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Wang X, Zhou J, Wang Y, Li X, Hu Q, Luo L, Liu X, Liu W, Ye J. Effect of astrocyte GPER on the optic nerve inflammatory response following optic nerve injury in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29428. [PMID: 38638966 PMCID: PMC11024623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Activated astrocytes are a primary source of inflammatory factors following traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Accumulation of inflammatory factors in this context leads to increased axonal damage and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Therefore, in the present study, we explored the role of the astrocyte G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in regulating inflammatory factors following optic nerve crush (ONC), and analyzed its potential regulatory mechanisms. Overall, our results showed that GPER was abundantly expressed in the optic nerve, and co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP). Exogenous administration of G-1 led to a significant reduction in astrocyte activation and expression of inflammation-related factors (including IL-1β, TNF-α, NFκB, and p-NFκB). Additionally, it dramatically increased the survival of RGCs. In contrast, astrocytes were activated to a greater extent by exogenous G15 administration; however, RGCs survival was significantly reduced. In vitro, GPER activation significantly reduced astrocyte activation and the release of inflammation-related factors. In conclusion, activation of astrocyte GPER significantly reduced ONC inflammation levels, and should be explored as a potential target pathway for protecting the optic nerve and RGCs after TON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400032, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Qiumei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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Mendes-Oliveira J, Campos FL, Ferreira SA, Tomé D, Fonseca CP, Baltazar G. Endogenous GDNF Is Unable to Halt Dopaminergic Injury Triggered by Microglial Activation. Cells 2023; 13:74. [PMID: 38201277 PMCID: PMC10778367 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of microglial cells seems to play a crucial role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons occurring in Parkinson's disease. We have previously demonstrated that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) present in astrocytes secretome modulates microglial responses induced by an inflammatory insult. Therefore, astrocyte-derived soluble factors may include relevant molecular players of therapeutic interest in the control of excessive neuroinflammatory responses. However, in vivo, the control of neuroinflammation is more complex as it depends on the interaction between different types of cells other than microglia and astrocytes. Whether neurons may interfere in the astrocyte-microglia crosstalk, affecting the control of microglial reactivity exerted by astrocytes, is unclear. Therefore, the present work aimed to disclose if the control of microglial responses mediated by astrocyte-derived factors, including GDNF, could be affected by the crosstalk with neurons, impacting GDNF's ability to protect dopaminergic neurons exposed to a pro-inflammatory environment. Also, we aimed to disclose if the protection of dopaminergic neurons by GDNF involves the modulation of microglial cells. Our results show that the neuroprotective effect of GDNF was mediated, at least in part, by a direct action on microglial cells through the GDNF family receptor α-1. However, this protective effect seems to be impaired by other mediators released in response to the neuron-astrocyte crosstalk since neuron-astrocyte secretome, in contrast to astrocytes secretome, was unable to protect dopaminergic neurons from the injury triggered by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. Supplementation with exogenous GDNF was needed to afford protection of dopaminergic neurons exposed to the inflammatory environment. In conclusion, our results revealed that dopaminergic protective effects promoted by GDNF involve the control of microglial reactivity. However, endogenous GDNF is insufficient to confer dopaminergic neuron protection against an inflammatory insult. This reinforces the importance of further developing new therapeutic strategies aiming at providing GDNF or enhancing its expression in the brain regions affected by Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Mendes-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Filipa L. Campos
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Susana A. Ferreira
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tomé
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla P. Fonseca
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Graça Baltazar
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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3
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Epimedin B exerts neuroprotective effect against MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease: GPER as a potential target. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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4
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Qu Y, Li N, Xu M, Zhang D, Xie J, Wang J. Estrogen Up-Regulates Iron Transporters and Iron Storage Protein Through Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Activation Mediated by Estrogen Receptor β and G Protein Estrogen Receptor in BV2 Microglia Cells. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3659-3669. [PMID: 35829942 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is a steroid hormone produced mainly by the ovaries. It has been found that estrogen could regulate iron metabolism in neurons and astrocytes in different ways. The role of estrogen on iron metabolism in microglia is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of 17β-estrogen (E2) on iron transport proteins. We found that following E2 treatment for 24h in BV2 microglial cell lines, the iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) were up-regulated , iron storage protein ferritin (FT) was increased. The protein levels of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and hepcidin remained unchanged, but hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) was up-regulated. Two kinds of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) antagonist G15 and G protein estrogen receptor (GPER) antagonist PHTPPcould block the effects of E2 in BV2 microglial cell lines. These results suggest that estrogen could increase the protein expressions of DMT1, FPN1, FT-L and FT-H in BV2 microglia cells, which were not related to the regulation of IRP1 and hepcidin, but to the upregulation of HIF-1α. In addition, estrogen might regulate the expressions of iron-related proteins through both ER β and GPER in BV2 microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Chen P, Li B, Ou-Yang L. Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839005. [PMID: 36060947 PMCID: PMC9433670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans. Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system-related disorders (endometriosis, and breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer), bone-related abnormalities, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, urogenital tract disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cutaneous melanoma. ER alpha (ERα), ER beta (ERβ), and novel G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) have been identified as the most prominent ERs. This review provides an overview of ERα, ERβ, and GPER1, as well as their functions in health and disease. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Li
- *Correspondence: Bo Li, libo‐‐
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6
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Wang XW, Yuan LJ, Yang Y, Zhang M, Chen WF. IGF-1 inhibits MPTP/MPP +-induced autophagy on dopaminergic neurons through the IGF-1R/PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and GPER. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E734-E743. [PMID: 32865008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00071.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunctions are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the involvement of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the inhibitory effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) against excessive autophagy in PD animal and cellular models. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment significantly induced mouse movement disorder and decreased the protein level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra (SN) and dopamine (DA) content in striatum. Along with the dopamine neuron injury, we observed significant upregulations of microtubule-associated light chain-3 II (LC3-II) and α-synuclein as well as a downregulation of P62 in MPTP-treated mice. These changes could be restored by IGF-1 pretreatment. Cotreatment with IGF-1R antagonist JB-1 or GPER antagonist G15 could block the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1. 1-Methy-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment could also excessively activate autophagy along with the reduction of cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells. IGF-1 could inhibit the neurotoxicity through promoting the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which could also be antagonized by JB-1 or G15. These data suggest that IGF-1 inhibits MPTP/MPP+-induced autophagy on dopaminergic neurons through the IGF-1R/PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and GPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang-Jie Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Krentzel AA, Willett JA, Johnson AG, Meitzen J. Estrogen receptor alpha, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1, and aromatase: Developmental, sex, and region-specific differences across the rat caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:786-801. [PMID: 32632943 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones such as 17β-estradiol (estradiol) regulate neuronal function by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), including ERα and GPER1, and through differential production via the enzyme aromatase. ERs and aromatase are expressed across the nervous system, including in the striatal brain regions. These regions, comprising the nucleus accumbens core, shell, and caudate-putamen, are instrumental for a wide-range of functions and disorders that show sex differences in phenotype and/or incidence. Sex-specific estrogen action is an integral component for generating these sex differences. A distinctive feature of the striatal regions is that in adulthood neurons exclusively express membrane but not nuclear ERs. This long-standing finding dominates models of estrogen action in striatal regions. However, the developmental etiology of ER and aromatase cellular expression in female and male striatum is unknown. This omission in knowledge is important to address, as developmental stage influences cellular estrogenic mechanisms. Thus, ERα, GPER1, and aromatase cellular immunoreactivity was assessed in perinatal, prepubertal, and adult female and male rats. We tested the hypothesis that ERα, GPER1, and aromatase exhibits sex, region, and age-specific differences, including nuclear expression. ERα exhibits nuclear expression in all three striatal regions before adulthood and disappears in a region- and sex-specific time-course. Cellular GPER1 expression decreases during development in a region- but not sex-specific time-course, resulting in extranuclear expression by adulthood. Somatic aromatase expression presents at prepuberty and increases by adulthood in a region- but not sex-specific time-course. These data indicate that developmental period exerts critical sex-specific influences on striatal cellular estrogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Krentzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jaime A Willett
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashlyn G Johnson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Meitzen
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Zuo D, Wang F, Rong W, Wen Y, Sun K, Zhao X, Ren X, He Z, Ding N, Ma L, Xu F. The novel estrogen receptor GPER1 decreases epilepsy severity and susceptivity in the hippocampus after status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:134978. [PMID: 32302699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (estrogen) exerts neuroprotective effects in several types of neurological disorders including epilepsy. The novel G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), also called GPR30, mediates the non-genomic effects of 17β-estradiol. However, the specific role of GPER1 in status epilepticus (SE) remains unclear. In this report, we evaluated the effects of GPER1 on the hippocampus during SE and the underlying mechanism was studied. Our results revealed that pilocarpine-induced GPER1-KD epileptic rats exhibited a shorter latency to generalized convulsions and strikingly elevated seizure severity. Additionally, the electroencephalographic seizure activity also corresponded to these results. Fast-Fourier analysis indicated an enhancement of power in the theta and alpha bands during SE in GPER1-KD rats. In addition, epilepsy-induced pathological changes were dramatically exacerbated in GPER1-KD rats, including neuron damage and neuroinflammation in hippocampus. GPER1 might be associated with the susceptibility to and severity of epileptic seizures. In summary, our results suggested that GPER1 plays a neuroprotective role in SE, and might be a candidate target for epilepsy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zuo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yujun Wen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Kuisheng Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Xiaofan Ren
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Zhenquan He
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Na Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China.
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9
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Guo H, Liu M, Zhang L, Wang L, Hou W, Ma Y, Ma Y. The Critical Period for Neuroprotection by Estrogen Replacement Therapy and the Potential Underlying Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:485-500. [PMID: 31976839 PMCID: PMC7457406 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200123165652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (estradiol or E2) is a steroid hormone that has been broadly applied as a neuroprotective therapy for a variety of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Several laboratory and clinical studies have reported that Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) had no effect against these diseases in elderly postmenopausal women, and at worst, increased their risk of onset and mortality. This review focuses on the growing body of data from in vitro and animal models characterizing the potential underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways that govern successful neuroprotection by ERT, including the roles of E2 receptors in mediating neuroprotection, E2 genomic regulation of apoptosis- related pathways, membrane-bound receptor-mediated non-genomic signaling pathways, and the antioxidant mechanisms of E2. Also discussed is the current evidence for a critical period of effective treatment with estrogen following natural or surgical menopause and the outcomes of E2 administration within an advantageous time period. The known mechanisms governing the duration of the critical period include depletion of E2 receptors, the switch to a ketogenic metabolic profile by neuronal mitochondria, and a decrease in acetylcholine that accompanies E2 deficiency. Also the major clinical trials and observational studies concerning postmenopausal Hormone Therapy (HT) are summarized to compare their outcomes with respect to neurological disease and discuss their relevance to the critical period hypothesis. Finally, potential controversies and future directions for this field are discussed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yaqun Ma
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tel: +86 010 66938152; E-mail: and Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China; E-mail:
| | - Yulong Ma
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tel: +86 010 66938152; E-mail: and Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China; E-mail:
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10
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Azcoitia I, Barreto GE, Garcia-Segura LM. Molecular mechanisms and cellular events involved in the neuroprotective actions of estradiol. Analysis of sex differences. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100787. [PMID: 31513774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors or by estrogen receptor independent mechanisms, are initiated at the membrane, the cytoplasm or the cell nucleus of neural cells. Estrogen-dependent signaling regulates a variety of cellular events, such as intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, autophagy and apoptosis. In turn, these molecular and cellular actions of estradiol are integrated by neurons and non-neuronal cells to generate different tissue protective responses, decreasing blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, neurogenesis, remyelination and neuroregeneration. Recent findings indicate that the neuroprotective and neuroreparative actions of estradiol are different in males and females and further research is necessary to fully elucidate the causes for this sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Roque C, Mendes-Oliveira J, Duarte-Chendo C, Baltazar G. The role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 on neurological disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100786. [PMID: 31513775 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) is a membrane-associated estrogen receptor (ER) associated with rapid estrogen-mediated effects. Over recent years GPER emerged has a potential therapeutic target to induce neuroprotection, avoiding the side effects elicited by the activation of classical ERs. The putative neuroprotection triggered by GPER selective activation was demonstrated in mood disorders, Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease of male and female in vivo rodent models. In others, like ischemic stroke, the results are contradictory and currently there is no consensus on the role played by this receptor. However, it seems clear that sex is a biological variable that may impact the results. The major objective of this review is to provide an overview about the physiological effects of GPER in the brain and its putative contribution in neurodegenerative disorders, discussing the data about the signaling pathways involved, as well as, the diverse effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roque
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Mendes-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C Duarte-Chendo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - G Baltazar
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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12
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Yuan LJ, Wang XW, Wang HT, Zhang M, Sun JW, Chen WF. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor is involved in the neuroprotective effect of IGF-1 against MPTP/MPP +-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105384. [PMID: 31175966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), an endogenous peptide, exerts important role in brain development, neurogenesis and neuroprotection. There are accumulating evidence for the interaction of IGF-1 and 17β-estradiol systems. IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling has been reported to regulate G-protein estrogen receptor (GPER) expression in cancer cells. Whether GPER is involved in the neuroprotective effect of IGF-1 against MPTP/MPP+-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury remains unclear. We showed that IGF-1 could improve MPTP-induced motor deficits and ameliorate the decreased contents of DA and its metabolites in striatum as well as the loss of TH-IR neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). IGF-1 pretreatment also reversed the changes of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions in SN in MPTP mice. These effects were abolished by IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) antagonist JB-1 or GPER antagonist G15 except the inhibitory effect of G15 on Bax protein expression. Moreover, IGF-1 pretreatment enhanced cell survival against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. IGF-1 exerted anti-apoptotic effects by restoring MPP+-induced changes of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions as well as mitochondria membrane potential. Co-treatment with JB-1 or G15 could block these effects. Furthermore, IGF-1 regulated the protein expression of GPER through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Overall, we show for the first time that GPER may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1 against MPTP/MPP+-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/adverse effects
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuroblastoma/etiology
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/prevention & control
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neurotoxins/adverse effects
- Parkinson Disease/etiology
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/pathology
- Parkinson Disease/prevention & control
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jie Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University (Taishan Medical University), Taian, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia-Wen Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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Roque C, Mendes-Oliveira J, Baltazar G. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activates cell type-specific signaling pathways in cortical cultures: relevance to the selective loss of astrocytes. J Neurochem 2019; 149:27-40. [PMID: 30570746 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor has been proposed to avoid some of the side effects elicited by the activation of classical estrogen receptors α and β. Although its contribution to neuroprotection triggered by estradiol in brain disorders has been explored, the results regarding ischemic stroke are contradictory, and currently, there is no consensus on the role that this receptor may play. The present study aimed to investigate the role of GPER in the ischemic insult. For that, primary cortical cultures exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) were used as a model. Our results demonstrate that neuronal survival was strongly affected by the ischemic insult and concurrent GPER activation with G1 had no further impact. In contrast, OGD had a smaller impact on astrocytes survival but G1, alone or combined with OGD, promoted their apoptosis. This effect was prevented by the GPER antagonist G15. The results also show that ischemia did not change the expression levels of GPER in neurons and astrocytes. In this study, we also demonstrate that selective activation of GPER induced astrocyte apoptosis via the phospholipase C pathway and subsequent intracellular calcium rise, whereas in neurons, this effect was not observed. Taken together, this evidence supports a direct impact of GPER activity on the viability of astrocytes, which seems to be associated with the regulation of different signaling pathways in astrocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Roque
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | - Graça Baltazar
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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14
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Baez-Jurado E, Rincón-Benavides MA, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A, Echeverria V, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective actions of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in brain cells. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:44-64. [PMID: 30223003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic selective modulators of the estrogen receptors (SERMs) have shown to protect neurons and glial cells against toxic insults. Among the most relevant beneficial effects attributed to these compounds are the regulation of inflammation, attenuation of astrogliosis and microglial activation, prevention of excitotoxicity and as a consequence the reduction of neuronal cell death. Under pathological conditions, the mechanism of action of the SERMs involves the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled receptor for estrogens (GRP30). These receptors trigger neuroprotective responses such as increasing the expression of antioxidants and the activation of kinase-mediated survival signaling pathways. Despite the advances in the knowledge of the pathways activated by the SERMs, their mechanism of action is still not entirely clear, and there are several controversies. In this review, we focused on the molecular pathways activated by SERMs in brain cells, mainly astrocytes, as a response to treatment with raloxifene and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M A Rincón-Benavides
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - O Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - V Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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GPR30 activation improves memory and facilitates DHPG-induced LTD in the hippocampal CA3 of middle-aged mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 149:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Sørvik IB, Solum EJ, Labba NA, Hansen TV, Paulsen RE. Differential effects of some novel synthetic oestrogen analogs on oxidative PC12 cell death caused by serum deprivation. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:273-287. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1430363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene B. Sørvik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Johansson Solum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils A. Labba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild E. Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Guan J, Yang B, Fan Y, Zhang J. GPER Agonist G1 Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:60-66. [PMID: 28810246 DOI: 10.1159/000478908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies have shown that women of reproductive age have much less possibility of developing Parkinson disease (PD) than men. The beneficial effect of estrogen also has been well-described in both culture and animal models of PD. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a membrane-associated estrogen receptor, and displayed a neuroprotective role in a mouse model of PD. Since GPER is highly expressed in microglia, we speculate that GPER mediates the neuroprotective function of estradiol through suppressing the neuroinflammation of PD. METHODS We investigated the effects of GPER agonist G1 and GPER antagonist G15 on the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neuron, the activation of microglia, and the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced animal model of parkinsonism. Furthermore, we confirmed the effects of GPER activation on the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in an in vitro MPP+ model in BV2 microglial cells. RESULTS After 12-day treatment with G1, mice showed an increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells, reduced activation of microglia, and the abatement of proinflammatory cytokines, and the anti-inflammatory effect of G1 was abolished by G15. Meanwhile, in vitro studies demonstrated that GPER activation also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines from BV2 microglial cells after MPP+ stimulation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that GPER mediates the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of estrogen in experimental PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Mendes-Oliveira J, Lopes Campos F, Videira RA, Baltazar G. GPER activation is effective in protecting against inflammation-induced nigral dopaminergic loss and motor function impairment. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:296-307. [PMID: 28450223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggest that excessive inflammatory responses from overactivated microglia play a critical role in Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing to, or exacerbating, nigral dopaminergic (DA) degeneration. Recent results from our group and others demonstrated that selective activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) with the agonist G1 can protect DA neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxins. However, it is not known whether modulation of microglial responses is one of the mechanisms by which G1 exerts its DA neuroprotective effects. We analyzed, in the N9 microglial cell line, the effect of G1 on microglial activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. The results revealed that G1 significantly decrease phagocytic activity, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and release of nitric oxide (NO) induced by LPS. To determine the relevance of this anti-inflammatory effect to the protection of nigral DA cells, the effect of G1 was analyzed in male mice injected unilaterally in the substantia nigra (SN) with LPS. Although G1 treatment did not decrease LPS-induced increase of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (iba-1) positive cells it significantly reduced interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) and iNOS mRNA levels, and totally inhibited nigral DA cell loss and, as a consequence, protected the motor function. In summary, our findings demonstrated that the G1 agonist is able to modulate microglial responses and to protect DA neurons and motor functions against a lesion induced by an inflammatory insult. Since G1 lacks the feminizing effects associated with agonists of the classical estrogen receptors (ERs), the use of G1 to selectively activate the GPER may be a promising strategy for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of PD and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Mendes-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Lopes Campos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Rita Alexandra Videira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Graça Baltazar
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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19
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Lu CL, Herndon C. New roles for neuronal estrogen receptors. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28597596 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens encompass steroid hormones which display physiological roles not only in the female reproductive system but also in other organ systems of non-reproductive controls, including the peripheral and central nervous systems. Traditionally, estrogen signals in neurons through a "genomic pathway": binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) which then interact with nuclear estrogen response elements to initiate transcription. This effect is usually delayed at onset (within several hours to days) and prolonged in duration. In addition to these classical ERs, recent data suggest that other ERs function through pregenomic signaling pathways. Estrogen's pregenomic pathways cause intracellular changes within seconds to minutes and go through a novel, 7-transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptor (GPER, formerly known as GPR30). In this review, we will briefly cover the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GPER and then discuss newly discovered roles of GPER in cognition, depression, homeostasis, pain processing, and other associated neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Lu
- Institute of Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C Herndon
- University of California, Los Angeles
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20
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Neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of raloxifene in the myenteric plexus of a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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GPR30 Activation Contributes to the Puerarin-Mediated Neuroprotection in MPP+-Induced SH-SY5Y Cell Death. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:227-234. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Enterría-Morales D, López-López I, López-Barneo J, d’Anglemont de Tassigny X. Striatal GDNF Production Is Independent to Circulating Estradiol Level Despite Pan-Neuronal Activation in the Female Mouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164391. [PMID: 27741271 PMCID: PMC5065215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender difference in Parkinson’s disease (PD) suggests that female sex steroids may promote dopaminergic neuron survival and protect them from degeneration. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is believed to be dopaminotrophic; thus it is considered as a potential therapeutic target in PD. Additionally, GDNF is endogenously synthetized in the caudate/putamen of humans and striatum in rodents. A neuroprotective role of estrogens on the nigrostriatal pathway via the stimulation of GDNF has been proposed. Since the GDNF-producing parvalbumin (Parv) interneurons express the estrogen receptor alpha in the mouse striatum, we sought to determine whether ectopic estrogenic compound modulates the GDNF synthesis in mice. Using an ovariectomized-estradiol (E2) replacement regimen, which reliably generates a rise of plasma estradiol, we assessed the effects of different levels of E2 on the activation of striatal neuronal populations, and GDNF production. A strong correlation was found between plasma E2 and the expression of the immediate early gene cFos in the striatum, as well as in other cortical regions. However, moderate and high E2 treatments failed to induce any striatal GDNF mRNA and protein synthesis. High E2 only stimulates cFos induction in a low percentage of striatal Parv neurons whereas the majority of cFos-positive cells are medium spiny neurons. Activation of these projecting neurons by E2 suggests a role of circulating sex steroids in the modulation of striatal neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enterría-Morales
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ivette López-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier d’Anglemont de Tassigny
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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