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Faggiano S, Ronda L, Bruno S, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C, Bettati S, Mozzarelli A. From hemoglobin allostery to hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 84:101050. [PMID: 34776270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) plays its vital role through structural and functional properties evolutionarily optimized to work within red blood cells, i.e., the tetrameric assembly, well-defined oxygen affinity, positive cooperativity, and heterotropic allosteric regulation by protons, chloride and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Outside red blood cells, the Hb tetramer dissociates into dimers, which exhibit high oxygen affinity and neither cooperativity nor allosteric regulation. They are prone to extravasate, thus scavenging endothelial NO and causing hypertension, and cause nephrotoxicity. In addition, they are more prone to autoxidation, generating radicals. The need to overcome the adverse effects associated with cell-free Hb has always been a major hurdle in the development of substitutes of allogeneic blood transfusions for all clinical situations where blood is unavailable or cannot be used due to, for example, religious objections. This class of therapeutics, indicated as hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), is formed by genetically and/or chemically modified Hbs. Many efforts were devoted to the exploitation of the wealth of biochemical and biophysical information available on Hb structure, function, and dynamics to design safe HBOCs, overcoming the negative effects of free plasma Hb. Unfortunately, so far, no HBOC has been approved by FDA and EMA, except for compassionate use. However, the unmet clinical needs that triggered intensive investigations more than fifty years ago are still awaiting an answer. Recently, HBOCs "repositioning" has led to their successful application in organ perfusion fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Faggiano
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Matsuhira T, Sakai H. Entropy-Driven Supramolecular Ring-Opening Polymerization of a Cyclic Hemoglobin Monomer for Constructing a Hemoglobin-PEG Alternating Polymer with Structural Regularity. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1944-1954. [PMID: 33856766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier report described that a cyclic hemoglobin (Hb) monomer with two β subunits of a Hb molecule (α2β2) bound through a flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain undergoes reversible supramolecular ring-opening polymerization (S-ROP) to produce a supramolecular Hb polymer with a Hb-PEG alternating structure. In this work, we polymerized cyclic Hb monomers with different ring sizes (2, 5, 10, or 20 kDa PEG) to evaluate the thermodynamics of S-ROP equilibrium. Quantification of the produced supramolecular Hb polymers and the remaining cyclic Hb monomers in the equilibrium state revealed a negligibly small enthalpy change in S-ROP (ΔHp ≤ 1 kJ·mol-1) and a markedly positive entropy change increasing with the ring size (ΔSp = 26.8-33.2 J·mol-1·K-1). The results suggest an entropy-driven mechanism in S-ROP: a cyclic Hb monomer with the larger ring size prefers to form a supramolecular Hb polymer. The S-ROP used for this study has the potential to construct submicrometer-sized Hb-PEG alternating polymers having structural regularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuhira
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
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3
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Conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides via a carrier protein markedly improves immunogenicity of porcine circovirus vaccine. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:451-459. [PMID: 30051156 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases have led to huge economic losses in pig industry. Our laboratory previously found that conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) enhanced the immunogenicity of PCV2 vaccine against infectious pathogens. In this study, an effective adjuvant system was developed by covalent conjugation of COS via a carrier protein (Ovalbumin, OVA) to further increase the immunogenicity of vaccine. Its effect on dendritic cells maturation was assessed in vitro and its immunogenicity was investigated in mice. The results indicated that, as compared to the PCV2 and COS-PCV2, COS-OVA-PCV2 stimulated dendritic cells to express higher maturation markers (CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHC class II) and remarkably promoted both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by enhancing the lymphocyte proliferation and inducing a mixed Th1/Th2 response, including the increased production of PCV2-specific antibodies and raised levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, it displayed better immune-stimulating effects than the physical mixture of vaccine and ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant). In conclusion, conjugation of COS via a carrier protein might be a promising strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines.
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Wang Q, Zhang R, You G, Hu J, Li P, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhao L, Zhou H. Influence of polydopamine-mediated surface modification on oxygen-release capacity of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:484-492. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1459636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxing You
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jilin Hu
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Penglong Li
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Zhang J, Wang Y, You GX, Wang Q, Zhang S, Yu WL, Hu T, Zhao L, Zhou H. Conjugation with 20 kDa dextran decreases the autoxidation rate of bovine hemoglobin. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1436-1443. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1371184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Xing You
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Zhang G, Cheng G, Jia P, Jiao S, Feng C, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. The Positive Correlation of the Enhanced Immune Response to PCV2 Subunit Vaccine by Conjugation of Chitosan Oligosaccharide with the Deacetylation Degree. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080236. [PMID: 28933754 PMCID: PMC5577591 DOI: 10.3390/md15080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), the degraded products of chitosan, have been demonstrated to have versatile biological functions. In primary studies, it has displayed significant adjuvant effects when mixed with other vaccines. In this study, chitosan oligosaccharides with different deacetylation degrees were prepared and conjugated to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine to enhance its immunogenicity. The vaccine conjugates were designed by the covalent linkage of COSs to PCV2 molecules and administered to BALB/c mice three times at two-week intervals. The results indicate that, as compared to the PCV2 group, COS-PCV2 conjugates remarkably enhanced both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by promoting lymphocyte proliferation and initiating a mixed T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 2 (Th2) response, including raised levels of PCV2-specific antibodies and an increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Noticeably, with the increasing deacetylation degree, the stronger immune responses to PCV2 were observed in the groups with COS-PCV2 vaccination. In comparison with NACOS (chitin oligosaccharides)-PCV2 and LCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with low deacetylation degree)-PCV2, HCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with high deacetylation degree)-PCV2 showed the highest adjuvant effect, even comparable to that of PCV2/ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant) group. In summary, COS conjugation might be a viable strategy to enhance the immune response to PCV2 subunit vaccine, and the adjuvant effect was positively correlated with the deacetylation degree of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peiyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Siming Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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7
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Zhang G, Jia P, Cheng G, Jiao S, Ren L, Ji S, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. Enhanced immune response to inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine by conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 166:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Wang Y, Wang L, Yu W, Gao D, You G, Li P, Zhang S, Zhang J, Hu T, Zhao L, Zhou H. A PEGylated bovine hemoglobin as a potent hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:252-260. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
| | - Linli Wang
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Yanshan University; Qinhuangdao China
| | - Weili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Inst. of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Dawei Gao
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Yanshan University; Qinhuangdao China
| | - Guoxing You
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
| | - Penglong Li
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Yanshan University; Qinhuangdao China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Inst. of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Inst. of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; HaiDian Beijing China
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9
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Wu L, Ji S, Shen L, Hu T. Phenyl Amide Linker Improves the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of N-Terminally Mono-PEGylated Human Growth Hormone. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3080-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500266c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaoyang Ji
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Reversible protection of Cys-93(β) by PEG alters the structural and functional properties of the PEGylated hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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12
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PEG as a spacer arm markedly increases the immunogenicity of meningococcal group Y polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. J Control Release 2013; 172:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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N-terminal mono-PEGylation of growth hormone antagonist: Correlation of PEG size and pharmacodynamic behavior. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Mu Q, Hu T, Yu J. Molecular insight into the steric shielding effect of PEG on the conjugated staphylokinase: biochemical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68559. [PMID: 23874671 PMCID: PMC3715476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PEGylation is a successful approach to improve potency of a therapeutic protein. The improved therapeutic potency is mainly due to the steric shielding effect of PEG. However, the underlying mechanism of this effect on the protein is not well understood, especially on the protein interaction with its high molecular weight substrate or receptor. Here, experimental study and molecular dynamics simulation were used to provide molecular insight into the interaction between the PEGylated protein and its receptor. Staphylokinase (Sak), a therapeutic protein for coronary thrombolysis, was used as a model protein. Four PEGylated Saks were prepared by site-specific conjugation of 5 kDa/20 kDa PEG to N-terminus and C-terminus of Sak, respectively. Experimental study suggests that the native conformation of Sak is essentially not altered by PEGylation. In contrast, the bioactivity, the hydrodynamic volume and the molecular symmetric shape of the PEGylated Sak are altered and dependent on the PEG chain length and the PEGylation site. Molecular modeling of the PEGylated Saks suggests that the PEG chain remains highly flexible and can form a distinctive hydrated layer, thereby resulting in the steric shielding effect of PEG. Docking analyses indicate that the binding affinity of Sak to its receptor is dependent on the PEG chain length and the PEGylation site. Computational simulation results explain experimental data well. Our present study clarifies molecular details of PEG chain on protein surface and may be essential to the rational design, fabrication and clinical application of PEGylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xue X, Li D, Yu J, Ma G, Su Z, Hu T. Phenyl Linker-Induced Dense PEG Conformation Improves the Efficacy of C-Terminally MonoPEGylated Staphylokinase. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:331-41. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301511w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xue
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingkai Yu
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- National Key Laboratory
of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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