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Sezen S, Adiguzel S, Zarepour A, Khosravi A, Gordon JW, Ghavami S, Zarrabi A. Assessment of Stiffness-Dependent Autophagosome Formation and Apoptosis in Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38647864 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) eventually causes the stiffening of tumors and changes to the microenvironment. The stiffening alters the biological processes in cancer cells due to altered signaling through cell surface receptors. Autophagy, a key catabolic process in normal and cancer cells, is thought to be involved in mechano-transduction and the level of autophagy is probably stiffness-dependent. Here, we provide a methodology to study the effect of matrix stiffness on autophagy in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells. To mimic stiffness, we seeded cells on GelMA hydrogel matrices with defined stiffness and evaluated autophagy-related endpoints. We also evaluated autophagy-dependent pathways, apoptosis, and cell viability. Specifically, we utilized immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy to track autophagosome formation through LC3 lipidation. This approach suggests that the use of GelMA hydrogels with defined stiffness represents a novel method to evaluate the role of autophagy in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and other cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Sezen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sevin Adiguzel
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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2
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Alizadeh J, da Silva Rosa SC, Cordani M, Ghavami S. Evaluation of Mitochondrial Phagy (Mitophagy) in Human Non-small Adenocarcinoma Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38607594 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a predominant form of lung cancer characterized by its aggressive nature and high mortality rate, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and metastatic spread. Recent studies underscore the pivotal role of mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy targeting damaged or superfluous mitochondria, in cancer biology, including NSCLC. Mitophagy regulation may influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis by modulating mitochondrial quality and cellular energy homeostasis. Herein, we present a comprehensive methodology developed in our laboratory for the evaluation of mitophagy in NSCLC tumor cells. Utilizing a combination of immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and fluorescent microscopy, we detail the steps to quantify early and late mitophagy markers and mitochondrial dynamics. Our findings highlight the potential of targeting mitophagy pathways as a novel therapeutic strategy in NSCLC, offering insights into the complex interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and tumor progression. This study not only sheds light on the significance of mitophagy in NSCLC but also establishes a foundational approach for its investigation, paving way for future research in this critical area of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland.
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Singh N, Ulmer B, Medapati MR, Zhang C, Schroth RJ, Ghavami S, Chelikani P. Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 and Autophagy Flux in Gingival Epithelial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:531. [PMID: 38534375 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a lysosomal degradation pathway that functions in nutrient recycling and as a mechanism of innate immunity. Previously, we reported a novel host-bacteria interaction between cariogenic S. mutans and bitter taste receptor (T2R14) in gingival epithelial cells (GECs), leading to an innate immune response. Further, S. mutans might be using the host immune system to inhibit other Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureus. To determine whether these bacteria exploit the autophagic machinery of GEC, it is first necessary to evaluate the role of T2R14 in modulating autophagic flux. So far, the role of T2R14 in the regulation of autophagy is not well characterized. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, we report that T2R14 downregulates autophagy flux in GECs, and T2R14 knockout increases acidic vacuoles. However, the treatments of GEC WT with a T2R14 agonist and antagonist did not lead to a significant change in acidic vacuole formation. Transmission electron microscopy morphometric results also suggested an increased number of autophagic vesicles in T2R14-knockout GEC. Further, our results suggest that S. mutans competence stimulating peptide CSP-1 showed robust intracellular calcium release and this effect is both T2R14- and autophagy protein 7-dependent. In this study, we provide the first evidence that T2R14 modulates autophagy flux in GEC. The results of the current study could help in identifying the impact of T2R in regulation of the immuno-microenvironment of GEC and subsequently oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ben Ulmer
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Christine Zhang
- University of Manitoba Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology (MCSB) Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
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Behrooz AB, Cordani M, Fiore A, Donadelli M, Gordon JW, Klionsky DJ, Ghavami S. The obesity-autophagy-cancer axis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 99:24-44. [PMID: 38309540 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a self-degradative process vital for cellular homeostasis, plays a significant role in adipose tissue metabolism and tumorigenesis. This review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between autophagy, obesity, and cancer development, with a specific emphasis on how obesity-driven changes affect the regulation of autophagy and subsequent implications for cancer risk. The burgeoning epidemic of obesity underscores the relevance of this research, particularly given the established links between obesity, autophagy, and various cancers. Our exploration delves into hormonal influence, notably INS (insulin) and LEP (leptin), on obesity and autophagy interactions. Further, we draw attention to the latest findings on molecular factors linking obesity to cancer, including hormonal changes, altered metabolism, and secretory autophagy. We posit that targeting autophagy modulation may offer a potent therapeutic approach for obesity-associated cancer, pointing to promising advancements in nanocarrier-based targeted therapies for autophagy modulation. However, we also recognize the challenges inherent to these approaches, particularly concerning their precision, control, and the dual roles autophagy can play in cancer. Future research directions include identifying novel biomarkers, refining targeted therapies, and harmonizing these approaches with precision medicine principles, thereby contributing to a more personalized, effective treatment paradigm for obesity-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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