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Kulkarni S, Arunachala S, Chaya SK, ShankaraSetty RV, Karnik M, Bansal N, Ravindran S, Lokesh KS, Mohan M, Kaleem Ullah M, Siddaiah JB, Mahesh PA. The Assessment of Serum Fibronectin Levels as a Potential Biomarker for the Severity of Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 38201359 PMCID: PMC10804257 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Fibronectin (Fn) facilitates Mtb attachment to host cells. We studied the Fn levels in smear-positive TB patients to assess its correlation with disease severity based on sputum smears and chest X-rays. METHODS Newly detected consecutive sputum AFB-positive pulmonary TB patients (n = 78) and healthy control subjects (n = 11) were included. The mycobacterial load in the sputum smear was assessed by IUATLD classification, ranging from 0 to 3. The severity of pulmonary involvement was assessed radiologically in terms of both the number of zones involved (0-6) and as localized (up to 2 zones), moderate (3-4 zones), or extensive (5-6 zones). The serum human fibronectin levels were measured by using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Catalogue No: CK-bio-11486, Shanghai Coon Koon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). RESULTS The PTB patients showed lower Fn levels (102.4 ± 26.7) compared with the controls (108.8 ± 6.8), but they were not statistically significant. Higher AFB smear grades had lower Fn levels. The chest X-ray zones involved were inversely correlated with Fn levels. The Fn levels, adjusted for age and gender, decreased with increased mycobacterial load and the number of chest radiograph zones affected. A Fn level <109.39 g/mL predicted greater TB severity (sensitivity of 67.57% and specificity of 90.38%), while a level <99.32 pg/mL predicted severity based on the chest radiology (sensitivity of 84.21% and specificity of 100%). CONCLUSIONS The Fn levels are lower in tuberculosis patients and are negatively correlated with severity based on sputum mycobacterial load and chest radiographs. The Fn levels may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing TB severity, which could have implications for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreedhar Kulkarni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sumalatha Arunachala
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur 571448, India
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rekha Vaddarahalli ShankaraSetty
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Medha Karnik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India; (M.K.)
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sukanya Ravindran
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mikash Mohan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem Ullah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India; (M.K.)
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
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Structural and Functional Insights into a Nonheme Iron- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Halogenase That Catalyzes Chlorination of Nucleotide Substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0249721. [PMID: 35435717 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02497-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonheme iron- and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent halogenases (NHFeHals), which catalyze the regio- and stereoselective halogenation of the unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds, exhibit tremendous potential in the challenging asymmetric halogenation. AdeV from Actinomadura sp. ATCC 39365 is the first identified carrier protein-free NHFeHal that catalyzes the chlorination of nucleotide 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (2'-dAMP) to afford 2'-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate. Here, we determined the complex crystal structures of AdeV/FeII/Cl and AdeV/FeII/Cl/αKG at resolutions of 1.76 and 1.74 Å, respectively. AdeV possesses a typical β-sandwich topology with H194, H252, αKG, chloride, and one water molecule coordinating FeII in the active site. Molecular docking, mutagenesis, and biochemical analyses reveal that the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bond network between the substrate-binding pocket and the adenine, deoxyribose, and phosphate moieties of 2'-dAMP are essential for substrate recognition. Residues H111, R177, and H192 might play important roles in the second-sphere interactions that control reaction partitioning. This study provides valuable insights into the catalytic selectivity of AdeV and will facilitate the rational engineering of AdeV and other NHFeHals for synthesis of halogenated nucleotides. IMPORTANCE Halogenated nucleotides are a group of important antibiotics and are clinically used as antiviral and anticancer drugs. AdeV is the first carrier protein-independent nonheme iron- and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent halogenase (NHFeHal) that can selectively halogenate nucleotides and exhibits restricted substrate specificity toward several 2'-dAMP analogues. Here, we determined the complex crystal structures of AdeV/FeII/Cl and AdeV/FeII/Cl/αKG. Molecular docking, mutagenesis, and biochemical analyses provide important insights into the catalytic selectivity of AdeV. This study will facilitate the rational engineering of AdeV and other carrier protein-independent NHFeHals for synthesis of halogenated nucleotides.
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Assal N, Rennie B, Walrond L, Cyr T, Rohonczy L, Lin M. Proteome characterization of the culture supernatant of Mycobacterium bovis in different growth stages. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101154. [PMID: 34746449 PMCID: PMC8554454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify proteins secreted by Mycobacterium bovis into culture medium at different stages of bacterial growth. A field strain of M. bovis was grown in Middlebrook 7H9 media and culture supernatant was collected at three-time points representing three different phases of growth (early exponential, late exponential, and stationary phases). Supernatants were double filtered, digested by trypsin and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The study found 15, 21, and 16 proteins in early, mid and late growth phases, respectively. In total, 22 proteins were identified, 18 of which were reported or predicted to have a cell wall or extracellular localization. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify proteins secreted into the culture medium by a field strain of M. bovis in three different stages of growth. The dataset generated here provides candidate proteins with the potential for the development of serological diagnostic reagents or vaccine for bovine tuberculosis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017817. Identifying extracellular proteins produced by M. bovis using mass spectrometry. Culture supernatant proteins secreted in three different stages of bacterial growth. Proteins were secreted from live bacteria and heat-killing was omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Assal
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Rennie
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Walrond
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Terry Cyr
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Liz Rohonczy
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Min Lin
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Binds Human Serum Amyloid A, and the Interaction Modulates the Colonization of Human Macrophages and the Transcriptional Response of the Pathogen. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051264. [PMID: 34065319 PMCID: PMC8160739 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As a very successful pathogen with outstanding adaptive properties, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has developed a plethora of sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host defenses and effectively enter and replicate in the harmful environment inside professional phagocytes, namely, macrophages. Here, we demonstrated the binding interaction of Mtb with a major human acute phase protein, namely, serum amyloid A (SAA1), and identified AtpA (Rv1308), ABC (Rv2477c), EspB (Rv3881c), TB 18.6 (Rv2140c), and ThiC (Rv0423c) membrane proteins as mycobacterial effectors responsible for the pathogen-host protein interplay. SAA1-opsonization of Mtb prior to the infection of human macrophages favored bacterial entry into target phagocytes accompanied by a substantial increase in the load of intracellularly multiplying and surviving bacteria. Furthermore, binding of human SAA1 by Mtb resulted in the up- or downregulation of the transcriptional response of tubercle bacilli. The most substantial changes were related to the increased expression level of the genes of two operons encoding mycobacterial transporter systems, namely, mmpL5/mmpS5 (rv0676c), and rv1217c, rv1218c. Therefore, we postulate that during infection, Mtb-SAA1 binding promotes the infection of host macrophages by tubercle bacilli and modulates the functional response of the pathogen.
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Liu J, Chen X, Wang J, Wu F, Zhang J, Dong J, Zhang H, Liu X, Hu N, Wu J, Zhang L, Cheng W, Zhang C, Zhang WJ. Prediction and identification of CD4+ T cell epitope for the protective antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24619. [PMID: 33578573 PMCID: PMC7886468 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+T cell epitopes plays a key role in anti-tuberculosis (TB) immunity, CD4+T cell epitopes suitable for the domestic population are lacking. Therefore, we predicted and identified novel CD4+T cell epitopes.The bioinformatics software, namely, DNAStar (DNASTAR of the United States), SYFPEITHI (INTERFACTORS INSTITUT Für ZELL Biologie of Germany), RANKPEP, and NetMHC IIpan (National Cancer Institute, United States of America), were used to comprehensively predict the CD4+T cell immune epitope of Mycobacterium TB, and the predicted epitope polypeptide was synthesized by the standard Fmoc scheme. The proliferation of PBMC and CD4+T cells stimulated by peptides was preliminarily detected by the CCK8 method. Then, the candidate polypeptides screened out by the CCK8 method were verified again by the BrdU assay, and flow cytometry was performed to analyze further the extent of their stimulation on the proliferation of CD4+T cells. The changes in the secreted cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-10 before and after the candidate polypeptide stimulation of CD4+T lymphocytes were detected by ELISA. The preliminary humoral immunity test was conducted by indirect ELISA to evaluate the serological diagnostic value of the CD4+T cell epitope polypeptide.In this study, 5 novel candidate CD4+T cell epitope polypeptides with the amino acid sequences of LQGQWRGAAGTAAQA, PVTLAETGSTLLYPL, AAAWGGSGSEAYQGV, QFVYAGAMSGLLDPS, and KAALTRTASNMNAAA and others that have not been reported in the research were predicted. For convenience, the 5 candidates were successively named as P39, P50, P40, P185, and P62. P39, P62, and the mixed peptide P39+P62 could effectively induce the proliferation of CD4+T cells and increase the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 from the CD4+T cells, while reducing the content of IL-10. The serological test showed that the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of P39 were 75%, 67.71%, and 0.844, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of P62 were 91.66%, 46.87%, and 0.649, respectively. The sensitivity of the mixed peptide P39+P62 was 95.83%, the specificity was 97.91%, and the AUC was 0.793.The P39 and P62 polypeptides were predicted and identified as potential CD4+T cell immune epitope polypeptides of M. TB. The polypeptide had better diagnosis effect, which provided potential candidate epitope polypeptides for the development of TB-specific diagnosis reagents and novel TB epitope vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Jie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Jiangdong Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Wei Cheng
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Chunjun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Wan Jiang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
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