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Dymond MK. A Membrane Biophysics Perspective on the Mechanism of Alcohol Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37186813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Motivations for understanding the underlying mechanisms of alcohol toxicity range from economical to toxicological and clinical. On the one hand, acute alcohol toxicity limits biofuel yields, and on the other hand, acute alcohol toxicity provides a vital defense mechanism to prevent the spread of disease. Herein the role that stored curvature elastic energy (SCE) in biological membranes might play in alcohol toxicity is discussed, for both short and long-chain alcohols. Structure-toxicity relationships for alcohols ranging from methanol to hexadecanol are collated, and estimates of alcohol toxicity per alcohol molecule in the cell membrane are made. The latter reveal a minimum toxicity value per molecule around butanol before alcohol toxicity per molecule increases to a maximum around decanol and subsequently decreases again. The impact of alcohol molecules on the lamellar to inverse hexagonal phase transition temperature (TH) is then presented and used as a metric to assess the impact of alcohol molecules on SCE. This approach suggests the nonmonotonic relationship between alcohol toxicity and chain length is consistent with SCE being a target of alcohol toxicity. Finally, in vivo evidence for SCE-driven adaptations to alcohol toxicity in the literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus K Dymond
- Chemistry Research and Enterprise Group, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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2
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Guan Z, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity in clostridia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158966. [PMID: 33974975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the lipidomes of twenty-one species of clostridia have revealed considerable diversity. Even among those species now defined as Clostridium sensu stricto, which are related to Clostridium butyricum, the type species, lipid analysis has shown that a number of distinct clades have characteristic polar lipids. All species of Clostridium sensu stricto have phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin which are present as all acyl or alk-1'-enyl acyl (plasmalogen) species. In addition, almost every clade has specialized polar lipids. For example, the group closely related to Clostridium beijerinckii and several other solventogenic species has glycerol acetals of plasmenylethanolamine, which protects the membrane bilayer arrangement when the lipids are highly unsaturated or in the presence of solvents. The group related to Clostridium novyi has aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol, which protects these pathogens from cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) of innate immunity. Clostridium botulinum species, which fall into several groups, align with these clades, and have the same specific lipids. This review will present the current state of knowledge on clostridial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
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Abstract
An early exposure to lipid biochemistry in the laboratory of Konrad Bloch resulted in a fascination with the biosynthesis, structures, and functions of bacterial lipids. The discovery of plasmalogens (1-alk-1'-enyl, 2-acyl phospholipids) in anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria led to studies on the physical chemistry of these lipids and the cellular regulation of membrane lipid polymorphism in bacteria. Later studies in several laboratories showed that the formation of the alk-1-enyl ether bond involves an aerobic process in animal cells and thus is fundamentally different from that in anaerobic organisms. Our work provides evidence for an anaerobic process in which plasmalogens are formed from their corresponding diacyl lipids. Studies on the roles of phospholipases in Listeria monocytogenes revealed distinctions between its phospholipases and those previously discovered in other bacteria and showed how the Listeria enzymes are uniquely fitted to the intracellular lifestyle of this significant human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076
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Guan Z, Garrett TA, Goldfine H. Lipidomic Analysis of Clostridium cadaveris and Clostridium fallax. Lipids 2019; 54:423-431. [PMID: 31368115 PMCID: PMC6739832 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lipidomes of Clostridium fallax and Clostridium cadaveris were studied using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (NPLC/MS). Both species contain diradylglycerol (DRG), monohexosyldiradylglycerol (MHDRG), monohexosyl monoacylglycerol (MHMAG), phosphatidylglycerol (PtdGro), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn). DRG, MHDRG, PtdEtn, and PtdGro are present in both diacyl and alk-1-enyl acyl (plasmalogen) forms. Both species contain cardiolipin (Ptd2 Gro), which is present in tetraacyl, monoalkenyl-triacyl, and dialkenyl-diacyl forms. Both species contain small amounts of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). The presence of octadecadienoic (18:2) acyl chains in some PtdCho species indicates that they arise from the medium because no 18:2 is seen in the other lipids and clostridia generally lack the capacity to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major lipidomic differences between these two species are that C. fallax contains a glycerolacetal of plasmenylethanolamine while C. cadaveris contains an ethanolamine-phosphate-modified diacylglycerol. The significance of these lipid compositions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 307 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Teresa A. Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Box 748, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0748, USA
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
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5
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Engineering microbial membranes to increase stress tolerance of industrial strains. Metab Eng 2019; 53:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Luo J, Song Z, Ning J, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Cui F, Shen Y, Wang M. The ethanol-induced global alteration in Arthrobacter simplex and its mutants with enhanced ethanol tolerance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9331-9350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Garrett TA. Major roles for minor bacterial lipids identified by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1319-1324. [PMID: 27760388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry of lipids, especially those isolated from bacteria, has ballooned over the past two decades, affirming in the process the complexity of the lipidome. With this has come the identification of new and interesting lipid structures. Here is an overview of several novel lipids, from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with roles in health and disease, whose structural identification was facilitated using mass spectrometry. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States.
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Sandoval NR, Papoutsakis ET. Engineering membrane and cell-wall programs for tolerance to toxic chemicals: Beyond solo genes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 33:56-66. [PMID: 27376665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite toxicity in microbes, particularly at the membrane, remains a bottleneck in the production of fuels and chemicals. Under chemical stress, native adaptation mechanisms combat hyper-fluidization by modifying the phospholipids in the membrane. Recent work in fluxomics reveals the mechanism of how membrane damage negatively affects energy metabolism while lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses show that strains evolved to be tolerant maintain membrane fluidity under stress through a variety of mechanisms such as incorporation of cyclopropanated fatty acids, trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and upregulation of cell wall biosynthesis genes. Engineered strains with modifications made in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, peptidoglycan, and lipopolysaccharide have shown increased tolerance to exogenous stress as well as increased production of desired metabolites of industrial importance. We review recent advances in elucidation of mechanisms or toxicity and tolerance as well as efforts to engineer the bacterial membrane and cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Sandoval
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Eleftherios T Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Guan Z, Chen L, Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Goldfine H. The cellular lipids of Romboutsia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1076-1082. [PMID: 27317428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the lipids of three isolates, Romboutsia lituseburensis, Romboutsia ilealis, and Romboutsia sp. strain FRIFI, of the newly described genus Romboutsia by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) and by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We have found three phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid in all three species. A fourth phospholipid, lysyl-PG, was found in R. lituseburensis and strain FRIFI. Polyprenyl-phosphates were identified in the lipid extracts of all three species. Three glycolipids, mono-, di- and tri-hexosyldiacylglycerol, were common to all three species. An additional glycolipid, tetrahexosyl-diacylglycerol was identified in strain FRIFI. Acylated trihexosyldiacylglycerol and acyl-tetrahexosydiacylglycerol were also found in R. ilealis and strain FRIFI. Remarkably, no alk-1-enyl ether lipids (plasmalogens) were present in Romboutsia as distinct from bacteria of the related genus Clostridium in which these ether lipids are common. We have compared the lipidome of Romboutsia with that recently described for Clostridium difficile, which has plasmalogens, no lysyl-PG, and no tetrahexosyl-diacylglycerol. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Romboutsia spp. and C. difficile are closely related (>95% sequence identity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Jacoline Gerritsen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Winclove Probiotics B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA.
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Yao P, Xiao Z, Chen C, Li W, Deng Q. Cell growth behaviors ofClostridium acetobutylicumin a pervaporation membrane bioreactor for butanol fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 63:101-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peina Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyi Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
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Changes in membrane plasmalogens of Clostridium pasteurianum during butanol fermentation as determined by lipidomic analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122058. [PMID: 25807381 PMCID: PMC4373944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in membrane lipid composition of Clostridium pasteurianum NRRL B-598 were studied during butanol fermentation by lipidomic analysis, performed by high resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The highest content of plasmalogen phospholipids correlated with the highest butanol productivity, which indicated a probable role of these compounds in the complex responses of cells toward butanol stress. A difference in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was found between the effect of butanol produced by the cells and butanol added to the medium. A decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids during conventional butanol production was observed while a rise in the content of these acids appeared when butanol was added to the culture. The largest change in total plasmalogen content was observed one hour after butanol addition i.e. at the 7th hour of cultivation. When butanol is produced by bacterial cells, then the cells are not subjected to severe stress and responded to it by relatively slowly changing the content of fatty acids and plasmalogens, while after a pulse addition of external butanol (to a final non-lethal concentration of 0.5 % v/v) the cells reacted relatively quickly (within a time span of tens of minutes) by increasing the total plasmalogen content.
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12
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Gerritsen J, Fuentes S, Grievink W, van Niftrik L, Tindall BJ, Timmerman HM, Rijkers GT, Smidt H. Characterization of Romboutsia ilealis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the gastro-intestinal tract of a rat, and proposal for the reclassification of five closely related members of the genus Clostridium into the genera Romboutsia gen. nov., Intestinibacter gen. nov., Terrisporobacter gen. nov. and Asaccharospora gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:1600-1616. [PMID: 24480908 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.059543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-positive staining, rod-shaped, non-motile, spore-forming obligately anaerobic bacterium, designated CRIBT, was isolated from the gastro-intestinal tract of a rat and characterized. The major cellular fatty acids of strain CRIBT were saturated and unsaturated straight-chain C12-C19 fatty acids, with C16:0 being the predominant fatty acid. The polar lipid profile comprised six glycolipids, four phospholipids and one lipid that did not stain with any of the specific spray reagents used. The only quinone was MK-6. The predominating cell-wall sugars were glucose and galactose. The peptidoglycan type of strain CRIBT was A1σ lanthionine-direct. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CRIBT was 28.1 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain CRIBT was most closely related to a number of species of the genus Clostridium, including Clostridium lituseburense (97.2%), Clostridium glycolicum (96.2%), Clostridium mayombei (96.2%), Clostridium bartlettii (96.0%) and Clostridium irregulare (95.5%). All these species show very low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (<85%) to the type strain of Clostridium butyricum, the type species of the genus Clostridium. DNA-DNA hybridization with closely related reference strains indicated reassociation values below 32%. On the basis of phenotypic and genetic studies, a novel genus, Romboutsia gen. nov., is proposed. The novel isolate CRIBT (=DSM 25109T=NIZO 4048T) is proposed as the type strain of the type species, Romboutsia ilealis gen. nov., sp. nov., of the proposed novel genus. It is proposed that C. lituseburense is transferred to this genus as Romboutsia lituseburensis comb. nov. Furthermore, the reclassification into novel genera is proposed for C. bartlettii, as Intestinibacter bartlettii gen. nov., comb. nov. (type species of the genus), C. glycolicum, as Terrisporobacter glycolicus gen. nov., comb. nov. (type species of the genus), C. mayombei, as Terrisporobacter mayombei gen. nov., comb. nov., and C. irregulare, as Asaccharospora irregularis gen. nov., comb. nov. (type species of the genus), on the basis of additional data collected in this study. In addition, an emendation of the species Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and the order Eubacteriales is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacoline Gerritsen
- Winclove Probiotics, Hulstweg 11, 1032 LB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Winclove Probiotics, Hulstweg 11, 1032 LB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke Grievink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian J Tindall
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung vor Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Harro M Timmerman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Winclove Probiotics, Hulstweg 11, 1032 LB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ger T Rijkers
- Department of Operating Rooms, University Medical Center St. Radboud, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, P.O. Box 2500, 3430 EM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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