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Yu S, Chen X, Yang T, Cheng J, Liu E, Jiang L, Song M, Shu H, Ma Y. Revealing the mechanisms of blood-brain barrier in chronic neurodegenerative disease: an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0040. [PMID: 38967133 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment is tightly regulated, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. It effectively safeguards brain tissue from harmful substances in peripheral blood. However, both acute pathological factors and age-related biodegradation have the potential to compromise the integrity of the BBB and are associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as Epilepsy (EP). This association arises due to infiltration of peripheral foreign bodies including microorganisms, immune-inflammatory mediators, and plasma proteins into the central nervous system when the BBB is compromised. Nevertheless, these partial and generalized understandings do not prompt a shift from passive to active treatment approaches. Therefore, it is imperative to acquire a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying vascular disease alterations associated with the onset and progression of chronic neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the subsequent homeostatic changes triggered by BBB impairment. The present article aims to systematically summarize and review recent scientific work with a specific focus on elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying BBB damage in AD, PD, and EP as well as their consequential impact on disease progression. These findings not only offer guidance for optimizing the physiological function of the BBB, but also provide valuable insights for developing intervention strategies aimed at early restoration of BBB structural integrity, thereby laying a solid foundation for designing drug delivery strategies centered around the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jingmin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Enyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Haifeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Lin J, Wang J, Fang J, Li M, Xu S, Little PJ, Zhang D, Liu Z. The cytoplasmic sensor, the AIM2 inflammasome: A precise therapeutic target in vascular and metabolic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1695-1719. [PMID: 38528718 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases encompass pathological changes in the heart, brain and vascular system, which pose a great threat to health and well-being worldwide. Moreover, metabolic diseases contribute to and exacerbate the impact of vascular diseases. Inflammation is a complex process that protects against noxious stimuli but is also dysregulated in numerous so-called inflammatory diseases, one of which is atherosclerosis. Inflammation involves multiple organ systems and a complex cascade of molecular and cellular events. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation plays a vital role in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome detects and is subsequently activated by double-stranded DNA in damaged cells and pathogens. With the assistance of the mature effector molecule caspase-1, the AIM2 inflammasome performs crucial biological functions that underpin its involvement in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases: The production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and N-terminal pore-forming Gasdermin D fragment (GSDMD-N) mediates a series of inflammatory responses and programmed cell death (pyroptosis and PANoptosis). Currently, several agents have been reported to inhibit the activity of the AIM2 inflammasome and have the potential to be evaluated for use in clinical settings. In this review, we systemically elucidate the assembly, biological functions, regulation and mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases and outline the inhibitory agents of the AIM2 inflammasome as potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuguo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Fang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Hu Y, Cai Z, He B. Smooth Muscle Heterogeneity and Plasticity in Health and Aortic Aneurysmal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11701. [PMID: 37511460 PMCID: PMC10380637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the medial layer of the aorta, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of aortic wall integrity. VSMCs have been suggested to have contractile and synthetic phenotypes and undergo phenotypic switching to contribute to the deteriorating aortic wall structure. Recently, the unprecedented heterogeneity and diversity of VSMCs and their complex relationship to aortic aneurysms (AAs) have been revealed by high-resolution research methods, such as lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing. The aortic wall consists of VSMCs from different embryonic origins that respond unevenly to genetic defects that directly or indirectly regulate VSMC contractile phenotype. This difference predisposes to hereditary AAs in the aortic root and ascending aorta. Several VSMC phenotypes with different functions, for example, secreting VSMCs, proliferative VSMCs, mesenchymal stem cell-like VSMCs, immune-related VSMCs, proinflammatory VSMCs, senescent VSMCs, and stressed VSMCs are identified in non-hereditary AAs. The transformation of VSMCs into different phenotypes is an adaptive response to deleterious stimuli but can also trigger pathological remodeling that exacerbates the pathogenesis and development of AAs. This review is intended to contribute to the understanding of VSMC diversity in health and aneurysmal diseases. Papers that give an update on VSMC phenotype diversity in health and aneurysmal disease are summarized and recent insights on the role of VSMCs in AAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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Batool T, Irshad S, Riaz M, Mahmood Baig S, Nuernberg P, Hussain MS. Recurrence mutation in RBBP8 gene causing non-syndromic autosomal recessive primary microcephaly; geometric simulation approach for insight into predicted computational models. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:469-475. [PMID: 36864288 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary microcephaly is a rare, congenital, and genetically heterogeneous disorder in which occipitofrontal head circumference is reduced by a minimum of three standard deviations (SDs) from average because of the defect in fetal brain development. OBJECTIVE Mapping of RBBP8 gene mutation that produce autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. Insilco RBBP8 protein models prediction and analysis. METHODS Consanguineous Pakistani family affected with non-syndromic primary microcephaly was mapped a biallelic sequence variant (c.1807_1808delAT) in the RBBP8 gene via whole-exome sequencing. The deleted variant in the RBBP8 gene in affected siblings (V:4, V:6) of primary microcephaly was confirmed by sanger sequencing. RESULTS Identified variant c.1807_1808delAT that truncated the protein translation p. Ile603Lysfs*7 and impaired the functioning of RBBP8 protein. This sequence variant was only reported previously in Atypical Seckel syndrome and Jawad syndrome, while we mapped it in the non-syndromic primary microcephaly family. We predicted 3D protein models by using Insilco tools like I TASSER, Swiss model, and phyre2 of wild RBBP8 protein of 897 amino acids and 608 amino acids of the mutant protein. These models were validated through the online SAVES server and Ramachandran plot and refined by using the Galaxy WEB server. A predicted and refined wild protein 3D model was deposited with accession number PM0083523 in Protein Model Database. A normal mode-based geometric simulation approach was used through the NMSim program, to find out the structural diversity of wild and mutant proteins which were evaluated by RMSD and RMSF. Higher RMSD and RMSF in mutant protein reduced the stability of the protein. CONCLUSION The high possibility of this variant results in nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA, leading to the loss of protein functioning which causes primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Batool
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (SBB), University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Saba Irshad
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (SBB), University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Peter Nuernberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Dzobo K, Dandara C. The Extracellular Matrix: Its Composition, Function, Remodeling, and Role in Tumorigenesis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:146. [PMID: 37092398 PMCID: PMC10123695 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity. Initially thought to be a bystander in many cellular processes, the extracellular matrix has been shown to have diverse components that regulate and activate many cellular processes and ultimately influence cell phenotype. Importantly, the ECM's composition, architecture, and stiffness/elasticity influence cellular phenotypes. Under normal conditions and during development, the synthesized ECM constantly undergoes degradation and remodeling processes via the action of matrix proteases that maintain tissue homeostasis. In many pathological conditions including fibrosis and cancer, ECM synthesis, remodeling, and degradation is dysregulated, causing its integrity to be altered. Both physical and chemical cues from the ECM are sensed via receptors including integrins and play key roles in driving cellular proliferation and differentiation and in the progression of various diseases such as cancers. Advances in 'omics' technologies have seen an increase in studies focusing on bidirectional cell-matrix interactions, and here, we highlight the emerging knowledge on the role played by the ECM during normal development and in pathological conditions. This review summarizes current ECM-targeted therapies that can modify ECM tumors to overcome drug resistance and better cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- Medical Research Council, SA Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- The South African Medical Research Council-UCT Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Hao X, Cheng S, Jiang B, Xin S. Applying multi-omics techniques to the discovery of biomarkers for acute aortic dissection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:961991. [PMID: 36588568 PMCID: PMC9797526 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.961991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a cardiovascular disease that manifests suddenly and fatally. Due to the lack of specific early symptoms, many patients with AAD are often overlooked or misdiagnosed, which is undoubtedly catastrophic for patients. The particular pathogenic mechanism of AAD is yet unknown, which makes clinical pharmacological therapy extremely difficult. Therefore, it is necessary and crucial to find and employ unique biomarkers for Acute aortic dissection (AAD) as soon as possible in clinical practice and research. This will aid in the early detection of AAD and give clear guidelines for the creation of focused treatment agents. This goal has been made attainable over the past 20 years by the quick advancement of omics technologies and the development of high-throughput tissue specimen biomarker screening. The primary histology data support and add to one another to create a more thorough and three-dimensional picture of the disease. Based on the introduction of the main histology technologies, in this review, we summarize the current situation and most recent developments in the application of multi-omics technologies to AAD biomarker discovery and emphasize the significance of concentrating on integration concepts for integrating multi-omics data. In this context, we seek to offer fresh concepts and recommendations for fundamental investigation, perspective innovation, and therapeutic development in AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Cheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,*Correspondence: Shijie Xin,
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Chen Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Huang B, Wang X, Fan X. DNA methylation alternation in Stanford- A acute aortic dissection. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:455. [PMID: 36309656 PMCID: PMC9618190 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation may be associated with the pathological mechanism of AAD, but the panorama of DNA methylation needs to be explored. Methods DNA methylation patterns were screened using Infinium Human Methylation 450 K BeadChip in the aortic tissues from 4 patients with Stanford-A AAD and 4 controls. Gene enrichment was analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and gene ontology (GO). DNA methylation levels of candidate genes were determined by pyrosequencing in the replication cohort including 16 patients with AAD and 7 controls. Protein expression level of candidate gene was assessed by Western blot. Results A total of 589 differentially methylated positions including 315 hypomethylated and 274 hypermethylated positions were found in AAD group. KEGG analysis demonstrated that differentially methylated position-associated genes were enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway and apoptosis pathway, et al. GO analysis demonstrated that differentially methylated position-associated genes were enriched in protein binding, angiogenesis and heart development et al. The differential DNA methylation in five key genes, including Fas, ANGPT2, DUSP6, FARP1 and CARD6, was authenticated in the independent replication cohort. The protein expression level of the Fas was increased by 1.78 times, indicating the possible role of DNA methylation in regulation of gene expression. Conclusion DNA methylation was markedly changed in the aortic tissues of Stanford-A AAD and associated with gene dysregulation, involved in AAD progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at10.1186/s12872-022-02882-5.
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Jaiswal A, Singh R. Homeostases of epidermis and hair follicle, and development of basal cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188795. [PMID: 36089203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling (Hh) plays a critical role in embryogenesis. On the other hand, its overactivity may cause basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human cancer. Further, epidermal and hair follicle homeostases may have a key role in the development of BCC. This article describes the importance of different signaling pathways in the different stages of the two processes. The description of the homeostases brought up the importance of the Notch signaling along with the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and the Wnt pathways. Loss of the Notch signaling adversely affects the late stages of hair follicle formation and allows the bulge cells in the hair follicles to take the fate of the keratinocytes in the interfollicular epidermis. Further, the loss of Notch activity upregulates the Shh and Wnt activities, adversely affecting the homeostases. Notably, the Notch signaling is suppressed in BCC, and the peripheral BCC cells, which have low Notch activity, show drug resistance in comparison to the interior suprabasal BCC cells, which have high Notch activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Jaiswal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Raghvendra Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Tracking an Elusive Killer: State of the Art of Molecular-Genetic Knowledge and Laboratory Role in Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081785. [PMID: 35892496 PMCID: PMC9329974 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main challenge in diagnosing and managing thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAA/D) is represented by the early detection of a disease that is both deadly and “elusive”, as it generally grows asymptomatically prior to rupture, leading to death in the majority of cases. Gender differences exist in aortic dissection in terms of incidence and treatment options. Efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that may help in early diagnosis and in detecting those patients at a higher risk of developing life-threatening complications. As soon as the hereditability of the TAA/D was demonstrated, several genetic factors were found to be associated with both the syndromic and non-syndromic forms of the disease, and they currently play a role in patient diagnosis/prognosis and management-guidance purposes. Likewise, circulating biomarker could represent a valuable resource in assisting the diagnosis, and several studies have attempted to identify specific molecules that may help with risk stratification outside the emergency department. Even if promising, those data lack specificity/sensitivity, and, in most cases, they need more testing before entering the “clinical arena”. This review summarizes the state of the art of the laboratory in TAA/D diagnostics, with particular reference to the current and future role of molecular-genetic testing.
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Han N, Li LG, Peng XC, Ma QL, Yang ZY, Wang XY, Li J, Li QR, Yu TT, Xu HZ, Xu X, Chen X, Wang MF, Li TF. Ferroptosis triggered by dihydroartemisinin facilitates chlorin e6 induced photodynamic therapy by inhibiting GPX4 and enhancing ROS. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174797. [PMID: 35122867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is noninvasive, low toxicity, and photo-selective, but may be resisted by malignant cells. A previous study found chlorin e6 (Ce6) mediated PDT showed drug resistance in lung cancer cells (LLC), which may be associated with PDT-induced DNA damage response (DDR). DDR may up-regulate glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which in turn degrade ROS induced by PDT. However, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was found to down-regulate GPX4. Accordingly, the DHA was hypothesized to improve the resistance to PDT. The present work explores the mechanism of Ce6 mediated drug resistance and reveals whether DHA can enhance the efficacy of PDT by suppressing GPX4. The in vitro experiments found Ce6 treatment did not inhibit the viability of LLC within 6 hr without inducing significant apoptosis, suggesting LLC were resistant to PDT. Further investigation demonstrated PDT could damage DNA and up-regulate GPX4, thus degrading the generated ROS. DHA effectively inhibited the viability of LLC and induced apoptosis. Importantly, DHA displayed a prominent inhibitory effect on the GPX4 expression and thereby triggered ferroptosis. Combining DHA with Ce6 for treatment of LLC resulted in the suppressed GPX4 and elevated ROS. Finally, the findings showed DHA combined with Ce6 exhibited superb anti-lung cancer efficacy. In summary, Ce6 PDT damages DNA, up-regulates GPX4 to degrade ROS, thereby inducing drug resistance. Down-regulation of GPX4 by DHA-triggered ferroptosis significantly enhances the efficacy of PDT. This study provides an outstanding theoretical basis for the regulation of the intratumoral redox system and improving PDT efficacy against lung cancer by herbal monomer DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Liu-Gen Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Qian-Li Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Zi-Yi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Xi-Yong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Qi-Rui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Avenue No.185, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Avenue No.185, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mei-Fang Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.
| | - Tong-Fei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.
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