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Kim EY, Lee JM. Transcriptional Control of Trpm6 by the Nuclear Receptor FXR. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041980. [PMID: 35216094 PMCID: PMC8874704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid x receptor (FXR) is a nuclear bile acid receptor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It plays an essential role in bile acid biosynthesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, liver regeneration, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy. A loss of the FXR gene or dysregulations of FXR-mediated gene expression are associated with the development of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) is essential for mammalian physiology. Over 600 enzymes are dependent on Mg2+ for their activity. Here, we show that the Trpm6 gene encoding a Mg2+ channel is a direct FXR target gene in the intestinal epithelial cells of mice. FXR expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells is absolutely required for sustaining a basal expression of intestinal Trpm6 that can be robustly induced by the treatment of GW4064, a synthetic FXR agonist. Analysis of FXR ChIP-seq data revealed that intron regions of Trpm6 contain two prominent FXR binding peaks. Among them, the proximal peak from the transcription start site contains a functional inverted repeat 1 (IR1) response element that directly binds to the FXR-RXRα heterodimer. Based on these results, we proposed that an intestinal FXR-TRPM6 axis may link a bile acid signaling to Mg2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4826
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Wu X, Chien H, van Wolferen ME, Kruitwagen HS, Oosterhoff LA, Penning LC. Reduced FXR Target Gene Expression in Copper-Laden Livers of COMMD1-Deficient Dogs. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040078. [PMID: 31574998 PMCID: PMC6958483 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD), an autosomal recessive disorder, results in copper accumulation in the liver as a consequence of mutations in the gene ATPase copper transporting beta (ATP7B). The disease is characterized by chronic hepatitis, eventually resulting in liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have shown that dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NR) by high hepatic copper levels is an important event in the pathogenesis of liver disease in WD. Intracellular trafficking of ATP7B is mediated by COMMD1 and, in Bedlington terriers, a mutation in the COMMD1 gene results in high hepatic copper levels. Here, we demonstrate a reduced Farnesoid X nuclear receptor (FXR)-activity in liver biopsies of COMMD1-deficient dogs with copper toxicosis, a unique large animal model of WD. FXR-induced target genes, small heterodimer partner (SHP), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were down-regulated in liver samples from COMMD1-deficient dogs with hepatic copper accumulation. In contrast, the relative mRNA levels of the two CYP-enzymes (reduced by FXR activity) was similar in both groups. These data are in line with the previously observed reduced FXR activity in livers of ATP7B−/− mice and WD patients. Therefore, these data further corroborate on the importance of the COMMD1-deficient dogs as a large animal model for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hsiaotzu Chien
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Cruz-Gil S, Sánchez-Martínez R, Wagner-Reguero S, Stange D, Schölch S, Pape K, Ramírez de Molina A. A more physiological approach to lipid metabolism alterations in cancer: CRC-like organoids assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219944. [PMID: 31339921 PMCID: PMC6655698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine might be the response to the recent questioning of the use of metformin as an anticancer drug in colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, in order to establish properly its benefits, metformin application needs to be assayed on the different progression stages of CRC. In this way, intestinal organoids imply a more physiological tool, representing a new therapeutic opportunity for CRC personalized treatment to assay tumor stage-dependent drugs. The previously reported lipid metabolism-related axis, Acyl-CoA synthetases/ Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (ACSLs/SCD), stimulates colon cancer progression and metformin is able to rescue the invasive and migratory phenotype conferred to cancer cells upon this axis overexpression. Therefore, we checked ACSL/SCD axis status, its regulatory miRNAs and the effect of metformin treatment in intestinal organoids with the most common acquired mutations in a sporadic CRC (CRC-like organoids) as a model for specific and personalized treatment. Despite ACSL4 expression is upregulated progressively in CRC-like organoids, metformin is able to downregulate its expression, especially in the first two stages (I, II). Besides, organoids are clearly more sensitive in the first stage (Apc mutated) to metformin than current chemotherapeutic drugs such as fluorouracil (5-FU). Metformin performs an independent "Warburg effect" blockade to cancer progression and is able to reduce crypt stem cell markers expression such as LGR5+. These results suggest a putative increased efficiency of the use of metformin in early stages of CRC than in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cruz-Gil
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Sánchez-Martínez
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Wagner-Reguero
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Stange
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Pape
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Bregenzer ME, Horst EN, Mehta P, Novak CM, Raghavan S, Snyder CS, Mehta G. Integrated cancer tissue engineering models for precision medicine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216564. [PMID: 31075118 PMCID: PMC6510431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are not merely cancerous cells that undergo mindless proliferation. Rather, they are highly organized and interconnected organ systems. Tumor cells reside in complex microenvironments in which they are subjected to a variety of physical and chemical stimuli that influence cell behavior and ultimately the progression and maintenance of the tumor. As cancer bioengineers, it is our responsibility to create physiologic models that enable accurate understanding of the multi-dimensional structure, organization, and complex relationships in diverse tumor microenvironments. Such models can greatly expedite clinical discovery and translation by closely replicating the physiological conditions while maintaining high tunability and control of extrinsic factors. In this review, we discuss the current models that target key aspects of the tumor microenvironment and their role in cancer progression. In order to address sources of experimental variation and model limitations, we also make recommendations for methods to improve overall physiologic reproducibility, experimental repeatability, and rigor within the field. Improvements can be made through an enhanced emphasis on mathematical modeling, standardized in vitro model characterization, transparent reporting of methodologies, and designing experiments with physiological metrics. Taken together these considerations will enhance the relevance of in vitro tumor models, biological understanding, and accelerate treatment exploration ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes. Moreover, the development of robust, user-friendly models that integrate important stimuli will allow for the in-depth study of tumors as they undergo progression from non-transformed primary cells to metastatic disease and facilitate translation to a wide variety of biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Bregenzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric N. Horst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caymen M. Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rogel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nagle PW, Plukker JTM, Muijs CT, van Luijk P, Coppes RP. Patient-derived tumor organoids for prediction of cancer treatment response. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:258-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Olayanju A, Jones L, Greco K, Goldring CE, Ansari T. Application of porcine gastrointestinal organoid units as a potential in vitro tool for drug discovery and development. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:4-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adedamola Olayanju
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research (NPIMR); Harrow, London HA1 3UJ UK
| | - Lauren Jones
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research (NPIMR); Harrow, London HA1 3UJ UK
| | - Karin Greco
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research (NPIMR); Harrow, London HA1 3UJ UK
| | - Christopher E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3GE UK
| | - Tahera Ansari
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research (NPIMR); Harrow, London HA1 3UJ UK
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Lu W, Rettenmeier E, Paszek M, Yueh MF, Tukey RH, Trottier J, Barbier O, Chen S. Crypt Organoid Culture as an in Vitro Model in Drug Metabolism and Cytotoxicity Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:748-754. [PMID: 28468837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is enriched with xenobiotic processing proteins that play important roles in xenobiotic bioactivation, metabolism, and detoxification. The application of genetically modified mouse models has been instrumental in characterizing the function of xenobiotic processing genes (XPG) and their proteins in drug metabolism. Here, we report the utilization of three-dimensional crypt organoid cultures from these animal models to study intestinal drug metabolism and toxicity. With the successful culturing of crypt organoids, we profiled the abundance of Phase I and Phase II XPG expression, drug transporter gene expression, and xenobiotic nuclear receptor (XNR) gene expression. Functions of XNRs were examined by treating crypt cells with XNR prototypical agonists. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the representative downstream target genes were induced. These findings were validated from cultures developed from XNR-null mice. In crypt cultures isolated from Pxr-/- mice, pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile failed to induce Cyp3a11 gene expression; similarly, WY14643 failed to induce Cyp4a10 in the Pparα-/- crypts. Crypt cultures from control (Ugt1F/F ) and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) specific Ugt1 null mice (Ugt1ΔIEC ) were treated with camptothecin-11, an anticancer prodrug with severe intestinal toxicity that originates from insufficient UGT1A1-dependent glucuronidation of its active metabolite SN-38. In the absence of Ugt1 gene expression, Ugt1ΔIEC crypt cultures exhibit very limited production of SN-38 glucuronide, concordant with increased apoptosis in comparison with Ugt1F/F crypt cultures. This study suggests crypt organoid cultures as an effective in vitro model for studying intestinal drug metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Lu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Eva Rettenmeier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Miles Paszek
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Mei-Fei Yueh
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (W.L., E.R., M.P., M-F.Y., R.H.T., S.C.); and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada (J.T., O.B.)
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