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Zhang J, Cui H, Yin J, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yu J, Engelhardt UH. Separation and antioxidant activities of new acetylated EGCG compounds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20964. [PMID: 38017306 PMCID: PMC10684485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylation could improve the bioavailability of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), but the relationship of substitution degree and antioxidant capacity of acetylated EGCG was unclear. The acetylated EGCG products were separated by preparation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two mono substituted acetylated EGCG, three substituted acetylated EGCG (T-AcE), eight substituted acetylated EGCG (E-AcE) and (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were isolated. The 7-acetyl-EGCG (S7-ACEGCG) and 7-acetyl-EGCG (T-AcE) were identified for the first time. The antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of EGCG decreased significantly after acetylation modification. The more EGCG acetylation modification sites, the lower the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities. The antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of 5-acetyl-EGCG (S5-ACE) were higher than 7-acetyl-EGCG (S7-AcE). Combining all the results in this and previous studies, acetylation modification is not conducive to the performance of EGCG antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Hongchun Cui
- Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Junfeng Yin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yuwan Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jizhong Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Ulrich H Engelhardt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Avril A. Medical Countermeasures against Ricin Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020100. [PMID: 36828415 PMCID: PMC9966136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin is a disulfide-linked glycoprotein (AB toxin) comprising one enzymatic A chain (RTA) and one cell-binding B chain (RTB) contained in the castor bean, a Ricinus species. Ricin inhibits peptide chain elongation via disruption of the binding between elongation factors and ribosomes, resulting in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, in addition to the classically known rRNA damage. Ricin has been used in traditional medicine throughout the world since prehistoric times. Because ricin toxin is highly toxic and can be readily extracted from beans, it could be used as a bioweapon (CDC B-list). Due to its extreme lethality and potential use as a biological weapon, ricin toxin remains a global public health concern requiring specific countermeasures. Currently, no specific treatment for ricin intoxication is available. This review focuses on the drugs under development. In particular, some examples are reviewed to demonstrate the proof of concept of antibody-based therapy. Chemical inhibitors, small proteins, and vaccines can serve as alternatives to antibodies or may be used in combination with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Avenue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Arnaud Avril
- Unité Immunopathologies, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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3
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Xing X, lv Q, Sun C, Song J, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang Z. One-step preparation of PEG segment-functionalized polystyrene microspheres and their application as latex in LOCI. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj05630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PEG segment-functionalized polystyrene microspheres were prepared by one-step copolymerization of amphiphilic macromolecular monomers, and further used as the latex for photosensitive polymer microspheres in luminescent oxygen channeling assay (LOCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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Oliveira G, Schneedorf JM. An Electrochemical Approach to Follow and Evaluate the Kinetic Catalysis of Ricin on hsDNA. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050405. [PMID: 33946642 PMCID: PMC8145570 DOI: 10.3390/life11050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
International authorities classify the ricin toxin, present in castor seeds, as a potential agent for use in bioterrorism. Therefore, the detection, identification, and characterization of ricin are considered the first actions for its risk assessment during a suspected exposure, parallel to the development of therapeutic and medical countermeasures. In this study, we report the kinetic analysis of electro-oxidation of adenine released from hsDNA by the catalytic action of ricin by square wave voltammetry. The results suggest that ricin-mediated adenine release exhibited an unusual kinetic profile, with a progress curve controlled by the accumulation of the product and the values of the kinetic constants of 46.6 µM for Km and 2000 min−1 for kcat, leading to a catalytic efficiency of 7.1 × 105 s−1 M−1.
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A Simple, Fast and Portable Method for Electrochemical Detection of Adenine Released by Ricin Enzymatic Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040238. [PMID: 33810228 PMCID: PMC8066795 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
International authorities classify ricin toxin present in castor seed as a potential agent for use in bioterrorism. Therefore, the detection, identification, and characterization of ricin in various sample matrices are considered necessary actions for risk assessment during a suspected exposure. This study reports a portable electrochemical assay for detecting active ricin based on the adenine electro-oxidation released from herring sperm DNA substrate by its catalytic action. Also, kinetic parameters were calculated, and the values were Km of 3.14 µM and Kcat 2107 min−1. A linear response was found in optimized experimental conditions for ricin concentrations ranging from 8 to 120 ng/mL, and with a detection limit of 5.14 ng/mL. This proposed detection strategy emphasizes the possibility of field detection of active ricin in food matrices and can be applied to other endonucleolytic activities.
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Zhu S, Meng N, Chen S, Li Y. Study of acetylated EGCG synthesis by enzymatic transesterification in organic media. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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A Potential Inhibition Process of Ricin Protein with the flavonoids Quercetin and Epigallocatechin Gallate. A Quantum-Chemical and Molecular Docking Study. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Castor bean (Ricinus Communis) oil has been reported as one of the most important bio-based fuels; however, high amounts of toxic solid residue are generated in the production. This toxicity is due to several molecules, ricin protein being the most studied compound. The inhibition of the ricin protein is essential for eliminating its toxicity. The objective of this study is to predict the possible inhibition process via the interactions between the ricin protein and the flavonoids quercetin (Q) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The molecular structures of the complexes formed between the ricin protein and flavonoids were studied using quantum-chemical and molecular docking calculations to analyze the type of interaction, active site of the protein, binding energies, and different conformations in the inhibition process. Different methodologies were applied for the molecular structure determination; the best approximation was obtained with B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) theoretical methodology. Mappings of electrostatic potential (MEP) and frontier molecular orbitals were used for the identification of the probable sites of interaction, which were confirmed by molecular docking. The adjustment and alignment of flavonoid groups before and after the interaction, and charge transfer parameters, showed that Q and EGCG act as electron donors inside of the active site in ricin.
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Calabrese EJ, Tsatsakis A, Agathokleous E, Giordano J, Calabrese V. Does Green Tea Induce Hormesis? Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820936170. [PMID: 32728352 PMCID: PMC7364811 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820936170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea, and its principal constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), are commonly shown to induce biphasic concentration/dose responses in a broad range of cell types, including non-tumor cells, and tumor cell lines. The most active area of research dealt with an assessment of neural cells with application to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease cell models, often using preconditioning experimental protocols. The general findings demonstrate EGCG-induced hormetic effects resulting in an enhanced acquired resilience within an adaptive and temporally dependent homeodynamic framework. The biphasic dose responses displayed the typical quantitative features of the hormetic dose response with respect to the amplitude and width of the stimulatory response. These findings provide further evidence for the general occurrence of hormetic dose responses with such responses being independent of the biological model, end point, inducing agent, and mechanism. The biphasic nature of these responses has important implications since it suggests optimal dose ranges for end points of public health and therapeutic applications. These findings indicate the need to assess the entire dose-response continuum in order to better define the nature of the dose response, especially in the low-dose zone where such exposures are common in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill Science Center I, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Crete, Greece
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Barberino RS, Santos JMS, Lins TLBG, Menezes VG, Monte APO, Gouveia BB, Palheta RC, Matos MHT. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces apoptosis of preantral follicles through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway after in vitro culture of sheep ovarian tissue. Theriogenology 2020; 155:25-32. [PMID: 32622202 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of different concentrations of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the primordial follicle survival and development after in vitro culture of ovarian tissue, and to verify the possible involvement of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway in the EGCG actions in the sheep ovary. Ovarian fragments were fixed for histological analysis (fresh control) or cultured in α-minimum essential medium alone (α-MEM+: control medium) or with different concentrations of EGCG (0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 or 100 μg/mL) for 7 days. Inhibition of PI3K activity was performed in fragments cultured with 1 μg/mL EGCG plus LY294002. Thereafter, immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and AKT phosphorylation (p-AKT). The results showed that 1 μg/mL EGCG maintained the follicular survival similar (P > 0.05) to that of the fresh control and higher (P < 0.05) than that of the α-MEM+ and other EGCG treatments. No difference (P > 0.05) in the follicular activation was observed. However, both follicle and oocyte diameters increased after in vitro culture with 1 μg/mL EGCG compared to other treatments (P < 0.05), except for 10 μg/mL EGCG (P > 0.05). After PI3K inhibition, there was an increase (P < 0.05) of the follicular apoptosis and a reduction of p-AKT immunolocalization. In conclusion, EGCG at 1 μg/mL reduces apoptosis of preantral follicles through the PI3K/AKT pathway after in vitro culture of sheep ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Barberino
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
| | - J M S Santos
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - T L B G Lins
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - V G Menezes
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - A P O Monte
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - B B Gouveia
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - R C Palheta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - M H T Matos
- Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
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Aboulwafa MM, Youssef FS, Gad HA, Altyar AE, Al-Azizi MM, Ashour ML. A Comprehensive Insight on the Health Benefits and Phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and Recent Approaches for Its Quality Control. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E455. [PMID: 31590466 PMCID: PMC6826564 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea, Camellia sinensis, which belongs to the family Theaceae, is a shrub or evergreen tree up to 16 m in height. Green tea is very popular because of its marked health benefits comprising its anticancer, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial activities, as well as its effectiveness in reducing body weight. Additionally, it was recognized by Chinese people as an effective traditional drink required for the prophylaxis against many health ailments. This is due to the complex chemical composition of green tea, which comprises different classes of chemical compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and others. The beneficial health effects of green tea ultimately led to its great consumption and increase its liability to be adulterated by either low-quality or non-green tea products with concomitant decrease in activity. Thus, in this review, green tea was selected to highlight its health benefits and phytoconstituents, as well as recent approaches for its quality-control monitoring that guarantee its incorporation in many pharmaceutical industries. More research is needed to find out other more biological activities, active constituents, and other simple and cheap techniques for its quality assurance that ascertain the prevention of its adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram M Aboulwafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Fadia S Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Haidy A Gad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260 Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed M Al-Azizi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed L Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah-21442, Saudi Arabia.
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Gal Y, Mazor O, Falach R, Sapoznikov A, Kronman C, Sabo T. Treatments for Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication: Current Aspects and Future Prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E311. [PMID: 28972558 PMCID: PMC5666358 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans), is one of the most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin is considered a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability and ease of production. The clinical manifestation of pulmonary ricin intoxication in animal models is closely related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, massive neutrophil infiltration and severe edema. Currently, the only post-exposure measure that is effective against pulmonary ricinosis at clinically relevant time-points following intoxication in pre-clinical studies is passive immunization with anti-ricin neutralizing antibodies. The efficacy of this antitoxin treatment depends on antibody affinity and the time of treatment initiation within a limited therapeutic time window. Small-molecule compounds that interfere directly with the toxin or inhibit its intracellular trafficking may also be beneficial against ricinosis. Another approach relies on the co-administration of antitoxin antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs, thereby neutralizing the toxin while attenuating lung injury. Immunomodulators and other pharmacological-based treatment options should be tailored according to the particular pathogenesis pathways of pulmonary ricinosis. This review focuses on the current treatment options for pulmonary ricin intoxication using anti-ricin antibodies, disease-modifying countermeasures, anti-ricin small molecules and their various combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
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Abusnina A, Lugnier C. Therapeutic potentials of natural compounds acting on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase families. Cell Signal 2017; 39:55-65. [PMID: 28754627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cyclic AMP and/or cyclic GMP are characterized in the 1960th. These second messengers, hydrolysed specifically by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), play a major role in intracellular signalling. Natural products have been a rich source of drug discovery, Theophylline and Methylxanthine originated from tea leaves used for asthma treatment, whereas, Papaverine, a natural isoquinolein originated from Papaver somniferum traditionally used in impotency, altogether as caffeine where firstly described as PDE-inhibiting compounds. Since that time, the knowledge in PDE field has been drastically increased, allowing the design and development of new therapeutic drugs acting against different pathologies in the nanomolar range. During this period some natural compounds have been identified as PDE inhibitors and used in that context to investigate their therapeutic potential effects. The aim of this literature review is to point out the reported data and demonstrating the contribution of natural characterized molecules as PDE inhibitors in various pathologies that can open new fields of research for drug discovery, notably in epigenetic regulation.
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A Cell-Based Fluorescent Assay to Detect the Activity of AB Toxins that Inhibit Protein Synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1600:25-36. [PMID: 28478554 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6958-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many AB toxins elicit a cytotoxic effect involving the inhibition of protein synthesis. In this chapter, we describe a simple cell-based fluorescent assay to detect and quantify the inhibition of protein synthesis. The assay can also identify and characterize toxin inhibitors.
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Shorter SA, Gollings AS, Gorringe-Pattrick MAM, Coakley JE, Dyer PDR, Richardson SCW. The potential of toxin-based drug delivery systems for enhanced nucleic acid therapeutic delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:685-696. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1227781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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