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Crinelli R, Monittola F, Masini S, Diotallevi A, Bartoccini F, Smietana M, Galluzzi L, Magnani M, Fraternale A. A synthetic thiol molecule releasing N-acetyl-l-cysteine and cysteamine drives early up-regulation of immunoproteasome subunits in the lymph nodes of mice infected with LP-BM5 leukemia retrovirus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166918. [PMID: 37838353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Thiol molecules have been recently re-considered as drug candidates in viral infections because of their ability to induce redox changes which interfere with virus life cycle and modulate the host immune response. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of their immunomodulatory properties. Here we show that I-152, a thiol molecule metabolized to release N-acetyl-l-cysteine and cysteamine and acting as a pro-glutathione agent, causes early up-regulation of immunoproteasome subunits in the lymph nodes of murine leukemia virus infected mice. This evidence suggests that the immunoproteasome may be modulated by thiol-based compounds with important implications in understanding redox-controlled immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Monittola
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Sofia Masini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Aurora Diotallevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michaël Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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2
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Bruschi M, Biancucci F, Masini S, Piacente F, Ligi D, Bartoccini F, Antonelli A, Mannello F, Bruzzone S, Menotta M, Fraternale A, Magnani M. The influence of redox modulation on hypoxic endothelial cell metabolic and proteomic profiles through a small thiol-based compound tuning glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Biofactors 2023; 49:1205-1222. [PMID: 37409789 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in oxygen levels is a key feature in the physiology of the bone marrow (BM) niche where hematopoiesis occurs. The BM niche is a highly vascularized tissue and endothelial cells (ECs) support and regulate blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While in vivo studies are limited, ECs when cultured in vitro at low O2 (<5%), fail to support functional HSC maintenance due to oxidative environment. Therefore, changes in EC redox status induced by antioxidant molecules may lead to alterations in the cellular response to hypoxia likely favoring HSC self-renewal. To evaluate the impact of redox regulation, HUVEC, exposed for 1, 6, and 24 h to 3% O2 were treated with N-(N-acetyl-l-cysteinyl)-S-acetylcysteamine (I-152). Metabolomic analyses revealed that I-152 increased glutathione levels and influenced the metabolic profiles interconnected with the glutathione system and the redox couples NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H. mRNA analysis showed a lowered gene expression of HIF-1α and VEGF following I-152 treatment whereas TRX1 and 2 were stimulated. Accordingly, the proteomic study revealed the redox-dependent upregulation of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxins that, together with the glutathione system, are the main regulators of intracellular ROS. Indeed, a time-dependent ROS production under hypoxia and a quenching effect of the molecule were evidenced. At the secretome level, the molecule downregulated IL-6, MCP-1, and PDGF-bb. These results suggest that redox modulation by I-152 reduces oxidative stress and ROS level in hypoxic ECs and may be a strategy to fine-tune the environment of an in vitro BM niche able to support functional HSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bruschi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Federica Biancucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Sofia Masini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, Genoa, GE, Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, Genoa, GE, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, GE, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
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Fraternale A, De Angelis M, De Santis R, Amatore D, Masini S, Monittola F, Menotta M, Biancucci F, Bartoccini F, Retini M, Fiori V, Fioravanti R, Magurano F, Chiarantini L, Lista F, Piersanti G, Palamara AT, Nencioni L, Magnani M, Crinelli R. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 by synthetic dual-acting thiol compounds that inhibit Spike/ACE2 interaction and viral protein production. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22741. [PMID: 36583713 PMCID: PMC9880737 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201157rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 life cycle is strictly dependent on the environmental redox state that influences both virus entry and replication. A reducing environment impairs the binding of the spike protein (S) to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), while a highly oxidizing environment is thought to favor S interaction with ACE2. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 interferes with redox homeostasis in infected cells to promote the oxidative folding of its own proteins. Here we demonstrate that synthetic low molecular weight (LMW) monothiol and dithiol compounds induce a redox switch in the S protein receptor binding domain (RBD) toward a more reduced state. Reactive cysteine residue profiling revealed that all the disulfides present in RBD are targets of the thiol compounds. The reduction of disulfides in RBD decreases the binding to ACE2 in a cell-free system as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. Moreover, LMW thiols interfere with protein oxidative folding and the production of newly synthesized polypeptides in HEK293 cells expressing the S1 and RBD domain, respectively. Based on these results, we hypothesize that these thiol compounds impair both the binding of S protein to its cellular receptor during the early stage of viral infection, as well as viral protein folding/maturation and thus the formation of new viral mature particles. Indeed, all the tested molecules, although at different concentrations, efficiently inhibit both SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in Vero E6 cells. LMW thiols may represent innovative anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics acting directly on viral targets and indirectly by inhibiting cellular functions mandatory for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sofia Masini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Monittola
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Biancucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Raoul Fioravanti
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Anna T Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Lin L, Lin G, Lin H, Chen L, Chen X, Lin Q, Xu Y, Zeng Y. Integrated profiling of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DERL3 in the prognostic and immune features of lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906420. [PMID: 36275646 PMCID: PMC9585215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DERL3 has been implicated as an essential element in the degradation of misfolded lumenal glycoproteins induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the correlation of DERL3 expression with the malignant phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells is unclear and remains to be elucidated. Herein, we investigated the interaction between the DERL3 and LUAD pathological process. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was utilized to determine the genetic alteration of DERL3 in stage I LUAD. Clinical LUAD samples including carcinoma and adjacent tissues were obtained and were further extracted to detect DERL3 mRNA expression via RT-qPCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the protein expression of DERL3 in LUAD tissues. The GEPIA and TIMER website were used to evaluate the correlation between DERL3 and immune cell infiltration. We further used the t-SNE map to visualize the distribution of DERL3 in various clusters at the single-cell level via TISCH database. The potential mechanisms of the biological process mediated by DERL3 in LUAD were conducted via KEGG and GSEA. Results It was indicated that DERL3 was predominantly elevated in carcinoma compared with adjacent tissues in multiple kinds of tumors from the TCGA database, especially in LUAD. Immunohistochemistry validated that DERL3 was also upregulated in LUAD tissues compared with adjacent tissues from individuals. DERL3 was preliminarily found to be associated with immune infiltration via the TIMER database. Further, the t-SNE map revealed that DERL3 was predominantly enriched in plasma cells of the B cell population. It was demonstrated that DERL3 high-expressed patients presented significantly worse response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. GSEA and KEGG results indicated that DERL3 was positively correlated with B cell activation and unfolded protein response (UPR). Conclusion Our findings indicated that DERL3 might play an essential role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) process in LUAD. Moreover, DERL3 may act as a promising immune biomarker, which could predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Guofu Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Luyang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qinhui Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiming Zeng, ; Yuan Xu,
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiming Zeng, ; Yuan Xu,
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Bartoccini F, Retini M, Crinelli R, Menotta M, Fraternale A, Piersanti G. Dithiol Based on l-Cysteine and Cysteamine as a Disulfide-Reducing Agent. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10073-10079. [PMID: 35862282 PMCID: PMC9361291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We report the synthesis, chemical properties, and disulfide
bond-reducing
performance of a dithiol called NACMEAA, conceived as a hybrid of
two biologically relevant thiols: cysteine and cysteamine. NACMEAA
is conveniently prepared from inexpensive l-cystine in an
efficient manner. As a nonvolatile, highly soluble, and neutral compound
at physiological pH with the first thiol pKa value of 8.0, NACMEAA is reactive and user-friendly. We also demonstrate
that NACMEAA reduces disulfide bonds in GSSG and lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
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Intracellular Redox-Modulated Pathways as Targets for Effective Approaches in the Treatment of Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073603. [PMID: 33808471 PMCID: PMC8036776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapy using drugs that target cellular pathways required for virus lifecycle or its clearance might represent an effective approach for treating infectious diseases. Changes in redox homeostasis, including intracellular glutathione (GSH) depletion, are one of the key events that favor virus replication and contribute to the pathogenesis of virus-induced disease. Redox homeostasis has an important role in maintaining an appropriate Th1/Th2 balance, which is necessary to mount an effective immune response against viral infection and to avoid excessive inflammatory responses. It is known that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by viral infection activates nuclear factor (NF)-kB, which orchestrates the expression of viral and host genes involved in the viral replication and inflammatory response. Moreover, redox-regulated protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) chaperones have an essential role in catalyzing formation of disulfide bonds in viral proteins. This review aims at describing the role of GSH in modulating redox sensitive pathways, in particular that mediated by NF-kB, and PDI activity. The second part of the review discusses the effectiveness of GSH-boosting molecules as broad-spectrum antivirals acting in a multifaceted way that includes the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses.
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