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Guo XR, He CW, Gao H, Hua RX, Liang C, Du YX, Shang HW, Lu X, Xu JD. Insight into role of short chain fatty acids in regulating intestinal mucosal barrier and alleviating inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:928-940. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i21.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the importance of intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in maintaining the human intestinal environment has been gradually revealed. Therefore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as the metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota, play a momentous part in regulating the balance between the function and morphology of the mucosal barrier, regulating the proliferation and differentiation of mucosal cells, protecting the integrity and permeability of the mucosal barrier, and maintainingthe stability of tight junctions. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, associated with a disturbance of intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of the intestinal immune responses, the etiology and pathogenesis of which, however, are not yet fully uncovered. Animal models and human studies have corroborated the contribution of SCFAs in enhancing the barrier function through protective effects. This review will summarize the potential role of SCFAs in IBD with regard to regulating intestinal function, hoping to provide a new target for clinical treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ran Guo
- 2019 Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong-Xuan Hua
- 2020 Clinical Medicine of "5+3" Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Liang
- 2019 Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Du
- 2020 Oral Medicine of "5+3" Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Tian X, Guo M, Zhang X, Guo L, Lan N, Cheng Y, Han Y, Wang M, Peng Z, Zhou C, Fan H. Strongylocentrotus nudus Eggs Polysaccharide Enhances Macrophage Phagocytosis Against E.coli Infection by TLR4/STAT3 Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:807440. [PMID: 35370674 PMCID: PMC8968116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.807440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics resistance is one of the most significant public health threats globally. Strategies that strengthen host defenses to control pathogen infection has become a hot research field. Macrophages are part of early host defense mechanisms, and are activated via host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which then facilitates phagocytosis and elimination of invading pathogens. However, few activators of PRRs have been approved for clinical use because of their toxic effects. This study aimed to investigate whether Strongylocentrotus nudus eggs polysaccharide (SEP), a non-toxic extract from seafood, contributes to host defense against bacterial infection. Results showed that SEP promoted bacterial clearance by enhancing phagocytosis by macrophages during E. coli infection in vitro, but was inhibited by TLR4 specific inhibitor TAK-242, STAT3 inhibitor Stattic or blockade of CD64. In addition, SEP protected mice from E. coli induced mortality, reduced pulmonary inflammation and inhibited dissemination of bacteria to organs, while TAK-242 retarded the protection of SEP. Overall, SEP strengthened innate host defense and improved the outcome in bacterial infection, suggesting that SEP could be used as a potential immunomodulator in host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Lan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaojun Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yannan Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonglu Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongye Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Han X, Wei Q, Lv Y, Weng L, Huang H, Wei Q, Li M, Mao Y, Hua D, Cai X, Cao M, Cao P. Ginseng-derived nanoparticles potentiate immune checkpoint antibody efficacy by reprogramming the cold tumor microenvironment. Mol Ther 2022; 30:327-340. [PMID: 34450250 PMCID: PMC8753455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold tumor microenvironment (TME) marked with low effector T cell infiltration leads to weak response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Thus, switching cold to hot TME is critical to improve potent ICI therapy. Previously, we reported extracellular vesicle (EV)-like ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) that were isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey and can alter M2 polarization to delay the hot tumor B16F10 progression. However, the cold tumor is more common and challenging in the real world. Here, we explored a combinatorial strategy with both GDNPs and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) monoclonal antibody (mAb), which exhibited the ability to alter cold TME and subsequently induce a durable systemic anti-tumor immunity in multiple murine tumor models. GDNPs enhanced PD-1 mAb anti-tumor efficacy in activating tumor-infiltrated T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrated that GDNPs could reprogram tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to increase CCL5 and CXCL9 secretion for recruiting CD8+ T cells into the tumor bed, which have the synergism to PD-1 mAb therapy with no detected systemic toxicity. In situ activation of TAMs by GDNPs may broadly serve as a facile platform to modulate the suppressive cold TME and optimize the PD-1 mAb immunotherapy in future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Weng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoying Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingyun Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yujie Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Hua
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueting Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author: Meng Cao, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author: Peng Cao, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP and tuberculosis in two independent studies. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225758. [PMID: 32648572 PMCID: PMC7403954 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms for tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility have been researched by some studies, but few have studied multiple innate immunity genes associated with TB. Evidence suggests that the toll-like receptor 2, 4 (TLR2, TLR4) and toll interacting protein (TOLLIP) may be associated with TB susceptibility. In this self-validated study, we explored the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP in the Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. A SNPscan™ method was used to genotype SNPs in the three genes. Multiple logistic regression adjusted by sex and age was used to detect the association between SNPs and TB. In TLR2, rs1898830 was associated with decreased risk against TB in the Chinese Han population, which was validated in the Tibetan population. In TLR4, rs11536889 was a protective factor for TB in the Tibetan population, but not in the Han population. Additionally, in the Tibetan population, we also found that the frequency of genotypes of TOLLIP rs11536889 differs significantly between TB patients and controls. We found rs1898830 in TLR2 was associated with TB susceptibility in both Chinese Han and Tibetan populations while rs11536889 in TLR4 and rs3750920 in TOLLIP were protective factors against TB in the Tibetan population.
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Whittemore JC, Stokes JE, Price JM, Suchodolski JS. Effects of a synbiotic on the fecal microbiome and metabolomic profiles of healthy research cats administered clindamycin: a randomized, controlled trial. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:521-539. [PMID: 30709324 PMCID: PMC6748608 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1560754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction in antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS) in people co-administered probiotics is believed to result from shifts in the microbiome and metabolome. Amelioration of AAGS in cats secondary to synbiotic administration has recently been demonstrated. Thus, the aim of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was to characterize associated changes in the fecal microbiome and metabolome. Sixteen healthy research cats received clindamycin with food, followed 1 h later by either a placebo or synbiotic, daily for 21 days. Fecal samples were collected during baseline, antibiotic administration, and 6 weeks after antibiotic discontinuation. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was performed, and mass spectrometry was used to determine fecal metabolomic profiles. Results were compared using mixed-model analyses, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Alpha and beta diversity were altered significantly during treatment, with persistent changes in the Shannon and dysbiosis indices. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria (Adlercreutzia, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Slackia), Bacteroidia (Bacteroides, Prevotella), Ruminococcaceae (Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus), Veillonellaceae (Megamonas, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium) and Erysipelotrichaceae ([Eubacterium]) decreased and relative abundance of Clostridiaceae (Clostridium) and Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) increased during treatment, followed by variable return to baseline relative abundances. Derangements in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), bile acid, tryptophan, sphingolipid, polyamine, benzoic acid, and cinnaminic acid pathways occurred with significant group by time, group, and time interactions for 10, 5, and 106 metabolites, respectively. Of particular note were changes related to polyamine synthesis. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the role of these alterations in prevention of AAGS in cats, people, and other animals treated with synbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C. Whittemore
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA,CONTACT Jacqueline C. Whittemore The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Jennifer E. Stokes
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua M. Price
- The Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
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Whittemore JC, Stokes JE, Laia NL, Price JM, Suchodolski JS. Short and long-term effects of a synbiotic on clinical signs, the fecal microbiome, and metabolomic profiles in healthy research cats receiving clindamycin: a randomized, controlled trial. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5130. [PMID: 30038854 PMCID: PMC6054061 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS) occur commonly in cats. Co-administration of synbiotics is associated with decreased AAGS in people, potentially due to stabilization of the fecal microbiome and metabolome. The purpose of this double-blinded randomized-controlled trial was to compare AAGS and the fecal microbiome and metabolome between healthy cats that received clindamycin with a placebo or synbiotic. Methods 16 healthy domestic shorthair cats from a research colony were randomized to receive 150 mg clindamycin with either a placebo (eight cats) or commercially-available synbiotic (eight cats) once daily for 21 days with reevaluation 603 days thereafter. All cats ate the same diet. Food consumption, vomiting, and fecal score were recorded. Fecal samples were collected daily on the last three days of baseline (days 5–7), treatment (26–28), and recovery (631–633). Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed. Clinical signs, alpha and beta diversity metrics, dysbiosis indices, proportions of bacteria groups, and metabolite profiles were compared between treatment groups using repeated measures ANOVAs. Fecal metabolite pathway analysis was performed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The Benjamini & Hochberg’s False Discovery Rate was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results Median age was six and five years, respectively, for cats in the placebo and synbiotic groups. Hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or some combination therein were induced in all cats. Though vomiting was less in cats receiving a synbiotic, the difference was not statistically significant. Bacterial diversity decreased significantly on days 26–28 in both treatment groups. Decreases in Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Slackia), Bacteriodetes (Bacteroides), Lachnospiraceae (Blautia, Coprococcus, Roseburia), Ruminococcaceae (Faecilobacterium, Ruminococcus), and Erysipelotrichaceae (Bulleidia, [Eubacterium]) and increases in Clostridiaceae (Clostridium) and Proteobacteria (Aeromonadales, Enterobacteriaceae) occurred in both treatment groups, with incomplete normalization by days 631–633. Derangements in short-chain fatty acid, bile acid, indole, sphingolipid, benzoic acid, cinnaminic acid, and polyamine profiles also occurred, some of which persisted through the terminal sampling timepoint and differed between treatment groups. Discussion Cats administered clindamycin commonly develop AAGS, as well as short- and long-term dysbiosis and alterations in fecal metabolites. Despite a lack of differences in clinical signs between treatment groups, significant differences in their fecal metabolomic profiles were identified. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk of future AAGS or metabolic diseases in cats and whether synbiotic administration ameliorates this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Whittemore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E Stokes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nicole L Laia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Price
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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The microbiome in urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005826. [PMID: 28793309 PMCID: PMC5565189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Schistosoma species. Research on the molecular mechanisms influencing the outcomes of bladder infection by Schistosoma haematobium is urgently needed to develop new diagnostics, therapeutics and infection prevention strategies. The objective of the research study was to determine the microbiome features and changes in urine during urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. Methodology Seventy participants from Eggua, southwestern Nigeria provided morning urine samples and were screened for urogenital schistosomiasis infection and bladder pathologies in a cross-sectional study. Highthroughput NGS sequencing was carried out, targeting the 16S V3 region. Filtered reads were processed and analyzed in a bioinformatics pipeline. Principal findings The study participants (36 males and 34 females, between ages 15 and 65) were categorized into four groups according to status of schistosomiasis infection and bladder pathology. Data analytics of the next-generation sequencing reads revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated and had influence on microbiome structure of both non-infected persons and persons with urogenital schistosomiasis. Furthermore, gender and age influenced taxa abundance independent of infection or bladder pathology. Several taxa distinguished urogenital schistosomiasis induced bladder pathologies from urogenital schistosomiasis infection alone and from healthy persons, including known immune-stimulatory taxa such as Fusobacterium, Sphingobacterium and Enterococcus. Some of these significant taxa, especially Sphingobacterium were projected as markers of infection, while several genera including potentially beneficial taxa such as Trabulsiella and Weissella, were markers of the non-infected. Finally, expected changes in protein functional categories were observed to relate to cellular maintenance and lipid metabolism. Conclusion The urinary microbiome is a factor to be considered in developing biomarkers, diagnostic tools, and new treatment for urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. The human microbiome comprises bacteria (plus viruses, fungi and archeae) inhabiting different sites of the body. They do not specifically cause diseases, but their presence, absence or population influence body functions. We therefore examined such organisms found along the urinary tract, in persons living in a rural community in Nigeria who considered themselves healthy, were infected with the parasite Schistosoma haematobium or had developed bladder complications along with the parasite infection. We found that these groups shared a large portion of the microbiome, but there were microbial species unique to infected persons and those with bladder complication. Some of these were capable of inducing inflammation and could offer less protection to the host. We also predicted pathways that are affected by the difference in the microbiome.
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Screening toll-like receptor markers to predict latent tuberculosis infection and subsequent tuberculosis disease in a Chinese population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:19. [PMID: 25928077 PMCID: PMC4421918 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated whether polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor genes or gene–gene interactions are associated with susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or subsequent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a Chinese population. Methods Two matched case–control studies were undertaken. Previously reported polymorphisms in the toll-like receptors (TLRs) were compared between 422 healthy controls (HC) and 205 LTBI patients and between 205 LTBI patients and 109 PTB patients, to assess whether these polymorphisms and their interactions are associated with LTBI or PTB. A PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to detect genetic polymorphisms in the TLR genes. Nonparametric multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to analyze the effects of interactions between complex disease genes and other genes or environmental factors. Results Sixteen markers in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9, and TIRAP were detected. In TLR2, the frequencies of the CC genotype (OR = 2.262; 95% CI: 1.433–3.570) and C allele (OR = 1.566; 95% CI: 1.223–1.900) in single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3804100 were significantly higher in the LTBI group than in the HC group, whereas the GA genotype of SNP rs5743708 was associated with PTB (OR = 6.087; 95% CI: 1.687–21.968). The frequencies of the GG genotype of SNP rs7873784 in TLR4 (OR = 2.136; 95% CI: 1.312–3.478) and the CC genotype of rs3764879 in TLR8 (OR = 1.982; 95% CI: 1.292-3.042) were also significantly higher in the PTB group than in the HC group. The TC genotype frequency of SNP rs5743836 in TLR9 was significantly higher in the LTBI group than in the HC group (OR = 1.664; 95% CI: 1.201–2.306). An MDR analysis of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions identified three SNPs (rs10759932, rs7873784, and rs10759931) that predicted LTBI with 84% accuracy (p = 0.0004) and three SNPs (rs3804100, rs1898830, and rs10759931) that predicted PTB with 80% accuracy (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Our results suggest that genetic variation in TLR2, 4, 8 and 9, implicating TLR-related pathways affecting the innate immunity response, modulate LTBI and PTB susceptibility in Chinese. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0166-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6734. [PMID: 25828455 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and the gut microbiota may underpin numerous human diseases. A major metabolic product of commensal bacteria are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that derive from fermentation of dietary fibre. Here we show that diets deficient or low in fibre exacerbate colitis development, while very high intake of dietary fibre or the SCFA acetate protects against colitis. SCFAs binding to the 'metabolite-sensing' receptors GPR43 and GPR109A in non-haematopoietic cells mediate these protective effects. The inflammasome pathway has hitherto been reported as a principal pathway promoting gut epithelial integrity. SCFAs binding to GPR43 on colonic epithelial cells stimulates K(+) efflux and hyperpolarization, which lead to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Dietary fibre also shapes gut bacterial ecology, resulting in bacterial species that are more effective for inflammasome activation. SCFAs and metabolite receptors thus explain health benefits of dietary fibre, and how metabolite signals feed through to a major pathway for gut homeostasis.
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Ivanova MV, Tukhvatulin AI, Dzharullaeva AS, Logunov DY, Zakharova MN. Myelin lipids in the development of the autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Animals evolved in seas teeming with bacteria, yet the influences of bacteria on animal origins are poorly understood. Comparisons among modern animals and their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellates, suggest that the first animals used flagellated collar cells to capture bacterial prey. The cell biology of prey capture, such as cell adhesion between predator and prey, involves mechanisms that may have been co-opted to mediate intercellular interactions during the evolution of animal multicellularity. Moreover, a history of bacterivory may have influenced the evolution of animal genomes by driving the evolution of genetic pathways for immunity and facilitating lateral gene transfer. Understanding the interactions between bacteria and the progenitors of animals may help to explain the myriad ways in which bacteria shape the biology of modern animals, including ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna A Alegado
- Department of Oceanography, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Sea Grant College, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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