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Cabrera-Pastor A. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in Intercellular and Inter-Organ Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7041. [PMID: 39000150 PMCID: PMC11241119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, crucial in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and hepatic encephalopathy, involves complex immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular and inter-organ communication, influencing disease progression. EVs serve as key mediators in the immune system, containing molecules capable of activating molecular pathways that exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes in neurological disorders. However, EVs from mesenchymal stem cells show promise in reducing neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. EVs can cross CNS barriers, and peripheral immune signals can influence brain function via EV-mediated communication, impacting barrier function and neuroinflammatory responses. Understanding EV interactions within the brain and other organs could unveil novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; or
- Fundación de Investigación del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Xia B, Huang X, Sun G, Tao W. Iridoids from Gardeniae fructus ameliorates depression by enhancing synaptic plasticity via AMPA receptor-mTOR signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113665. [PMID: 33307051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardeniae fructus is a traditional Chinese herb which exerts antidepressant effect. However, its effective constituent and potential mechanism are still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine whether iridoids, a type of monoterpenoids from Gardeniae fructus (IGF), exerts antidepressant effect by enhancing synaptic plasticity via AMPA receptor-mTOR signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidepressant effect of IGF (15 mg/kg; 30 mg/kg; 45 mg/kg) was investigated in spatial restraint stress (SRS)-induced mice. The expression levels of AMPA receptor-mTOR signaling and synaptic proteins were measured by Western blot, dendritic spine density was observed in Golgi staining. AMPA receptor (AMPAR) inhibitor NBQX and mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin were employed to determine the roles of AMPAR and mTOR signaling in IGF-induced antidepressant effects. RESULTS After IGF administration, the expression of the AMPA glutamate receptor Glutamate Receptor 1 (GluA1) was inhibited in SRS mice. We also observed a trend toward the up-regulation of the mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase, p70 ribosomal protein S6K (P70S6K) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1). The protein levels of Synapsin-1 and PSD-95 were decreased after SRS challenge, along with declined dendritic spine density, which were all reversed with IGF treatment. Furthermore, the treatment efficacy of IGF were blocked with AMPA receptor inhibitor NBQX or mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin. CONCLUSION IGF exerted antidepressive-like effects by stimulating AMPAR-mTOR signaling regulated synaptic plasticity enhancement. This work provided an important basis for developing IGF and Gardeniae fructus as potential anti-depressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Xia
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guangda Sun
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Tarazona S, Carmona H, Conesa A, Llansola M, Felipo V. A multi-omic study for uncovering molecular mechanisms associated with hyperammonemia-induced cerebellar function impairment in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:129-149. [PMID: 33404927 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patients with liver cirrhosis may develop covert or minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Hyperammonemia (HA) and peripheral inflammation play synergistic roles in inducing the cognitive and motor alterations in MHE. The cerebellum is one of the main cerebral regions affected in MHE. Rats with chronic HA show some motor and cognitive alterations reproducing neurological impairment in cirrhotic patients with MHE. Neuroinflammation and altered neurotransmission and signal transduction in the cerebellum from hyperammonemic (HA) rats are associated with motor and cognitive dysfunction, but underlying mechanisms are not completely known. The aim of this work was to use a multi-omic approach to study molecular alterations in the cerebellum from hyperammonemic rats to uncover new molecular mechanisms associated with hyperammonemia-induced cerebellar function impairment. We analyzed metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from the same cerebellums from control and HA rats and performed a multi-omic integrative analysis of signaling pathway enrichment with the PaintOmics tool. The histaminergic system, corticotropin-releasing hormone, cyclic GMP-protein kinase G pathway, and intercellular communication in the cerebellar immune system were some of the most relevant enriched pathways in HA rats. In summary, this is a good approach to find altered pathways, which helps to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the alteration of brain function in rats with chronic HA and to propose possible therapeutic targets to improve MHE symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tarazona
- Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Héctor Carmona
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BioTecMed), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
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Free Wanderer Powder regulates AMPA receptor homeostasis in chronic restraint stress-induced rat model of depression with liver-depression and spleen-deficiency syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19563-19584. [PMID: 33052137 PMCID: PMC7732332 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Free Wanderer Powder (FWP) is a classic formula for depression with digestive dysfunctions, i.e., liver-depression and spleen-deficiency syndrome (LDSDS) in Chinese Medicine. But its protective mechanism has not been fully clarified. Here a chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced rat model showed depression with LDSDS in food intake, metabolism, and behaviour tests. Then 75 rats were randomly divided, and received CRS and different treatment with behaviour tests. Expressions of c-Fos and AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits GluR1-3 in hippocampus CA1, CA3, DG and amygdala BLA were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. In CRS rats, FWP alleviated depressive behaviour and c-Fos expression. FWP suppressed the increasement of GluR1 in CA1 and DG, p-GluR1 in CA1, and p-GluR2 and GluR3 in BLA. FWP also blocked the decrease of GluR1 and Glur2/3 in CA3, p-GluR1 in CA3, and p-GluR2 in CA1 and CA3. Furthermore, constituents of FWP and their potential targets were explored using UHPLC-MS and systematic bioinformatics analysis. There were 23 constituents identified in FWP, 9 of which regulated glutamatergic synapse. Together, these results suggest that FWP contains effective constituents and alleviates depression with LDSDS by regulating AMPA-type glutamate receptor homeostasis in amygdala and hippocampus.
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Arenas YM, Cabrera-Pastor A, Juciute N, Mora-Navarro E, Felipo V. Blocking glycine receptors reduces neuroinflammation and restores neurotransmission in cerebellum through ADAM17-TNFR1-NF-κβ pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:269. [PMID: 32917219 PMCID: PMC7488331 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hyperammonemia induces neuroinflammation in cerebellum, with glial activation and enhanced activation of the TNFR1-NF-kB-glutaminase-glutamate-GABA pathway. Hyperammonemia also increases glycinergic neurotransmission. These alterations contribute to cognitive and motor impairment. Activation of glycine receptors is reduced by extracellular cGMP, which levels are reduced in cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats in vivo. We hypothesized that enhanced glycinergic neurotransmission in hyperammonemic rats (1) contributes to induce neuroinflammation and glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission alterations; (2) is a consequence of the reduced extracellular cGMP levels. The aims were to assess, in cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats, (a) whether blocking glycine receptors with the antagonist strychnine reduces neuroinflammation; (b) the cellular localization of glycine receptor; (c) the effects of blocking glycine receptors on the TNFR1-NF-kB-glutaminase-glutamate-GABA pathway and microglia activation; (d) whether adding extracellular cGMP reproduces the effects of strychnine. METHODS We analyzed in freshly isolated cerebellar slices from control or hyperammonemic rats the effects of strychnine on activation of microglia and astrocytes, the content of TNFa and IL1b, the surface expression of ADAM17, TNFR1 and transporters, the phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38 and ADAM17. The cellular localization of glycine receptor was assessed by immunofluorescence. We analyzed the content of TNFa, IL1b, HMGB1, glutaminase, and the level of TNF-a mRNA and NF-κB in Purkinje neurons. Extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA were performed by in vivo microdialysis in cerebellum. We tested whether extracellular cGMP reproduces the effects of strychnine in ex vivo cerebellar slices. RESULTS Glycine receptors are expressed mainly in Purkinje cells. In hyperammonemic rats, enhanced glycinergic neurotransmission leads to reduced membrane expression of ADAM17, resulting in increased surface expression and activation of TNFR1 and of the associated NF-kB pathway. This increases the expression in Purkinje neurons of TNFa, IL-1b, HMGB1, and glutaminase. Increased glutaminase activity leads to increased extracellular glutamate, which increases extracellular GABA. Increased extracellular glutamate and HMGB1 potentiate microglial activation. Blocking glycine receptors with strychnine or extracellular cGMP completely prevents the above pathway in hyperammonemic rats. CONCLUSIONS Glycinergic neurotransmission modulates neuroinflammation. Enhanced glycinergic neurotransmission in hyperammonemia would be due to reduced extracellular cGMP. These results shed some light on possible new therapeutic target pathways for pathologies associated to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza M Arenas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Príncipe Felipe Research Center Valencia, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Príncipe Felipe Research Center Valencia, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
- Laboratory of Neurological Impairment, Health Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nora Juciute
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Príncipe Felipe Research Center Valencia, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloy Mora-Navarro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Príncipe Felipe Research Center Valencia, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Príncipe Felipe Research Center Valencia, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
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García-García R, Guerrero JF, Lavilla-Miyasato M, Magdalena JR, Ordoño JF, Llansola M, Montoliu C, Teruel-Martí V, Felipo V. Hyperammonemia alters the mismatch negativity in the auditory evoked potential by altering functional connectivity and neurotransmission. J Neurochem 2020; 154:56-70. [PMID: 31840253 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome produced by central nervous system dysfunction subsequent to liver disease. Hyperammonemia and inflammation act synergistically to alter neurotransmission, leading to the cognitive and motor alterations in MHE, which are reproduced in rat models of chronic hyperammonemia. Patients with MHE show altered functional connectivity in different neural networks and a reduced response in the cognitive potential mismatch negativity (MMN), which correlates with attention deficits. The mechanisms by which MMN is altered in MHE remain unknown. The objectives of this work are as follows: To assess if rats with chronic hyperammonemia reproduce the reduced response in the MMN found in patients with MHE. Analyze the functional connectivity between the areas (CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus, prelimbic cortex, primary auditory cortex, and central inferior colliculus) involved in the generation of the MMN and its possible alterations in hyperammonemia. Granger causality analysis has been applied to detect the net flow of information between the population neuronal activities recorded from a local field potential approach. Analyze if altered MMN response in hyperammonemia is associated with alterations in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Extracellular levels of the neurotransmitters and/or membrane expression of their receptors have been analyzed after the tissue isolation of the four target sites. The results show that rats with chronic hyperammonemia show reduced MMN response in hippocampus, mimicking the reduced MMN response of patients with MHE. This is associated with altered functional connectivity between the areas involved in the generation of the MMN. Hyperammonemia also alters membrane expression of glutamate and GABA receptors in hippocampus and reduces the changes in extracellular GABA and glutamate induced by the MMN paradigm of auditory stimulus in hippocampus of control rats. The changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission and in functional connectivity between the brain areas analyzed would contribute to the impairment of the MMN response in rats with hyperammonemia and, likely, also in patients with MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-García
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan F Guerrero
- Group of Digital Signal Processing, Department of Electronic Engineer. School of Superior Engineer, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Magdalena
- Group of Digital Signal Processing, Department of Electronic Engineer. School of Superior Engineer, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan F Ordoño
- Neurophysiology Service, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Research Foundation Hospital Clínico Valencia. INCLIVA Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Teruel-Martí
- Laboratory of Neuronal Circuits, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Cabrera-Pastor A, Balzano T, Hernández-Rabaza V, Malaguarnera M, Llansola M, Felipo V. Increasing extracellular cGMP in cerebellum in vivo reduces neuroinflammation, GABAergic tone and motor in-coordination in hyperammonemic rats. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:386-398. [PMID: 29288802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is a main contributor to cognitive impairment and motor in-coordination in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Hyperammonemia-induced neuroinflammation mediates the neurological alterations in hepatic encephalopathy. Intracerebral administration of extracellular cGMP restores some but not all types of cognitive impairment. Motor in-coordination, is mainly due to increased GABAergic tone in cerebellum. We hypothesized that extracellular cGMP would restore motor coordination in hyperammonemic rats by normalizing GABAergic tone in cerebellum and that this would be mediated by reduction of neuroinflammation. The aims of this work were to assess whether chronic intracerebral administration of cGMP to hyperammonemic rats: 1) restores motor coordination; 2) reduces neuroinflammation in cerebellum; 3) reduces extracellular GABA levels and GABAergic tone in cerebellum; and also 4) to provide some advance in the understanding on the molecular mechanisms involved. The results reported show that rats with chronic hyperammonemia show neuroinflammation in cerebellum, including microglia and astrocytes activation and increased levels of IL-1b and TNFa and increased membrane expression of the TNFa receptor. This is associated with increased glutaminase expression and extracellular glutamate, increased amount of the GABA transporter GAT-3 in activated astrocytes, increased extracellular GABA in cerebellum and motor in-coordination. Chronic intracerebral administration of extracellular cGMP to rats with chronic hyperammonemia reduces neuroinflammation, including microglia and astrocytes activation and membrane expression of the TNFa receptor. This is associated with reduced nuclear NF-κB, glutaminase expression and extracellular glutamate, reduced amount of the GABA transporter GAT-3 in activated astrocytes and reduced extracellular GABA in cerebellum and restoration of motor coordination. The data support that extracellular cGMP restores motor coordination in hyperammonemic rats by reducing microglia activation and neuroinflammation, leading to normalization of extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in cerebellum and of motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | - Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain.
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Taoro-Gonzalez L, Arenas YM, Cabrera-Pastor A, Felipo V. Hyperammonemia alters membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of AMPA receptors in hippocampus by enhancing activation of the IL-1 receptor: underlying mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:36. [PMID: 29422059 PMCID: PMC5806265 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperammonemic rats reproduce the cognitive alterations of patients with hepatic encephalopathy, including altered spatial memory, attributed to altered membrane expression of AMPA receptor subunits in hippocampus. Neuroinflammation mediates these cognitive alterations. We hypothesized that hyperammonemia-induced increase in IL-1β in hippocampus would be responsible for the altered GluA1 and GluA2 membrane expression. The aims of this work were to (1) assess if increased IL-1β levels and activation of its receptor are responsible for the changes in GluA1 and/or GluA2 membrane expression in hyperammonemia and (2) identify the mechanisms by which activation of IL-1 receptor leads to altered membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2. Methods We analyzed in hippocampal slices from control and hyperammonemic rat membrane expression of AMPA receptors using the BS3 cross-linker and phosphorylation of the GluA1 and GluA2 subunits using phosphor-specific antibodies. The IL-1 receptor was blocked with IL-Ra, and the signal transduction pathways involved in modulation of membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2 were analyzed using inhibitors of key steps. Results Hyperammonemia reduces GluA1 and increases GluA2 membrane expression and reduces phosphorylation of GluA1 at Ser831 and of GluA2 at Ser880. Hyperammonemia increases IL-1β, enhancing activation of IL-1 receptor. This leads to activation of Src. The changes in membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2 are reversed by blocking the IL-1 receptor with IL-1Ra or by inhibiting Src with PP2. After Src activation, the pathways for GluA2 and GluA1 diverge. Src increases phosphorylation of GluN2B at Tyr14721 and membrane expression of GluN2B in hyperammonemic rats, leading to activation of MAP kinase p38, which binds to and reduces phosphorylation at Thr560 and activity of PKCζ, resulting in reduced phosphorylation at Ser880 and enhanced membrane expression of GluA2. Increased Src activity in hyperammonemic rats also activates PKCδ which enhances phosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser1303, reducing membrane expression of CaMKII and phosphorylation at Ser831 and membrane expression of GluA1. Conclusions This work identifies two pathways by which neuroinflammation alters glutamatergic neurotransmission in hippocampus. The steps of the pathways identified could be targets to normalize neurotransmission in hyperammonemia and other pathologies associated with increased IL-1β by acting, for example, on p38 or PKCδ. Graphical abstract IL-1β alters membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits by two difrerent mechanisms in the hippocampus of hyperammonemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Taoro-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yaiza M Arenas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
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