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Safari F, Farajnia S, Behzad Behbahani A, Zarredar H, Barekati-Mowahed M, Dehghani H. Caspase-7 deficiency in Chinese hamster ovary cells reduces cell proliferation and viability. Biol Res 2020; 53:52. [PMID: 33187557 PMCID: PMC7666471 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian host cell in the commercial-scale production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Modification of genes involved in apoptosis may improve the productivity of CHO cells. Executive caspases, including caspases 3 and 7, play critical roles in apoptosis. The effects of the ablation of the caspase 7 gene on proliferation and viability of CHO cells remains unknown. In this study, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) to target caspase 7 gene of CHO K1 cell via all in one and homology targeted integration strategies. Consequently, the effect of caspase 7 deficiency on cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis was studied by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Findings of gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and sequencing confirmed the caspase 7 gene silencing in CHO cells (CHO-KO). Proliferation assay revealed that caspase 7 deficiency in CHO cells resulted in the reduction of proliferation in various CHO-KO clones. Besides, the disruption of caspase 7 had negative effects on cell viability in exposure with NaBu which confirmed by MTT assay. Results of flow cytometry using Anexin V/PI demonstrated that Nabu treatment (11 mM) declined the percentage of live CHO-K1 and CHO-KO cells to 70.3% and 5.79%. These results verified that the CHO-K1 cells were more resistant to apoptosis than CHO-KO, however most of CHO-KO cells undergone early apoptosis (91.9%) which seems to be a fascinating finding. CONCLUSION These results reveal that caspase 7 may be involved in the cell cycle progression of CHO cells. Furthermore, it seems that targeting caspase 7 is not the ideal route as it had previously been imagined within the prevention of apoptosis but the relation between caspase 7 deficiency, cell cycle arrest, and the occurrence of early apoptosis will require more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Ave., Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Behzad Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Connolly P, Garcia-Carpio I, Villunger A. Cell-Cycle Cross Talk with Caspases and Their Substrates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a036475. [PMID: 31727679 PMCID: PMC7263087 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caspases play central roles in mediating both cell death and inflammation. It has more recently become evident that caspases also drive other biological processes. Most prominently, caspases have been shown to be involved in differentiation. Several stem and progenitor cell types rely on caspases to initiate and execute their differentiation processes. These range from neural and glial cells, to skeletal myoblasts and osteoblasts, and several cell types of the hematopoietic system. Beyond differentiation, caspases have also been shown to play roles in other "noncanonical" processes, including cell proliferation, arrest, and senescence, thereby contributing to the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis at multiple levels. Remarkably, caspases directly influence the course of the cell cycle in both a positive and negative manner. Caspases both cleave elements of the cell-cycle machinery and are themselves substrates of cell-cycle kinases. Here we aim to summarize the breadth of interactions between caspases and cell-cycle regulators. We also highlight recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Connolly
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Irmina Garcia-Carpio
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna 1090, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Torabi B, Flashner S, Beishline K, Sowash A, Donovan K, Bassett G, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Caspase cleavage of transcription factor Sp1 enhances apoptosis. Apoptosis 2018; 23:65-78. [PMID: 29236199 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sp1 is a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates many genes involved in apoptosis and senescence. Sp1 also has a role in the DNA damage response; at low levels of DNA damage, Sp1 is phosphorylated by ATM and localizes to double-strand break sites where it facilitates DNA double-strand-break repair. Depletion of Sp1 increases the sensitivity of cells to DNA damage, whereas overexpression of Sp1 can drive cells into apoptosis. In response to a variety of stimuli, Sp1 can be regulated through proteolytic cleavage by caspases and/or degradation. Here, we show that activation of apoptosis through DNA damage or TRAIL-mediated activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway induces caspase-mediated cleavage of Sp1. Cleavage of Sp1 was coincident with the appearance of cleaved caspase 3, and produced a 70 kDa Sp1 product. In vitro analysis revealed a novel caspase cleavage site at aspartic acid 183. Mutation of aspartic acid 183 to alanine conferred resistance to cleavage, and ectopic expression of the Sp1 D183A rendered cells resistant to apoptotic stimuli, indicating that Sp1 cleavage is involved in the induction of apoptosis. The 70 kDa product resulting from caspase cleavage of Sp1 comprises amino acids 184-785. This truncated form, designated Sp1-70C, which retains transcriptional activity, induced apoptosis when overexpressed in normal epithelial cells, whereas Sp1D183A induced significantly less apoptosis. Together, these data reveal a new caspase cleavage site in Sp1 and demonstrate for the first time that caspase cleavage of Sp1 promotes apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Torabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Samuel Flashner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Kate Beishline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Aislinn Sowash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Kelly Donovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Garrett Bassett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jane Azizkhan-Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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Devhare P, Meyer K, Steele R, Ray RB, Ray R. Zika virus infection dysregulates human neural stem cell growth and inhibits differentiation into neuroprogenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3106. [PMID: 29022904 PMCID: PMC5682681 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The current outbreak of Zika virus-associated diseases in South America and its threat to spread to other parts of the world has emerged as a global health emergency. A strong link between Zika virus and microcephaly exists, and the potential mechanisms associated with microcephaly are under intense investigation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Zika virus infection of Asian and African lineages (PRVABC59 and MR766) in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). These two Zika virus strains displayed distinct infection pattern and growth rates in hNSCs. Zika virus MR766 strain increased serine 139 phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX), a known early cellular response proteins to DNA damage. On the other hand, PRVABC59 strain upregulated serine 15 phosphorylation of p53, p21 and PUMA expression. MR766-infected cells displayed poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 cleavage. Interestingly, infection of hNSCs by both strains of Zika virus for 24 h, followed by incubation in astrocyte differentiation medium, induced rounding and cell death. However, astrocytes generated from hNSCs by incubation in differentiation medium when infected with Zika virus displayed minimal cytopathic effect at an early time point. Infected hNSCs incubated in astrocyte differentiating medium displayed PARP cleavage within 24–36 h. Together, these results showed that two distinct strains of Zika virus potentiate hNSC growth inhibition by different mechanisms, but both viruses strongly induce death in early differentiating neuroprogenitor cells even at a very low multiplicity of infection. Our observations demonstrate further mechanistic insights for impaired neuronal homeostasis during active Zika virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Devhare
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Yuan Z, Guo W, Yang J, Li L, Wang M, Lei Y, Wan Y, Zhao X, Luo N, Cheng P, Liu X, Nie C, Peng Y, Tong A, Wei Y. PNAS-4, an Early DNA Damage Response Gene, Induces S Phase Arrest and Apoptosis by Activating Checkpoint Kinases in Lung Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14927-44. [PMID: 25918161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PNAS-4, a novel pro-apoptotic gene, was activated during the early response to DNA damage. Our previous study has shown that PNAS-4 induces S phase arrest and apoptosis when overexpressed in A549 lung cancer cells. However, the underlying action mechanism remains far from clear. In this work, we found that PNAS-4 expression in lung tumor tissues is significantly lower than that in adjacent lung tissues; its expression is significantly increased in A549 cells after exposure to cisplatin, methyl methane sulfonate, and mitomycin; and its overexpression induces S phase arrest and apoptosis in A549 (p53 WT), NCI-H460 (p53 WT), H526 (p53 mutation), and Calu-1 (p53(-/-)) lung cancer cells, leading to proliferation inhibition irrespective of their p53 status. The S phase arrest is associated with up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and inhibition of the Cdc25A-CDK2-cyclin E/A pathway. Up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) is p53-independent and correlates with activation of ERK. We further showed that the intra-S phase checkpoint, which occurs via DNA-dependent protein kinase-mediated activation of Chk1 and Chk2, is involved in the S phase arrest and apoptosis. Gene silencing of Chk1/2 rescues, whereas that of ATM or ATR does not affect, S phase arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, human PNAS-4 induces DNA breaks in comet assays and γ-H2AX staining. Intriguingly, caspase-dependent cleavage of Chk1 has an additional role in enhancing apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which elevated PNAS-4 first causes DNA-dependent protein kinase-mediated Chk1/2 activation and then results in inhibition of the Cdc25A-CDK2-cyclin E/A pathway, ultimately causing S phase arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yuan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Wenhao Guo
- the Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China, and
| | - Jun Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meiliang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Lei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Wan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Luo
- the Nankai University School of Medicine/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunlai Nie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Yuquan Wei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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