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Schnee P, Pleiss J, Jeltsch A. Approaching the catalytic mechanism of protein lysine methyltransferases by biochemical and simulation techniques. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 59:20-68. [PMID: 38449437 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2318547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) transfer up to three methyl groups to the side chains of lysine residues in proteins and fulfill important regulatory functions by controlling protein stability, localization and protein/protein interactions. The methylation reactions are highly regulated, and aberrant methylation of proteins is associated with several types of diseases including neurologic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer. This review describes novel insights into the catalytic machinery of various PKMTs achieved by the combined application of biochemical experiments and simulation approaches during the last years, focusing on clinically relevant and well-studied enzymes of this group like DOT1L, SMYD1-3, SET7/9, G9a/GLP, SETD2, SUV420H2, NSD1/2, different MLLs and EZH2. Biochemical experiments have unraveled many mechanistic features of PKMTs concerning their substrate and product specificity, processivity and the effects of somatic mutations observed in PKMTs in cancer cells. Structural data additionally provided information about the substrate recognition, enzyme-substrate complex formation, and allowed for simulations of the substrate peptide interaction and mechanism of PKMTs with atomistic resolution by molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. These simulation technologies uncovered important mechanistic details of the PKMT reaction mechanism including the processes responsible for the deprotonation of the target lysine residue, essential conformational changes of the PKMT upon substrate binding, but also rationalized regulatory principles like PKMT autoinhibition. Further developments are discussed that could bring us closer to a mechanistic understanding of catalysis of this important class of enzymes in the near future. The results described here illustrate the power of the investigation of enzyme mechanisms by the combined application of biochemical experiments and simulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schnee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Del Frate G, Macchiagodena M, Akhunzada MJ, D'Autilia F, Catte A, Bhattacharjee N, Barone V, Cardarelli F, Brancato G. Probing Liquid-Ordered and Disordered Phases in Lipid Model Membranes: A Combined Theoretical and Spectroscopic Study of a Fluorescent Molecular Rotor. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:480-491. [PMID: 35001625 PMCID: PMC8785181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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An integrated theoretical/experimental
strategy has been applied
to the study of environmental effects on the spectroscopic parameters
of 4-(diphenylamino)phtalonitrile (DPAP), a fluorescent molecular
rotor. The computational part starts from the development of an effective
force field for the first excited electronic state of DPAP and proceeds
through molecular dynamics simulations in solvents of different polarities
toward the evaluation of Stokes shifts by quantum mechanics/molecular
mechanics (QM/MM) approaches. The trends of the computed results closely
parallel the available experimental results thus giving confidence
to the interpretation of new experimental studies of the photophysics
of DPAP in lipid bilayers. In this context, results show unambiguously
that both flexible dihedral angles and global rotations are significantly
retarded in a cholesterol/DPPC lipid matrix with respect to the DOPC
matrix, thus confirming the sensitivity of DPAP to probe different
environments and, therefore, its applicability as a probe for detecting
different structures and levels of plasma membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesca D'Autilia
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST (CNI@NEST), Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Catte
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50 019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Brancato
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50 019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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3
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Mechanism of the Conformational Change of the Protein Methyltransferase SMYD3: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137185. [PMID: 34281237 PMCID: PMC8267938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a SET-domain-containing methyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups onto lysine residues of substrate proteins. Methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 has been implicated in Ras-driven tumorigenesis, which makes SMYD3 a potential target for cancer therapy. Of all SMYD family proteins, SMYD3 adopt a closed conformation in a crystal structure. Several studies have suggested that the conformational changes between the open and closed forms may regulate the catalytic activity of SMYD3. In this work, we carried out extensive molecular dynamics simulations on a series of complexes with a total of 21 μs sampling to investigate the conformational changes of SMYD3 and unveil the molecular mechanisms. Based on the C-terminal domain movements, the simulated models could be depicted in three different conformational states: the closed, intermediate and open states. Only in the case that both the methyl donor binding pocket and the target lysine-binding channel had bound species did the simulations show SMYD3 maintaining its conformation in the closed state, indicative of a synergetic effect of the cofactors and target lysine on regulating the conformational change of SMYD3. In addition, we performed analyses in terms of structure and energy to shed light on how the two regions might regulate the C-terminal domain movement. This mechanistic study provided insights into the relationship between the conformational change and the methyltransferase activity of SMYD3. The more complete understanding of the conformational dynamics developed here together with further work may lay a foundation for the rational drug design of SMYD3 inhibitors.
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Zhu CL, Huang Q. Overexpression of the SMYD3 Promotes Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:489-499. [PMID: 31441002 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Suvar, Enhancer of zeste, and Trithorax (SET), myeloid-Nervy-DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), was reported to be upregulated in various tumors. However, its role in pancreatic cancer progression remains unclear. AIMS To explore the role of SMYD3 in the pancreatic cancer. METHODS The expressions of SMYD3, caspase-3, and matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) were detected in pancreatic cancer and non-tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. The CCK-8 and transwell assays were performed to test proliferation, migration, and invasion ability in short hairpin RNA (shRNA-SMYD3) pancreatic cancer cell line SW1190. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of SMYD3, caspase-3, and MMP-2 in SW1990 cell line and shRNA-SMYD3 SW1990 cell line. RESULTS The expressions of SMYD3, caspase-3, and MMP-2 were upregulated in pancreatic cancer. The SMYD3 was positively associated with caspase-3 and MMP-2 expressions in pancreatic cancer tissues. SMYD3, TNM stages, histological differentiation, and lymph node metastasis were identified as an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, interfered SMYD3 expression in SW1990 cell line significantly reduced the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. RT-PCR and Western blot showed the expression of MMP-2 decreased in shRNA-SMYD3 SW1990 cell line, but no significant change was observed in the caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of SMYD3 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer, and SMYD3 may affect the pancreatic cancer progression by regulating MMP-2 rather than caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, China.
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SMYD3: An Oncogenic Driver Targeting Epigenetic Regulation and Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010142. [PMID: 31935919 PMCID: PMC7017119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a member of the SMYD lysine methylase family and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Aberrant SMYD3 expression contributes to carcinogenesis and SMYD3 upregulation was proposed as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Here we summarize SMYD3-mediated regulatory mechanisms, which are implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer, as drivers of distinct oncogenic pathways. We describe SMYD3-dependent mechanisms affecting cancer progression, highlighting SMYD3 interplay with proteins and RNAs involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. We also address the effectiveness and mechanisms of action for the currently available SMYD3 inhibitors. The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that a complex network of SMYD3-mediated cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions promote oncogenesis across different cancer types. These evidences depict SMYD3 as a modulator of the transcriptional response and of key signaling pathways, orchestrating multiple oncogenic inputs and ultimately, promoting transcriptional reprogramming and tumor transformation. Further insights into the oncogenic role of SMYD3 and its targeting of different synergistic oncogenic signals may be beneficial for effective cancer treatment.
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Chandramouli B, Melino G, Chillemi G. Smyd2 conformational changes in response to p53 binding: role of the C-terminal domain. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1450-1461. [PMID: 31069954 PMCID: PMC6547616 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smyd2 lysine methyltransferase regulates monomethylation of histone and nonhistone lysine residues using S‐adenosylmethionine cofactor as the methyl donor. The nonhistone interactors include several tumorigenic targets, including p53. Understanding this interaction would allow the structural principles that underpin Smyd2‐mediated p53 methylation to be elucidated. Here, we performed μ‐second molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on binary Smyd2‐cofactor and ternary Smyd2‐cofactor‐p53 peptide complexes. We considered both unmethylated and monomethylated p53 peptides (at Lys370 and Lys372). The results indicate that (a) the degree of conformational freedom of the C‐terminal domain of Smyd2 is restricted by the presence of the p53 peptide substrate, (b) the Smyd2 C‐terminal domain shows distinct dynamic properties when interacting with unmethylated and methylated p53 peptides, and (c) Lys372 methylation confines the p53 peptide conformation, with detectable influence on Lys370 accessibility to the cofactor. These MD results are therefore of relevance for studying the biology of p53 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,National Council of Research, CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
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Small-molecule inhibitors of lysine methyltransferases SMYD2 and SMYD3: current trends. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:901-921. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine methyltransferases SMYD2 and SMYD3 are involved in the epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation and functioning. Overexpression and deregulation of these enzymes have been correlated to the insurgence and progression of different tumors, making them promising molecular targets in cancer therapy even if their role in tumors is not yet fully understood. In this light, selective small-molecule inhibitors are required to fully understand and validate these enzymes, as this is a prerequisite for the development of successful targeted therapeutic strategies. The present review gives a systematic overview of the chemical probes developed to selectively target SMYD2 and SMYD3, with particular focus on the structural features important for high inhibitory activity, on the mode of inhibition and on the efficacy in cell-based and in in vivo models.
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Tracy C, Warren JS, Szulik M, Wang L, Garcia J, Makaju A, Russell K, Miller M, Franklin S. The Smyd Family of Methyltransferases: Role in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Pathology. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 1:140-152. [PMID: 29435515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein methylation plays a pivotal role in the regulation of various cellular processes including chromatin remodeling and gene expression. SET and MYND domain-containing proteins (Smyd) are a special class of lysine methyltransferases whose catalytic SET domain is split by an MYND domain. The hallmark feature of this family was thought to be the methylation of histone H3 (on lysine 4). However, several studies suggest that the role of the Smyd family is dynamic, targeting unique histone residues associated with both transcriptional activation and repression. Smyd proteins also methylate several non-histone proteins to regulate various cellular processes. Although we are only beginning to understand their specific molecular functions and role in chromatin remodeling, recent studies have advanced our understanding of this relatively uncharacterized family, highlighting their involvement in development, cell growth and differentiation and during disease in various animal models. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, function and methylation targets of the Smyd family and provides a compilation of data emphasizing their prominent role in cardiac and skeletal muscle physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tracy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Junco S Warren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Marta Szulik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - June Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aman Makaju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kristi Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Mickey Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Sarah Franklin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Rajajeyabalachandran G, Kumar S, Murugesan T, Ekambaram S, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. Therapeutical potential of deregulated lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 as a safe target for novel anticancer agents. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:145-157. [PMID: 28019723 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1272580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SET and MYND domain containing-3 (SMYD3) is a member of the lysine methyltransferase family of proteins, and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Proper functioning of SMYD3 is very important for the target molecules to determine their different roles in chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and cell cycle control. Due to the abnormal expression of SMYD3 in tumors, it is projected as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Areas covered: Here we elaborate on the general information, structure and the pathological role of SMYD3 protein. We summarize the role of SMYD3-mediated protein interactions in oncology pathways, mutational effects and regulation of SMYD3 in specific types of cancer. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of currently available SMYD3 small molecule inhibitors are also addressed. Expert opinion: The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that aberrant levels of SMYD3 protein exert tumorigenic effects by altering the epigenetic regulation of target genes. The partial involvement of SMYD3 in some distinct pathways provides a vital opportunity in targeting cancer effectively with fewer side effects. Further, identification and co-targeting of synergistic oncogenic pathways is suggested, which could provide much more beneficial effects for the treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swetha Kumar
- a Bioinformatics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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Spellmon N, Sun X, Xue W, Holcomb J, Chakravarthy S, Shang W, Edwards B, Sirinupong N, Li C, Yang Z. New open conformation of SMYD3 implicates conformational selection and allostery. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016; 4:1-18. [PMID: 28050603 PMCID: PMC5189988 DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 plays a key role in cancer cell viability, adhesion, migration and invasion. SMYD3 promotes formation of inducible regulatory T cells and is involved in reducing autoimmunity. However, the nearly “closed” substrate-binding site and poor in vitro H3K4 methyltransferase activity have obscured further understanding of this oncogenically related protein. Here we reveal that SMYD3 can adopt an “open” conformation using molecular dynamics simulation and small-angle X-ray scattering. This ligand-binding-capable open state is related to the crystal structure-like closed state by a striking clamshell-like inter-lobe dynamics. The two states are characterized by many distinct structural and dynamical differences and the conformational transition pathway is mediated by a reversible twisting motion of the C-terminal domain (CTD). The spontaneous transition from the closed to open states suggests two possible, mutually non-exclusive models for SMYD3 functional regulation and the conformational selection mechanism and allostery may regulate the catalytic or ligand binding competence of SMYD3. This study provides an immediate clue to the puzzling role of SMYD3 in epigenetic gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Spellmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua Holcomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Srinivas Chakravarthy
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research and Instrumentation and Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Weifeng Shang
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research and Instrumentation and Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nualpun Sirinupong
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Research and Development Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Chandramouli B, Chillemi G. Conformational Dynamics of Lysine Methyltransferase Smyd2. Insights into the Different Substrate Crevice Characteristics of Smyd2 and Smyd3. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2467-2475. [PMID: 27959541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smyd2, the SET and MYND domain containing protein lysine methyltransferase, targets histone and nonhistone substrates. Methylation of nonhistone substrates has direct implications in cancer development and progression. Dynamic regulation of Smyd2 activity and the structural basis of broad substrate specificity still remain elusive. Herein, we report on extensive molecular dynamics simulations on a full length Smyd2 in the presence and absence of AdoMet cofactor (covering together 1.3 μs of sampling), and the accompanying conformational transitions. Additionally, dynamics of the C-terminal domain (CTD) and structural features of substrate crevices of Smyd2 and Smyd3 are compared. The CTD of Smyd2 exhibits conformational flexibility in both states. In the holo form, however, it undergoes larger hinge motions resulting in more opened configurations than the apo form, which is confined around the partially open starting X-ray configuration. AdoMet binding triggers increased elasticity of the CTD leading Smyd2 to adopt fully opened configurations, which completely exposes the substrate binding crevice. These long-range concerted motions highlight Smyd2's ability to target substrates of varying sizes. Substrate crevices of Smyd2 and Smyd3 show distinct features in terms of spatial, hydration, and electrostatic properties that emphasize their characteristic modes of substrates interaction and entry pathways for inhibitor binding. On the whole, our study shows how the elasticity and hinge motion of the CTD regulate its functional role and underpin the basis of broad substrate specificity of Smyd2. We also highlight the specific structural principles that guide substrate and inhibitor binding to Smyd2 and Smyd3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- SCAI-SuperComputing Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA ,Via dei Tizii 6, 00185 Rome, Italy
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