1
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Mishra T, Singh S, Singh TG. Therapeutic Implications and Regulations of Protein Post-translational Modifications in Parkinsons Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:53. [PMID: 38960968 PMCID: PMC11222187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This comprehensive review examines the intricate role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. Targeted PTM modulation, particularly in key proteins like Parkin, DJ1, and PINK1, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating dopaminergic degeneration in PD. Dysregulated PTMs significantly contribute to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction observed in PD. Targeting PTMs, including epigenetic strategies, addressing aberrant phosphorylation events, and modulating SUMOylation processes, provides potential avenues for intervention. The ubiquitin-proteasome system, governed by enzymes like Parkin and Nedd4, offers potential targets for clearing misfolded proteins and developing disease-modifying interventions. Compounds like ginkgolic acid, SUMO E1 enzyme inhibitors, and natural compounds like Indole-3-carbinol illustrate the feasibility of modulating PTMs for therapeutic purposes in PD. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of PTM-targeted interventions in modulating PD-related pathways, emphasizing the need for further research in this promising area of Parkinsons disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Mishra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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2
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Hu Q, Liu Z, Liu Y, Qiu J, Zhang X, Sun J, Zhang B, Shi H. SIAH2 suppresses c-JUN pathway by promoting the polyubiquitination and degradation of HBx in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18484. [PMID: 38842124 PMCID: PMC11154841 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
As an important protein encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV), HBV X protein (HBx) plays an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been shown that seven in absentia homologue 1 (SIAH1) could regulates the degradation of HBx through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, as a member of SIAH family, the regulatory effects of SIAH2 on HBx remain unclear. In this study, we first confirmed that SIAH2 could reduce the protein levels of HBx depending on its E3 ligase activity. Moreover, SIAH2 interacted with HBx and induced its K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we provided evidence that SIAH2 inhibits HBx-associated HCC cells proliferation by regulating HBx. In conclusion, our study identified a novel role for SIAH2 in promoting HBx degradation and SIAH2 exerts an inhibitory effect in the proliferation of HBx-associated HCC through inducing the degradation of HBx. Our study provides a new idea for the targeted degradation of HBx and may have great huge significance into providing novel evidence for the targeted therapy of HBV-infected HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Hu
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jie Qiu
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Hengliang Shi
- Institute of Digestive DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Research Center of Digestive DiseasesThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Central LaboratoryThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
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3
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Bolhuis DL, Emanuele MJ, Brown NG. Friend or foe? Reciprocal regulation between E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:BST20230454. [PMID: 38414432 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that entails the covalent attachment of the small protein ubiquitin (Ub), which acts as a signal to direct protein stability, localization, or interactions. The Ub code is written by a family of enzymes called E3 Ub ligases (∼600 members in humans), which can catalyze the transfer of either a single ubiquitin or the formation of a diverse array of polyubiquitin chains. This code can be edited or erased by a different set of enzymes termed deubiquitinases (DUBs; ∼100 members in humans). While enzymes from these distinct families have seemingly opposing activities, certain E3-DUB pairings can also synergize to regulate vital cellular processes like gene expression, autophagy, innate immunity, and cell proliferation. In this review, we highlight recent studies describing Ub ligase-DUB interactions and focus on their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Bolhuis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
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4
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Guenette RG, Potts PR. High throughput E3 ligase degron binding assays for novel PROTAC ligand discovery. Methods Enzymol 2023; 681:23-39. [PMID: 36764759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new small molecule ligands for E3 ligases will enable the creation of novel proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues to tackle traditionally undruggable proteins. Diversifying both the chemical matter for each E3 ligase and the type of ligases will be important to fully capture the potential of these targeted protein degradation modalities. A key step in this process is to establish an integrated screening platform for the rapid identification and optimization of small molecule ligands for E3 ligases. Here, we provide a method to evaluate E3 ligase ligands using AlphaScreen technology. AlphaScreen allows for the evaluation of a wide array of molecular interactions and is utilized extensively in small molecule screening campaigns. This bead-based proximity technology offers facile development for interactions across a wide range of affinities and can be adapted to interrogate E3 ligase-degron interactions. In this protocol, we demonstrate the development of AlphaScreen for E3 ligase ligand competition assays toward the discovery of new ligands for E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Guenette
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States.
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5
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Wang Y, Liu X, Huang W, Liang J, Chen Y. The intricate interplay between HIFs, ROS, and the ubiquitin system in the tumor hypoxic microenvironment. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108303. [PMID: 36328089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein ubiquitination and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling both contribute to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Ubiquitination is a dynamic process that is coordinately regulated by E3 ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), which have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets. HIF expression and transcriptional activity are usually increased in tumors, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are upregulated in tumors and have multiple effects on HIF signaling and the ubiquitin system. A growing body of evidence has shown that multiple E3 ligases and UBDs function synergistically to control the expression and activity of HIF, thereby allowing cancer cells to cope with the hypoxic microenvironment. Conversely, several E3 ligases and DUBs are regulated by hypoxia and/or HIF signaling. Hypoxia also induces ROS production, which in turn modulates the stability or activity of HIF, E3 ligases, and DUBs. Understanding the complex networks between E3 ligase, DUBs, ROS, and HIF will provide insights into the fundamental mechanism of the cellular response to hypoxia and help identify novel molecular targets for cancer treatment. We review the current knowledge on the comprehensive relationship between E3 ligase, DUBs, ROS, and HIF signaling, with a particular focus on the use of E3 ligase or DUB inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Weixiao Huang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Junjie Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China; School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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6
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Jeong SY, Hariharasudhan G, Kim MJ, Lim JY, Jung SM, Choi EJ, Chang IY, Kee Y, You HJ, Lee JH. SIAH2 regulates DNA end resection and replication fork recovery by promoting CtIP ubiquitination. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10469-10486. [PMID: 36155803 PMCID: PMC9561274 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CtIP maintains genomic integrity primarily by promoting 5′ DNA end resection, an initial step of the homologous recombination (HR). A few mechanisms have been suggested as to how CtIP recruitment to damage sites is controlled, but it is likely that we do not yet have full understanding of the process. Here, we provide evidence that CtIP recruitment and functioning are controlled by the SIAH2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. We found that SIAH2 interacts and ubiquitinates CtIP at its N-terminal lysine residues. Mutating the key CtIP lysine residues impaired CtIP recruitment to DSBs and stalled replication forks, DSB end resection, overall HR repair capacity of cells, and recovery of stalled replication forks, suggesting that the SIAH2-induced ubiquitination is important for relocating CtIP to sites of damage. Depleting SIAH2 consistently phenocopied these results. Overall, our work suggests that SIAH2 is a new regulator of CtIP and HR repair, and emphasizes that SIAH2-mediated recruitment of the CtIP is an important step for CtIP’s function during HR repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Jeong
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Gurusamy Hariharasudhan
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Mi Jung
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Choi
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Youb Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno-Joongang-daero, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin You
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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7
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Gao W, Chen L, Lin L, Yang M, Li T, Wei H, Sha C, Xing J, Zhang M, Zhao S, Chen Q, Xu W, Li Y, Zhu X. SIAH1 reverses chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian cancer via ubiquitination of YBX-1. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:13. [PMID: 35273154 PMCID: PMC8913663 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a severe outcome among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) that leads to a poor prognosis. YBX-1 has been shown to cause treatment failure and cancer progression in EOC. However, strategies that directly target YBX-1 are not yet conceivable. Here, we identified that SIAH1 which was downregulated in chemoresistant EOC samples and cell lines functioned as novel E3 ligases to trigger degradation of YBX-1 at cytoplasm by RING finger domain. Mechanistic studies show that YBX-1 was ubiquitinated by SIAH1 at lys304 that lead to the instability of its target m5C-modified mRNAs, thus sensitized EOC cells to cDDP. Overexpression of SIAH1 enhanced the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo, which were partially impaired by ectopic expression of YBX-1 or depletion of YBX-1 ubiquitination. In summary, our data identify the SIAH1/YBX-1 interaction as a therapeutic target for overcoming EOC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujiang Gao
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- The first people's hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Taoqiong Li
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chunli Sha
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenlin Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. .,Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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8
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Li K, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. The role of Siah2 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Gene 2022; 809:146028. [PMID: 34687788 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Seven in absentia homolog 2 (Siah2), an RING E3 ubiquitin ligases, has been characterized to play the vital role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous studies have determined that Siah2 promotes tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies such as prostate, lung, gastric, and liver cancers. However, several studies revealed that Siah2 exhibited tumor suppressor function by promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of several oncoproteins, suggesting that Siah2 could exert its biological function according to different stages of tumor development. Moreover, Siah2 is subject to complex regulation, especially the phosphorylation of Siah2 by a variety of protein kinases to regulate its stability and activity. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of Siah2 in human cancer. Moreover, we highlight the critical role of Siah2 in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we note that the potential clinical applications of targeting Siah2 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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9
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Zhang H, Wang J, Ge Y, Ye M, Jin X. Siah1 in cancer and nervous system diseases (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 47:35. [PMID: 34958110 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the ubiquitin‑proteasome system will result in the abnormal accumulation and dysfunction of proteins, thus leading to severe diseases. Seven in absentia homolog 1 (Siah1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has attracted wide attention due to its varied functions in physiological and pathological conditions, and the numerous newly discovered Siah1 substrates. In cancer and nervous system diseases, the functions of Siah1 as a promoter or a suppressor of diseases are related to the change in cellular microenvironment and subcellular localization. At the same time, complex upstream regulations make Siah1 different from other E3 ubiquitin ligases. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Siah1 will help the study of various signaling pathways and benefit the therapeutic strategy of human diseases (e.g., cancer and nervous system diseases). In the present review, the functions and regulations of Siah1 are described. Moreover, novel substrates of Siah1 discovered in recent studies will be highlighted in cancer and nervous system diseases, providing ideas for future research and clinical targeted therapies using Siah1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Ge
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
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10
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Márquez-Cantudo L, Ramos A, Coderch C, de Pascual-Teresa B. Proteasomal Degradation of Zn-Dependent Hdacs: The E3-Ligases Implicated and the Designed Protacs That Enable Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185606. [PMID: 34577077 PMCID: PMC8467390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is one of the main mechanisms of the regulation of cellular proteostasis, and the E3 ligases are the key effectors for the protein recognition and degradation. Many E3 ligases have key roles in cell cycle regulation, acting as checkpoints and checkpoint regulators. One of the many important proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are the members of the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) family. The importance of zinc dependent HDACs in the regulation of chromatin packing and, therefore, gene expression, has made them targets for the design and synthesis of HDAC inhibitors. However, achieving potency and selectivity has proven to be a challenge due to the homology between the zinc dependent HDACs. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaera (PROTAC) design has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to inhibit and selectively degrade protein targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the E3 ligases that naturally ubiquitinate HDACs, analyze their structure, and list the known ligands that can bind to these E3 ligases and be used for PROTAC design, as well as the already described HDAC-targeted PROTACs.
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11
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Piedade WP, Famulski JK. E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated regulation of vertebrate ocular development; new insights into the function of SIAH enzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:327-340. [PMID: 33616626 PMCID: PMC7924998 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmental regulation of the vertebrate visual system has been a focus of investigation for generations as understanding this critical time period has direct implications on our understanding of congenital blinding disease. The majority of studies to date have focused on transcriptional regulation mediated by morphogen gradients and signaling pathways. However, recent studies of post translational regulation during ocular development have shed light on the role of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). This rather ubiquitous yet highly diverse system is well known for regulating protein function and localization as well as stability via targeting for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Work from many model organisms has recently identified UPS activity during various milestones of ocular development including retinal morphogenesis, retinal ganglion cell function as well as photoreceptor homeostasis. In particular work from flies and zebrafish has highlighted the role of the E3 ligase enzyme family, Seven in Absentia Homologue (Siah) during these events. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of UPS activity during Drosophila and vertebrate ocular development, with a major focus on recent findings correlating Siah E3 ligase activity with two major developmental stages of vertebrate ocular development, retinal morphogenesis and photoreceptor specification and survival.
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12
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Buratti J, Ji L, Keren B, Lee Y, Booke S, Erdin S, Kim SY, Palculict TB, Meiner V, Chae JH, Woods CG, Tam A, Héron D, Cong F, Harel T. De novo variants in SIAH1, encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are associated with developmental delay, hypotonia and dysmorphic features. J Med Genet 2020; 58:205-212. [PMID: 32430360 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitination has a central role in numerous biological processes, including cell development, stress responses and ageing. Perturbed ubiquitination has been implicated in human diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. SIAH1 encodes a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in protein ubiquitination. Among numerous other roles, SIAH1 regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling and affects neural cell fate. Moreover, SIAH1 positively regulates Wnt signalling through ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Axin and accumulation of β-catenin. METHODS Trio exome sequencing followed by Sanger validation was undertaken in five individuals with syndromic developmental delay. Three-dimensional structural modelling was used to predict pathogenicity of affected residues. Wnt stimulatory activity was measured by luciferase reporter assays and Axin degradation assays in HEK293 cells transfected with wild-type and mutant SIAH1 expression plasmids. RESULTS We report five unrelated individuals with shared features of developmental delay, infantile hypotonia, dysmorphic features and laryngomalacia, in whom exome sequencing identified de novo monoallelic variants in SIAH1. In silico protein modelling suggested alteration of conserved functional sites. In vitro experiments demonstrated loss of Wnt stimulatory activity with the SIAH1 mutants, suggesting variant pathogenicity. CONCLUSION Our results lend support to SIAH1 as a candidate Mendelian disease gene for a recognisable syndrome, further strengthening the connection between SIAH1 and neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, the results suggest that dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Buratti
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lei Ji
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Youngha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephanie Booke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Vardiella Meiner
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Univeristy of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allison Tam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Delphine Héron
- Département de Génétique et Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Feng Cong
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mennerich D, Kubaichuk K, Kietzmann T. DUBs, Hypoxia, and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:632-653. [PMID: 31706510 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in protein ubiquitylation and hypoxia are commonly associated with cancer. Ubiquitylation is carried out by three sequentially acting ubiquitylating enzymes and can be opposed by deubiquitinases (DUBs), which have emerged as promising drug targets. Apart from protein localization and activity, ubiquitylation regulates degradation of proteins, among them hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Thereby, various E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs regulate HIF abundance. Conversely, several E3s and DUBs are regulated by hypoxia. While hypoxia is a powerful HIF regulator, less is known about hypoxia-regulated DUBs and their impact on HIFs. Here, we review current knowledge about the relationship of E3s, DUBs, and hypoxia signaling. We also discuss the reciprocal regulation of DUBs by hypoxia and use of DUB-specific drugs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mennerich
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Kateryna Kubaichuk
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland.
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Involvement of E3 Ligases and Deubiquitinases in the Control of HIF-α Subunit Abundance. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060598. [PMID: 31208103 PMCID: PMC6627837 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways are cellular processes involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions. Enzymes called ubiquitin E3 ligases perform protein ubiquitylation. The action of these enzymes can be counteracted by another group of enzymes called deubiquitinases (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from target proteins. The balanced action of these enzymes allows cells to adapt their protein content to a variety of cellular and environmental stress factors, including hypoxia. While hypoxia appears to be a powerful regulator of the ubiquitylation process, much less is known about the impact of DUBs on the HIF system and hypoxia-regulated DUBs. Moreover, hypoxia and DUBs play crucial roles in many diseases, such as cancer. Hence, DUBs are considered to be promising targets for cancer cell-specific treatment. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role DUBs play in the control of HIFs, the regulation of DUBs by hypoxia, and their implication in cancer progression.
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15
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Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of the ubiquitin ligases Siah1/2 in melanoma and prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:145-162. [PMID: 30771432 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of ubiquitin ligases with small molecule remains a very challenging task, given the lack of catalytic activity of the target and the requirement of disruption of its interactions with other proteins. Siah1/2, which are E3 ubiquitin ligases, are implicated in melanoma and prostate cancer and represent high-value drug targets. We utilized three independent screening approaches in our efforts to identify small-molecule Siah1/2 inhibitors: Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry, a protein thermal shift-based assay and an in silico based screen. Inhibitors were assessed for their effect on viability of melanoma and prostate cancer cultures, colony formation, prolyl-hydroxylase-HIF1α signaling, expression of selected Siah2-related transcripts, and Siah2 ubiquitin ligase activity. Several analogs were further characterized, demonstrating improved efficacy. Combination of the top hits identified in the different assays demonstrated an additive effect, pointing to complementing mechanisms that underlie each of these Siah1/2 inhibitors.
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Siswanto FM, Jawi IM, Kartiko BH. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog in the innate immune system: An overview. Vet World 2018; 11:1551-1557. [PMID: 30587887 PMCID: PMC6303497 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1551-1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has been considered as an ancient system and less important than the adaptive immune system. However, the interest in innate immunity has grown significantly in the past few years marked by the identification of Toll-like receptors, a member of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs are crucial for the identification of self- and non-self-antigen and play a role in the initiation of signaling events that activate the effective immune response. These sensor signals through interweaving signaling cascades which result in the production of interferons and cytokines as the effector of immune system. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) actively mediate the rapid and versatile regulatory processes that initiate the activation of the innate immune system cascade. The seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) is a potent RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that is known to involve in several stress responses, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, DNA damage stress, and inflammation. In this review, the role of SIAH will be discussed as an E3 ubiquitin ligase on the regulation of innate immune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferbian Milas Siswanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Dhyana Pura University, Badung, Indonesia
| | - I Made Jawi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Hadi Kartiko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Dhyana Pura University, Badung, Indonesia
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A New Strategy to Control and Eradicate "Undruggable" Oncogenic K-RAS-Driven Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Insights and Core Principles Learned from Developmental and Evolutionary Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050142. [PMID: 29757973 PMCID: PMC5977115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic K-RAS mutations are found in virtually all pancreatic cancers, making K-RAS one of the most targeted oncoproteins for drug development in cancer therapies. Despite intense research efforts over the past three decades, oncogenic K-RAS has remained largely “undruggable”. Rather than targeting an upstream component of the RAS signaling pathway (i.e., EGFR/HER2) and/or the midstream effector kinases (i.e., RAF/MEK/ERK/PI3K/mTOR), we propose an alternative strategy to control oncogenic K-RAS signal by targeting its most downstream signaling module, Seven-In-Absentia Homolog (SIAH). SIAH E3 ligase controls the signal output of oncogenic K-RAS hyperactivation that drives unchecked cell proliferation, uncontrolled tumor growth, and rapid cancer cell dissemination in human pancreatic cancer. Therefore, SIAH is an ideal therapeutic target as it is an extraordinarily conserved downstream signaling gatekeeper indispensable for proper RAS signaling. Guided by molecular insights and core principles obtained from developmental and evolutionary biology, we propose an anti-SIAH-centered anti-K-RAS strategy as a logical and alternative anticancer strategy to dampen uncontrolled K-RAS hyperactivation and halt tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. The clinical utility of developing SIAH as both a tumor-specific and therapy-responsive biomarker, as well as a viable anti-K-RAS drug target, is logically simple and conceptually innovative. SIAH clearly constitutes a major tumor vulnerability and K-RAS signaling bottleneck in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Given the high degree of evolutionary conservation in the K-RAS/SIAH signaling pathway, an anti-SIAH-based anti-PDAC therapy will synergize with covalent K-RAS inhibitors and direct K-RAS targeted initiatives to control and eradicate pancreatic cancer in the future.
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Di X, Cao L, Hughes RK, Tintor N, Banfield MJ, Takken FLW. Structure-function analysis of the Fusarium oxysporum Avr2 effector allows uncoupling of its immune-suppressing activity from recognition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:897-914. [PMID: 28857169 PMCID: PMC5659127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), the causal agent of tomato wilt disease, produces effector protein Avr2. Besides being a virulence factor, Avr2 triggers immunity in I-2 carrying tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Fol strains that evade I-2 recognition carry point mutations in Avr2 (e.g. Avr2R45H ), but retain full virulence. Here we investigate the virulence function of Avr2 and determine its crystal structure. Transgenic tomato and Arabidopsis expressing either wild-type ΔspAvr2 (deleted signal-peptide) or the ΔspAvr2R45H variant become hypersusceptible to fungal, and even bacterial infections, suggesting that Avr2 targets a conserved defense mechanism. Indeed, Avr2 transgenic plants are attenuated in immunity-related readouts, including flg22-induced growth inhibition, ROS production and callose deposition. The crystal structure of Avr2 reveals that the protein shares intriguing structural similarity to ToxA from the wheat pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and to TRAF proteins. The I-2 resistance-breaking Avr2V41M , Avr2R45H and Avr2R46P variants cluster on a surface-presented loop. Structure-guided mutagenesis enabled uncoupling of virulence from I-2-mediated recognition. We conclude that I-2-mediated recognition is not based on monitoring Avr2 virulence activity, which includes suppression of immune responses via an evolutionarily conserved effector target, but by recognition of a distinct epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Di
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Lingxue Cao
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Richard K. Hughes
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Nico Tintor
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Pepper IJ, Van Sciver RE, Tang AH. Phylogenetic analysis of the SINA/SIAH ubiquitin E3 ligase family in Metazoa. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:182. [PMID: 28784114 PMCID: PMC5547486 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RAS signaling pathway is a pivotal developmental pathway that controls many fundamental biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, movement and apoptosis. Drosophila Seven-IN-Absentia (SINA) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is the most downstream signaling “gatekeeper” whose biological activity is essential for proper RAS signal transduction. Vertebrate SINA homologs (SIAHs) share a high degree of amino acid identity with that of Drosophila SINA. SINA/SIAH is the most conserved signaling component in the canonical EGFR/RAS/RAF/MAPK signal transduction pathway. Results Vertebrate SIAH1, 2, and 3 are the three orthologs to invertebrate SINA protein. SINA and SIAH1 orthologs are found in all major taxa of metazoans. These proteins have four conserved functional domains, known as RING (Really Interesting New Gene), SZF (SIAH-type zinc finger), SBS (substrate binding site) and DIMER (Dimerization). In addition to the siah1 gene, most vertebrates encode two additional siah genes (siah2 and siah3) in their genomes. Vertebrate SIAH2 has a highly divergent and extended N-terminal sequence, while its RING, SZF, SBS and DIMER domains maintain high amino acid identity/similarity to that of SIAH1. But unlike vertebrate SIAH1 and SIAH2, SIAH3 lacks a functional RING domain, suggesting that SIAH3 may be an inactive E3 ligase. The SIAH3 subtree exhibits a high degree of amino acid divergence when compared to the SIAH1 and SIAH2 subtrees. We find that SIAH1 and SIAH2 are expressed in all human epithelial cell lines examined thus far, while SIAH3 is only expressed in a limited subset of cancer cell lines. Conclusion Through phylogenetic analyses of metazoan SINA and SIAH E3 ligases, we identified many invariant and divergent amino acid residues, as well as the evolutionarily conserved functional motifs in this medically relevant gene family. Our phylomedicinal study of this unique metazoan SINA/SIAH protein family has provided invaluable evolution-based support towards future effort to design logical, potent, and durable anti-SIAH-based anticancer strategies against oncogenic K-RAS-driven metastatic human cancers. Thus, this method of evolutionary study should be of interest in cancer biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1024-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Pepper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Harry T. Lester Hall, Room 454-457, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA
| | - Robert E Van Sciver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Harry T. Lester Hall, Room 454-457, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Harry T. Lester Hall, Room 454-457, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA.
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