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Qian C, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xiao H, Lin Z, Wu M, Xia W, Yang H, Bai J, Geng D. Arachidonic acid in aging: New roles for old players. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00180-2. [PMID: 38710468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most ubiquitous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), provides fluidity to mammalian cell membranes. It is derived from linoleic acid (LA) and can be transformed into various bioactive metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), lipoxins (LXs), hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), leukotrienes (LTs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by different pathways. All these processes are involved in AA metabolism. Currently, in the context of an increasingly visible aging world population, several scholars have revealed the essential role of AA metabolism in osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many other aging diseases. AIM OF REVIEW Although there are some reviews describing the role of AA in some specific diseases, there seems to be no or little information on the role of AA metabolism in aging tissues or organs. This review scrutinizes and highlights the role of AA metabolism in aging and provides a new idea for strategies for treating aging-related diseases. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW As a member of lipid metabolism, AA metabolism regulates the important lipids that interfere with the aging in several ways. We present a comprehensivereviewofthe role ofAA metabolism in aging, with the aim of relieving the extreme suffering of families and the heavy economic burden on society caused by age-related diseases. We also collected and summarized data on anti-aging therapies associated with AA metabolism, with the expectation of identifying a novel and efficient way to protect against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
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Li M, Gou D, Gong P, Di W, Wang L, Ding J, Chang Y, Zuo R. An Investigation on the Effects of Dietary Vitamin E on Juvenile Sea Urchin ( Strongylocentrotus intermedius): Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, Immune Response, and Related Gene Expression. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1523. [PMID: 38132349 PMCID: PMC10740812 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A 90 d feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of vitamin E (VE) on growth, intestinal microbiota, immune response, and related gene expression of juvenile sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Six dry feeds were made to contain graded levels of VE (78, 105, 152, 235, 302, and 390 mg/kg); these were named E78, E105, E152, E235, E302, and E390, respectively. Dry feed E50 and fresh kelp (HD) were used as the control diets. There were six replicates of cages in each dietary group, and each cage held 20 sea urchins with an initial body weight of approximately 1.50 g. Results exhibited that weight gain rate and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the sea urchins were not significantly affected by dietary VE ranging from 78 to 390 mg/kg. Sea urchins in the dry feed groups showed poorer growth performance, but significantly higher GSI than those in the fresh kelp groups. The pepsin and lipase activities were not significantly promoted by low or moderate VE, but were inhibited by a high level of VE (302-390 mg/kg), while amylase and cellulase activities were significantly increased by low or moderate VE, with the highest values observed in the E105 and E235 groups, respectively. VE addition at a low dosage (105-152 mg/kg) showed inhibitory effects on immune and antioxidant enzyme activities and expression of inflammation-related genes, but showed no beneficial effects at moderate or high dosage (235-390 mg/kg), while a moderate or relatively higher level of VE (235-302 mg/kg) significantly increased the expression of several immune-related genes. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Ruegeria, and Maliponia in the intestine of the sea urchins increased with the increase in VE in the dry feeds. On the contrary, the relative abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 gradually decreased as VE content increased. These results indicated that a moderate level of VE (172.5-262.4) can achieve ideal digestive enzyme activities and growth performance, but a relatively higher level of VE (235-302 mg/kg) was beneficial for maintaining the immune and antioxidant capacity of juvenile S. intermedius by regulating the expression of inflammation- and immune-related genes and abundance of some bacteria to a healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Marine Biology, Weihai Ocean Vocational College, Weihai 264300, China
| | - Dan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Panke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Weixiao Di
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Rantao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.)
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Mori T, Murasaki K, Yokoyama Y. Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Administration of a Self-emulsifying Formulation of Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester (MND-2119) Compared With the Nonself-emulsifying Formulation in Healthy Male Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:107-115. [PMID: 36205347 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MND-2119 is a self-emulsifying formulation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) designed to be administered once daily due to improved absorption compared with the nonself-emulsifying formulation. In these studies, MND-2119 was administered to healthy adult males in single or multiple doses. In the single administration study, MND-2119 (0.5-4 g) was administered under fed and fasted conditions to evaluate MND-2119 pharmacokinetics and safety under these conditions. This study showed that Cmax and AUC0-72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses. In the multiple administration study, subjects received either MND-2119 (0.5-4 g) immediately after breakfast or EPA-E (0.9 g) immediately after breakfast and dinner for 11 days to compare pharmacokinetics and safety of MND-2119 to EPA-E. In this study, the rate of rise in Cmin of the plasma EPA concentration with MND-2119 decreased from days 6 to 8 after administration and was thought to have reached a steady state on day 11. The mean Css,max of MND-2119 administered as 1 g once daily, and the mean Css,min and the mean AUCss,0-24h of MND-2119 administered as 2 g once daily were higher than those of EPA-E administered as 0.9 g twice daily. No safety-related issues occurred in either study. These results suggest that MND-2119 administered once daily may achieve equivalent or higher plasma EPA concentrations compared to the nonself-emulsifying formulation administered twice daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Mori
- Clinical Research Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kagari Murasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yokoyama
- Clinical Research Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Luo Y, Zhang YN, Zhang H, Lv HB, Zhang ML, Chen LQ, Du ZY. PPARα activation enhances the ability of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to resist Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:675-684. [PMID: 31563556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) plays critical physiological roles in energy metabolism, antioxidation and immunity of mammals, however, these functions have not been fully understood in fish. In the present study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with fenofibrate, an agonist of PPARα, for six weeks, and subsequently challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that PPARα was efficiently activated by fenofibrate through increasing mRNA and protein expressions and protein dephosphorylation. PPARα activation increased significantly mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation efficiency, the copy number of mitochondrial DNA and expression of monoamine oxidase (MAO), a marker gene of mitochondria. Meanwhile, PPARα activation also increased significantly the expression of NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1α subcomplex subunit 9 (NDUFA9, complex I) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (MTCO1, complex IV). The fenofibrate-fed fish had higher survival rate when exposed to A. hydrophila. Moreover, the fenofibrate-fed fish also had higher activities of immune and antioxidative enzymes, and gene expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines, while had lower expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Taken together, PPARα activation improved the ability of Nile tilapia to resist A. hydrophila, mainly through enhancing mitochondrial fatty acids β-oxidation, immune and antioxidant capacities, as well as inhibiting inflammation. This is the first study showing the regulatory effects of PPARα activation on immune functions through increasing mitochondria-mediated energy supply in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Ni Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Bo Lv
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Wang J, Han SL, Lu DL, Li LY, Limbu SM, Li DL, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Inhibited Lipophagy Suppresses Lipid Metabolism in Zebrafish Liver Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1077. [PMID: 31496957 PMCID: PMC6713122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophagy degrades lipid droplets (LDs) through the lysosomal degradative pathway, thus plays important roles in regulating lipid metabolism in mammals. However, information on the existence and functions of lipophagy in fish lipid metabolism is still limited. In the present study, we confirmed the existence of lipophagy by observing the structures of LDs sequestered in autophagic vacuoles in the zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL) via electronic microscopy. Moreover, starved cells increased the mRNA expression of the microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 beta (LC3), which is a marker protein for autophagy and protein conversion from LC3-I to LC3-II. Inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine increased significantly the LDs content and decreased fatty acid β-oxidation and esterification activities in the ZFL cells cultured in the fed state. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy function downregulated the mRNA expression of the genes and their proteins related to lipid metabolism. Altogether, the present study verified the existence of lipophagy and its essential regulatory roles in lipid metabolism in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Lan Han
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Lu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Samwel Mchele Limbu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Liu Y, Jiao JG, Gao S, Ning LJ, Mchele Limbu S, Qiao F, Chen LQ, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Dietary oils modify lipid molecules and nutritional value of fillet in Nile tilapia: A deep lipidomics analysis. Food Chem 2019; 277:515-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lu DL, Ma Q, Wang J, Li LY, Han SL, Limbu SM, Li DL, Chen LQ, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Fasting enhances cold resistance in fish through stimulating lipid catabolism and autophagy. J Physiol 2019; 597:1585-1603. [PMID: 30615194 DOI: 10.1113/jp277091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In a cold environment, mammals increase their food intake while fish decrease or stop feeding. However, the physiological value of fasting during cold resistance in fish is currently unknown. Fasting for more than 48 h enhanced acute cold resistance in zebrafish, which correlated with lipid catabolism and cell damage attenuation. Lipid catabolism and autophagy were necessary for cold resistance in fish and the inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation or autophagy weakened the fasting-induced cold resistance. Repression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway by rapamycin largely mimicked the beneficial effects of fasting in promoting cold resistance, suggesting mTOR signalling may be involved in the fasting-induced cold resistance in fish. Our study demonstrates that fasting may be a protective strategy for fish to survive under cold stress. ABSTRACT In cold environments, most homeothermic animals increase their food intake to supply more energy to maintain body temperature, whereas most poikilothermic animals such as fishes decrease or even stop feeding under cold stress. However, the physiological value of fasting during cold resistance in poikilotherms has not been explained. Here, we show that moderate fasting largely enhanced cold resistance in fish. By using pharmacological (fenofibrate, mildronate, chloroquine and rapamycin) and nutritional approaches (fatty acids diets and amino acids diets) in wild-type or specific gene knock-out zebrafish models (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b-deficient strain, CPT1b-/- , or autophagy-related protein 12-deficient strain, ATG12-/- ), we verified that fasting-stimulated lipid catabolism and autophagy played essential roles in the improved cold resistance. Moreover, suppression of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by using rapamycin mostly mimicked the beneficial effects of fasting in promoting cold resistance as either the physiological phenotype or transcriptomic pattern. However, these beneficial effects were largely reduced when the mTOR pathway was activated through high dietary leucine supplementation. We conclude that fasting helps fish to resist cold stress by modulating lipid catabolism and autophagy, which correlates with the mTOR signalling pathway. Therefore, fasting can act as a protective strategy of fish in resisting coldness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Liang Lu
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Si-Lan Han
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Samwel Mchele Limbu
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Huang TH, Wang PW, Yang SC, Chou WL, Fang JY. Cosmetic and Therapeutic Applications of Fish Oil's Fatty Acids on the Skin. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E256. [PMID: 30061538 PMCID: PMC6117694 DOI: 10.3390/md16080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil has been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. There has been increasing interest in the relationship of fish oil with skin protection and homeostasis, especially with respect to the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The other PUFAs, such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), also show a beneficial effect on the skin. The major mechanisms of PUFAs for attenuating cutaneous inflammation are the competition with the inflammatory arachidonic acid and the inhibition of proinflammatory eicosanoid production. On the other hand, PUFAs in fish oil can be the regulators that affect the synthesis and activity of cytokines for promoting wound healing. A systemic review was conducted to demonstrate the association between fish oil supplementation and the benefits to the skin. The following describes the different cosmetic and therapeutic approaches using fatty acids derived from fish oil, especially ALA, LA, DHA, and EPA. This review summarizes the cutaneous application of fish oil and the related fatty acids in the cell-based, animal-based, and clinical models. The research data relating to fish oil treatment of skin disorders suggest a way forward for generating advances in cosmetic and dermatological uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ling Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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Li JM, Li LY, Qin X, Degrace P, Demizieux L, Limbu SM, Wang X, Zhang ML, Li DL, Du ZY. Inhibited Carnitine Synthesis Causes Systemic Alteration of Nutrient Metabolism in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 29867554 PMCID: PMC5954090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation has been correlated with many metabolic syndromes, and the metabolic characteristics of the mammalian models of mitochondrial dysfunction have also been intensively studied. However, the effects of the impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation on systemic metabolism in teleost have never been investigated. In the present study, we established a low-carnitine zebrafish model by feeding fish with mildronate as a specific carnitine synthesis inhibitor [0.05% body weight (BW)/d] for 7 weeks, and the systemically changed nutrient metabolism, including carnitine and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation capability, and other molecular and biochemical assays of lipid, glucose, and protein metabolism, were measured. The results indicated that mildronate markedly decreased hepatic carnitine concentrations while it had no effect in muscle. Liver TG concentrations increased by more than 50% in mildronate-treated fish. Mildronate decreased the efficiency of liver mitochondrial β-oxidation, increased the hepatic mRNA expression of genes related to FA β-oxidation and lipolysis, and decreased the expression of lipogenesis genes. Mildronate decreased whole body glycogen content, increased glucose metabolism rate, and upregulated the expression of glucose uptake and glycolysis genes. Mildronate also increased whole body protein content and hepatic mRNA expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mtor), and decreased the expression of a protein catabolism-related gene. Liver, rather than muscle, was the primary organ targeted by mildronate. In short, mildronate-induced hepatic inhibited carnitine synthesis in zebrafish caused decreased mitochondrial FA β-oxidation efficiency, greater lipid accumulation, and altered glucose and protein metabolism. This reveals the key roles of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in nutrient metabolism in fish, and this low-carnitine zebrafish model could also be used as a novel fish model for future metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pascal Degrace
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR1231 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Demizieux
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR1231 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Samwel M Limbu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Lindquist C, Bjørndal B, Rossmann CR, Svardal A, Hallström S, Berge RK. A fatty acid analogue targeting mitochondria exerts a plasma triacylglycerol lowering effect in rats with impaired carnitine biosynthesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194978. [PMID: 29590220 PMCID: PMC5874065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-carnitine is important for the catabolism of long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria. We investigated how the triacylglycerol (TAG)-lowering drug 2-(tridec-12-yn-1-ylthio)acetic acid (1-triple TTA) influenced lipid metabolism in carnitine-depleted, 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate dehydrate (Mildronate; meldonium)-treated male Wistar rats. As indicated, carnitine biosynthesis was impaired by Mildronate. However, TAG levels of both plasma and liver were decreased by 1-triple TTA in Mildronate-treated animals. This was accompanied by increased gene expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial activity and proliferation and reduced mRNA levels of Dgat2, ApoB and ApoCIII in liver. The hepatic energy state was reduced in the group of Mildronate and 1-triple TTA as reflected by increased AMP/ATP ratio, reduced energy charge and induced gene expression of uncoupling proteins 2 and 3. The increase in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was observed despite low plasma carnitine levels, and was linked to strongly induced gene expression of carnitine acetyltransferase, translocase and carnitine transporter, suggesting an efficient carnitine turnover. The present data suggest that the plasma TAG-lowering effect of 1-triple TTA in Mildronate-treated rats is not only due to increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation reflected by increased mitochondrial biogenesis, but also to changes in plasma clearance and reduced TAG biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Seth Hallström
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Wang YW, Zhang JL, Jiao JG, Du XX, Limbu SM, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Li DL, Du ZY. Physiological and metabolic differences between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R608-R619. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) have different structures and metabolic functions and play different roles in the regulation of the mammal endocrine system. However, little is known about morphology and physiological and metabolic functions between VAT and SCAT in fish. We compared the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of VAT and SCAT in Nile tilapia and measured their functions in energy intake flux, lipolytic ability, and gene expression patterns. SCAT contained more large adipocytes and nonadipocytes than VAT in Nile tilapia. VAT had higher lipid content and was the primary site for lipid deposition. Conversely, SCAT had higher hormone-induced lipolytic activity. Furthermore, SCAT had a higher percentage of monounsaturated and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids than VAT. SCAT had higher mitochondrial DNA, gene expression for fatty acid β-oxidation, adipogenesis, and brown adipose tissue characteristics, but it also had a lower gene expression for inflammation and adipocyte differentiation than VAT. SCAT and VAT have different morphological structures, as well as physiological and metabolic functions in fish. VAT is the preferable lipid deposition tissue, whereas SCAT exhibits higher lipid catabolic activity than VAT. The physiological functions of SCAT in fish are commonly overlooked. The present study indicates that SCAT has specific metabolic characteristics that differ from VAT. The differences between VAT and SCAT should be considered in future metabolism studies using fish as models, either in biomedical or aquaculture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Jian-Gang Jiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Samwel Mchele Limbu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fang Qiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Braeckman RA, Stirtan WG, Soni PN. Effects of Icosapent Ethyl (Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester) on Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Rosiglitazone in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2014; 4:143-148. [PMID: 26097794 PMCID: PMC4467261 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Icosapent ethyl is a high-purity form of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester approved to reduce triglyceride levels in adults with triglycerides ≥500 mg/dL. Candidates for triglyceride-lowering therapy include patients with diabetes mellitus who may be receiving rosiglitazone. We assessed the effects of icosapent ethyl on the pharmacokinetic parameters of rosiglitazone. Methods Subjects received a single 8-mg oral dose of rosiglitazone alone and with oral icosapent ethyl 4 g/day in this open-label drug–drug interaction study. Pharmacokinetic end points included area under the concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–inf) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) for rosiglitazone with and without icosapent ethyl. Results Of 30 subjects enrolled, 28 completed the study. Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day at steady-state did not significantly change the single-dose AUC0–inf or Cmax of rosiglitazone 8 mg. Least squares geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for AUC0–inf and Cmax of rosiglitazone given with icosapent ethyl versus rosiglitazone alone were 0.90 (87.00–93.40) and 1.01 (92.02–109.9), respectively. No serious adverse events were reported and no subject discontinued due to an adverse event. Conclusions At steady-state concentrations, icosapent ethyl did not inhibit the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone. Co-administration of icosapent ethyl and rosiglitazone was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William G Stirtan
- Amarin Pharma Inc.Bedminster, NJ, USA
- Corresponding Author: William G. Stirtan, Vice President of Program Management, Amarin Pharma Inc., 1430 Route 206, Suite 200, Bedminster, NJ 07921, USA, e-mail:
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13
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The impact of exogenous ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the induced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes in Atlantic salmon head kidney cells using a full factorial design and LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:164-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Minami A, Otsubo T, Ieno D, Ikeda K, Kanazawa H, Shimizu K, Ohata K, Yokochi T, Horii Y, Fukumoto H, Taguchi R, Takahashi T, Oku N, Suzuki T. Visualization of sialidase activity in Mammalian tissues and cancer detection with a novel fluorescent sialidase substrate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e81941. [PMID: 24427265 PMCID: PMC3888388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialidase removes sialic acid from sialoglycoconjugates and plays crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Various human cancers express an abnormally high level of the plasma membrane-associated sialidase isoform.Visualization of sialidase activity in living mammalian tissues would be useful not only for understanding sialidase functions but also for cancer diagnosis. However, since enzyme activity of mammalian sialidase is remarkably weak compared with that of bacterial and viral sialidases, it has been difficult to detect sialidase activity in mammalian tissues. We synthesized a novel benzothiazolylphenol-based sialic acid derivative (BTP-Neu5Ac) as a fluorescent sialidase substrate. BTP-Neu5Ac can visualize sialidase activities sensitively and selectively in acute rat brain slices. Cancer cells implanted orthotopically in mouse colons and human colon cancers (stages T3-T4) were also clearly detected with BTP-Neu5Ac. The results suggest that BTP-Neu5Ac is useful for histochemical imaging of sialidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ieno
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanazawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy, School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shimizu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ko Ohata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Yokochi
- Department of Medical Technology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuuki Horii
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hokuto Fukumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Risa Taguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoto Oku
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhu DM, Yang K, Wang WM, Song W. Establishment and characterization of a fin cell line from blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1399-1410. [PMID: 23532304 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study established and characterized a new cell line (MAF) from the fin of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), a freshwater fish cultivated in China. MAF cells proliferated well in medium 199 supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum at 28 °C and have been subcultured more than 95 times in almost a year. MAF cells were revived at 90-95 % viability after 3-6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen. Karyotyping indicated that the modal chromosome number of MAF cells was 48. The MAF cell line consisted predominantly of fibroblastic and epithelial-like cells from M. amblycephala, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence and mitochondrial 12s rRNA sequencing. Viral susceptibility tests showed that MAF cells were susceptible to infection by snakehead rhabdovirus, spring viremia carp virus, and channel catfish virus, which was demonstrated by the presence of cytopathic effect, high viral titers, and PCR products. Bacterial cytotoxicity studies showed that extracellular products from Aeromonas hydrophila were toxic to MAF cells. Cu²⁺ was also cytotoxic to MAF cells, and the 24-h IC₅₀ value was 144.48 μmol/l. When MAF cells were transfected with pEGFP-N1 plasmid, bright fluorescent signals were observed, and the transfection efficiency reached up to 5 %. These results suggest that the MAF cell line may provide a valuable tool for studying virus pathogenesis, as well as cytotoxicity testing and genetic manipulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, College of Fisheries, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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16
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Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation accentuates hepatic triglyceride accumulation in mice with impaired fatty acid oxidation capacity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:291-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Protective effects of ebselen (Ebs) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) against manganese (Mn)-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 258:394-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1455-65. [PMID: 22221492 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intervention studies to assess the cardioprotective effects of oily fish are scarce in China. The present study aimed to examine the effects of the oily fish, Norwegian salmon, herring and local farmed pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) on CVD risk markers when included in the Chinese diet. In this 8-week, parallel-arm, randomised intervention study, 126 Chinese women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia, aged 35-70 years, were assigned to four groups to consume an experimental lunch containing 80 g fillets of either one of three oily fish or a mix of commonly eaten meats (pork/chicken/beef/lean fish) for 5 d/week. The results showed that inclusion of the three oily fish significantly increased the intake of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) while decreasing the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Compared to the control group, significant increases of DHA, EPA+DHA and total n-3 PUFA in plasma choline phosphoglyceride were observed in the three oily fish groups. Plasma TAG levels were significantly reduced only in the salmon and herring groups. When compared to the baseline level, the three oily fish diets significantly decreased serum concentrations of TAG, apoB, apoCII and apoCIII, but only the salmon and herring diets significantly lowered TNF-α and raised adiponectin levels in serum. The salmon diet additionally decreased the serum concentration of IL-6. To conclude, dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish can effectively increase serum n-3 LC-PUFA content and are associated with favourable biochemical changes in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women, and these beneficial effects are mainly associated with n-3 LC-PUFA contents.
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19
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Du ZY, Ma T, Lock EJ, Hao Q, Kristiansen K, Frøyland L, Madsen L. Depot-dependent effects of adipose tissue explants on co-cultured hepatocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20917. [PMID: 21687689 PMCID: PMC3110252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro hepatocyte-adipose tissue explant (ATE) co-culture model enabling examination of the effect of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues on primary rat hepatocytes. Initial analyses of inflammatory marker genes were performed in fractionated epididymal or inguinal adipose tissues. Expressions of inflammation related genes (IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2) were higher in the inguinal than the epididymal ATE. Similarly, expressions of marker genes of macrophage and monocyte (MPEG-1, CD68, F4/80, CD64) were higher in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated from inguinal ATE than that from epididymal ATE. However, expressions of lipolysis related genes (ATGL, HSL, perilipin-1) were higher in the epididymal adipocytes than inguinal adipocytes. Moreover, secretion of IL-6 and PGE(2) was higher from inguinal ATEs than from epididymal ATEs. There was a trend that the total levels of IL-6, TNF-α and PGE(2) in the media from inguinal ATEs co-cultured with primary rat hepatocytes were higher than that in the media from epididymal ATEs co-cultured with hepatocytes, although the significant difference was only seen in PGE(2). Lipolysis, measured as glycerol release, was similar in the ATEs isolated from inguinal and epididymal adipose tissues when cultured alone, but the glycerol release was higher in the ATEs isolated from epididymal than from inguinal adipose tissue when co-cultured with hepatocytes. Compared to epididymal ATEs, the ATEs from inguinal adipose tissue elicited a stronger cytotoxic response and higher level of insulin resistance in the co-cultured hepatocytes. In conclusion, our results reveal depot-dependent effects of ATEs on co-cultured primary hepatocytes, which in part may be related to a more pronounced infiltration of stromal vascular cells (SVCs), particularly macrophages, in inguinal adipose tissue resulting in stronger responses in terms of hepatotoxicity and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Du
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
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