2 were significantly reduced in SSc patient skin biopsies and showed negative correlation with inflammatory gene expression. In skin fibroblasts, Nrf2 mitigated fibrotic responses by blocking canonical transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-Smad signaling, whereas silencing Nrf2 resulted in constitutively elevated collagen synthesis, spontaneous myofibroblast differentiation, and enhanced TGF-ß responses. Bleomycin treatment of Nrf2-null mice resulted in exaggerated fibrosis. In wild-type mice, treatment with a novel pharmacologic Nrf2 agonist 2-trifluoromethyl-2'-methoxychalcone prevented dermal fibrosis induced by TGF-β. These findings are the first to identify Nrf2 as a cell-intrinsic antifibrotic factor with key roles in maintaining extracellular matrix homeostasis and a pathogenic role in SSc. Pharmacologic reactivation of Nrf2, therefore, represents a novel therapeutic strategy toward effective treatment of fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Gabriel Lord
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Mitra Bhattachayya
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | | | | | - Shyam S Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md
| | - Benjamin Korman
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | | | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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Bao JX, Zhang QF, Wang M, Xia M, Boini KM, Gulbins E, Zhang Y, Li PL. Implication of CD38 gene in autophagic degradation of collagen I in mouse coronary arterial myocytes. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:558-569. [PMID: 27814632 DOI: 10.2741/4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen deposition is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Although compromised collagen I degradation has been implied in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Thus, we determined the role of CD38, an enzyme involved in cellular calcium modulation and autophagic flux, in the regulation of collagen I degradation in coronary arterial myocytes (CAMs).In primary cultured CAMs from CD38-/- mice, collagen I protein accumulation but not mRNA abundance was significantly increased compared with cells from CD38+/+ mice either under control or upon TGF-Beta stimulation. Pharmacological inhibition of the formation of autophagosomes with 3-methyladenine or of autophagolysosomes with a lysosomal functional blocker, bafilomycin A1, induced a similar increase in collagen protein levels, while inhibition of the proteasome by MG132 had no effects on collagen I accumulation. In addition, CD38-deficiency did not change the protein expression of matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in CAMs. Confocal microscopy showed that collagen I deposition was mainly lied within lysosomes or autophagosomes in CD38-/- or TGF-Beta treated CAMs. Collagen I deposition increased when CAMs lack CD38 expression or if autophagy was blocked, which is associated with impaired autophagic degradation of collagen I. This CD38 regulation of autophagic flux may represent a novel mechanism for extracellular matrix (ECM) plasticity of coronary arteries upon atherogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiang Bao
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Krishna M Boini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA and Department of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, P.O.Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613,
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Fu MY, He YJ, Lv X, Liu ZH, Shen Y, Ye GR, Deng YM, Shu JC. Transforming growth factor‑β1 reduces apoptosis via autophagy activation in hepatic stellate cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1282-8. [PMID: 25059289 PMCID: PMC4121427 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a metabolic process that is important in fibrogenesis, in which cellular components are degraded by lysosomal machinery. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1) is a potent fibrogenic cytokine involved in liver fibrosis; however, it remains elusive whether autophagy is regulated by TGF‑β1 in this process. In the present study, the function of TGF‑β1‑mediated autophagy in the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was investigated. A rat HSC cell line (HSC‑T6) was incubated with or without TGF‑β1 followed by bafilomycin A1, and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) small interfering (si)RNA was used to inhibit autophagy in order to assess the association between TGF‑β1 and autophagy. HSC‑T6 cell transient transfection was accomplished with a pLVX‑AcGFP‑N1‑rLC3B‑encoding plasmid. An MTS assay and flow cytometry were utilized to detect proliferation and apoptosis of HSC‑T6 cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were used to detect the presence of activation markers. Proliferation was increased and apoptosis was reduced in HSC‑T6 cells treated with TGF‑β1 compared with cells subjected to serum deprivation. However, when HSC‑T6 cells were treated with bafilomycin A1 and LC3 siRNA, increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation were observed. In addition, protein and mRNA expression levels of the autophagy marker LC3 were significantly increased. GFP‑LC3 punctate markings were more prolific following TGF‑β1 treatment of HSC‑T6 cells, indicating that TGF‑β1 may rescue HSC‑T6 cells from serum deprivation and reduce apoptosis via autophagy induction. The present study elucidated the possible functions of TGF‑β1‑mediated autophagy in the pathological process of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ya Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xia Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-He Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Rong Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Chang Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
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Kwanten WJ, Martinet W, Michielsen PP, Francque SM. Role of autophagy in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A controversial issue. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7325-7338. [PMID: 24966603 PMCID: PMC4064078 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism involved in cellular homeostasis under basal and stressed conditions delivering cytoplasmic content to the lysosomes for degradation to macronutrients. The potential role of autophagy in disease is increasingly recognised and investigated in the last decade. Nowadays it is commonly accepted that autophagy plays a role in the hepatic lipid metabolism. Hence, dysfunction of autophagy may be an underlying cause of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, controversy of the exact role of autophagy in the lipid metabolism exists: some publications report a lipolytic function of autophagy, whereas others claim a lipogenic function. This review aims to give an update of the present knowledge on autophagy in the hepatic lipid metabolism, hepatic insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrogenesis.
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10
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms in liver fibrogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 548:20-37. [PMID: 24631571 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrogenesis is a dynamic and highly integrated molecular, tissue and cellular process, potentially reversible, that drives the progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD) towards liver cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Hepatic myofibroblasts (MFs), the pro-fibrogenic effector cells, originate mainly from activation of hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts being characterized by a proliferative and survival attitude. MFs also contract in response to vasoactive agents, sustain angiogenesis and recruit and modulate activity of cells of innate or adaptive immunity. Chronic activation of wound healing and oxidative stress as well as derangement of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are "major" pro-fibrogenic mechanisms, whatever the etiology. However, literature has outlined a complex network of pro-fibrogenic factors and mediators proposed to modulate CLD progression, with some of them being at present highly debated in the field, including the role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Hypoxia and angiogenesis as well as inflammasomes are recently emerged as ubiquitous pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic determinants whereas adipokines are mostly involved in CLD related to metabolic disturbances (metabolic syndrome and/or obesity and type 2 diabetes). Finally, autophagy as well as natural killer and natural killer-T cells have been recently proposed to significantly affect fibrogenic CLD progression.
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Steele JW, Fan E, Kelahmetoglu Y, Tian Y, Bustos V. Modulation of Autophagy as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2013; 1:21-34. [PMID: 28286801 PMCID: PMC5342246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a conserved cellular pathway that regulates the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, and cellular organelles. Autophagy is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis; however, neuronal autophagic efficiency decreases with age. Therefore, aging is one of the greatest risk factors for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a slowly progressing form of neurodegeneration that develops over the course of 10-20 years prior to the onset of overt clinical symptoms. AD is defined neuropathologically by the presence of extracellular aggregates of the amyloidogenic protein amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. At end-stage Alzheimer's disease, abnormal autophagic pathology has been reported in human brain and in multiple mouse models of AD, suggesting that an intimate association may exist between neuronal autophagy stasis and Alzheimer's-related pathology. Here, we highlight recent evidence that the autophagic pathway plays a role in both the generation and clearance of the pathogenic Aβ protein and its precursors. The primary focus of this review is to examine the compelling research that highlights the autophagic pathway as a therapeutic target for AD and to discuss the therapeutic space around autophagy-regulating programs for AD. Finally, we propose that programs targeting autophagy regulation for AD ought to consider prophylactic or early stage intervention trials based on evidence against druggability of this pathway in late-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steele
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Emily Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yildiz Kelahmetoglu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yuan Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Victor Bustos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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