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Wood PL. Metabolic and Lipid Biomarkers for Pathogenic Algae, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, Mycobacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Metabolites 2024; 14:378. [PMID: 39057701 PMCID: PMC11278827 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of metabolomics and lipidomics analytical platforms in the study of pathogenic microbes is slowly expanding. These research approaches will significantly contribute to the establishment of microbial metabolite and lipid databases of significant value to all researchers in microbiology. In this review, we present a high-level overview of some examples of biomarkers that can be used to detect the presence of microbes, monitor the expansion/decline of a microbe population, and add to our understanding of microbe biofilms and pathogenicity. In addition, increased knowledge of the metabolic functions of pathogenic microbes can contribute to our understanding of microbes that are utilized in diverse industrial applications. Our review focuses on lipids, secondary metabolites, and non-ribosomal peptides that can be monitored using electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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Wood PL, Le A, Palazzolo DL. Comparative Lipidomics of Oral Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria. Metabolites 2024; 14:240. [PMID: 38668368 PMCID: PMC11052126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a vast array of microbes that contribute to the balance between oral health and disease. In addition, oral bacteria can gain access to the circulation and contribute to other diseases and chronic conditions. There are a limited number of publications available regarding the comparative lipidomics of oral bacteria and fungi involved in the construction of oral biofilms, hence our decision to study the lipidomics of representative oral bacteria and a fungus. We performed high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses (<2.0 ppm mass error) of the lipidomes from five Gram-positive commensal bacteria: Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii; five Gram-positive opportunistic bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus acidominimus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Nanosynbacter lyticus; seven Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis. Prevotella brevis, Proteus vulgaris, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella parvula, Treponema denticola, and Alkermansia muciniphila; and one fungus: Candida albicans. Our mass spectrometric analytical platform allowed for a detailed evaluation of the many structural modifications made by microbes for the three major lipid scaffolds: glycerol, sphingosine and fatty acyls of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Annie Le
- Clinical Training Program, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Dominic L. Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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Li H, Cheng J, Xia R, Dong H, Zhou J. Electron syntrophy between mixed hydrogenogens and Geobacter metallireducens boosted dark hydrogen fermentation: Clarifying roles of electroactive extracellular polymeric substances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130350. [PMID: 38253242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To modulate the electron transfer behavior of hydrogen-producing bacteria (HPB) for enhanced hydrogen production, Geobacter metallireducens culture (GM) was introduced as an electron syntrophy partner and redox balance regulator in dark fermentation systems with hydrogen-producing sludge (HPS) as inoculum. The highest hydrogen yield was 306.5 mL/g-COD at the GM/HPS volatile solids ratio of 0.08, which was 65.2 % higher than the HPS group. The multi-layered extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of GM played a significant role in promoting hydrogen production, with c-type cytochromes probably serving as electroactive functional components. The addition of GM significantly improved the NADH/NAD+ ratio, electron transport system activity, hydrogenase activity, and electrochemical properties of HPS. Furthermore, the microbial community structure and metabolic functions were optimized due to the potential syntrophic interaction between Clostridium sensu stricto (dominant HPB) and Geobacter, thus promoting hydrogen production. This study provided novel insights into the interactions among exoelectrogens, electroactive EPS, and mixed HPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Rongxin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haiquan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Prinčič L, Burtscher J, Sacken P, Krajnc T, Domig KJ. Clostridium strain FAM25158, a unique endospore-forming bacterium related to Clostridium tyrobutyricum and isolated from Emmental cheese shows low tolerance to salt. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1353321. [PMID: 38414773 PMCID: PMC10897056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Clostridium is a large and diverse group of species that can cause food spoilage, including late blowing defect (LBD) in cheese. In this study, we investigated the taxonomic status of strain FAM25158 isolated from Emmental cheese with LBD using a polyphasic taxonomic and comparative genomic approach. A 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested affiliation to the Clostridium sensu stricto cluster, with Clostridium tyrobutyricum DSM 2637T being the closest related type strain (99.16% sequence similarity). Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis revealed that strain FAM25158 is at the species threshold with C. tyrobutyricum, with ANI values ranging from 94.70 to 95.26%, while the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were below the recommended threshold, suggesting that FAM25158 is significantly different from C. tyrobutyricum at the genomic level. Moreover, comparative genomic analysis between FAM25158 and its four closest C. tyrobutyricum relatives revealed a diversity of metabolic pathways, with FAM25158 differing from other C. tyrobutyricum strains by the presence of genes such as scrA, srcB, and scrK, responsible for sucrose utilization, and the absence of many important functional genes associated with cold and osmolality adaptation, which was further supported by phenotypic analyses. Surprisingly, strain FAM25158 exhibited unique physiologic traits, such as an optimal growth temperature of 30°C, in contrast to its closest relatives, C. tyrobutyricum species with an optimal growth temperature of 37°C. Additionally, the growth of FAM25158 was inhibited at NaCl concentrations higher than 0.5%, a remarkable observation considering its origin from cheese. While the results of this study provide novel information on the genetic content of strain FAM25158, the relationship between its genetic content and the observed phenotype remains a topic requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Prinčič
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Sacken
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Krajnc
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wang H, Zhang X, Kou X, Zhai Z, Hao Y. A Ropy Exopolysaccharide-Producing Strain Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128 Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4993. [PMID: 38068850 PMCID: PMC10707796 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease associated with overactive inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Owing to the beneficial effects of bifidobacteria on IBD treatment, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammation effects of an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128 through a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model. B. pseudocatenulatum treatment improved DSS-induced colitis symptoms and maintained intestinal barrier integrity by up-regulating MUC2 and tight junctions' expression. The oxidative stress was reduced after B. pseudocatenulatum treatment by increasing the antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in colon tissues. Moreover, the overactive inflammatory responses were also inhibited by decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine of IL-10. The EPS-producing strain Bi-OTA128 showed better effects than that of a non-EPS-producing stain BLYR01-7 in modulating DSS-induced gut dysbiosis. The Bi-OTA128 treatment increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium and decreased the maleficent bacteria Escherichia-Shigella, Enterorhabuds, Enterobacter, and Osillibacter associated with intestinal inflammation. Notably, the genera Clostridium sensu stricto were only enriched in Bi-OTA128-treated mice, which could degrade polysaccharides to produce acetic acid and butyrate in the gut. This finding demonstrated a cross-feeding effect induced by the EPS-producing strain in gut microbiota. Collectively, these results highlighted the anti-inflammatory effects of the EPS-producing strain B. pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128 on DSS-induced colitis, which could be used as a candidate probiotic supporting recovery from ongoing colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinfang Kou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
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Wood PL, Erol E. Construction of a Bacterial Lipidomics Analytical Platform: Pilot Validation with Bovine Paratuberculosis Serum. Metabolites 2023; 13:809. [PMID: 37512516 PMCID: PMC10383236 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics analyses of bacteria offer the potential to detect and monitor infections in a host since many bacterial lipids are not present in mammals. To evaluate this omics approach, we first built a database of bacterial lipids for representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our lipidomics analysis of the reference bacteria involved high-resolution mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization with less than a 1.0 ppm mass error. The lipidomics profiles of bacterial cultures clearly distinguished between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the case of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) serum, we monitored two unique bacterial lipids that we also monitored in Mycobacterium avian subspecies PTB. These were PDIM-B C82, a phthiodiolone dimycocerosate, and the trehalose monomycolate hTMM 28:1, constituents of the bacterial cell envelope in mycolic-containing bacteria. The next step will be to determine if lipidomics can detect subclinical PTB infections which can last 2-to-4 years in bovine PTB. Our data further suggest that it will be worthwhile to continue building our bacterial lipidomics database and investigate the further utility of this approach in other infections of veterinary and human clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Qi-Long-Tian capsule alleviates pulmonary fibrosis development by modulating inflammatory response and gut microbiota. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:64. [PMID: 36810971 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, progressive, and fibrotic interstitial lung disease with a high mortality rate. Qi-Long-Tian (QLT) capsule is an herbal formula with great potential for antifibrotic effects, consisting of San Qi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Di Long [Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier)], and Hong Jingtian (Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma), and has been used in clinical practice for many years. To explore the relationship between the effects of Qi-Long-Tian capsule and gut microbiota of PF mice, pulmonary fibrosis model were established by tracheal drip injection of bleomycin. Thirty-six mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: control group (control), model group (model), QLT capsule low dose group (QL), QLT capsule medium dose group (QM), QLT capsule high dose group (QH), and pirfenidone group (PFD). After 21 days of treatment, after pulmonary function tests, the lung tissues, serums, and enterobacterial samples were collected for further analysis. HE staining and Masson's staining were used to detect changes as the main indicators of PF in each group, and the expression of hydroxyproline (HYP) related to collagen metabolism was detected by and alkaline hydrolysis method. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of pro-inflammatory factors include interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in lung tissues and serums, and the inflammation-mediating factors include tight junction protein (ZO-1, Claudin, Occludin). ELISA was used to detect the protein expressions of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in colonic tissues. 16sRNA gene sequencing was used to detect changes in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora in the control, model, and QM groups, to search for differential genera, and analyze the correlation with inflammatory factors. QLT capsule effectively improved the status of pulmonary fibrosis and reduced HYP. In addition, QLT capsule significantly reduced the abnormal levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in lung tissue and serum, while improving the levels of pro-inflammatory related factors ZO-1, Claudin, Occludin, sIgA, SCFAs, and reducing LPS in the colon. The comparison between the alpha diversity and beta diversity in enterobacteria suggested that the composition of the gut flora in the control, model, and QLT capsule groups were different. QLT capsule significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidia (which might limit the onset of inflammation) and decreased the relative abundance of Clostridia (which might promote inflammation). In addition, these two enterobacteria were closely associated with pro-inflammatory-related indicators and pro-inflammatory factors in PF. All these results suggest that QLT capsule intervenes in pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the differential genera of intestinal flora, increasing immunoglobulin secretion, repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, reducing LPS entry into the blood, and decreasing inflammatory factor secretion in the serum, which in turn alleviates pulmonary inflammation. This study clarifies the therapeutic mechanism of QLT capsule in PF and provides a theoretical basis for it. It provides a theoretical basis for its further clinical application.
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Goldfine H. Plasmalogens in bacteria, sixty years on. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:962757. [PMID: 36452453 PMCID: PMC9702350 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.962757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of plasmalogens in bacteria has been known for 60 years. The recent discovery of two genes encoding reductases that convert diacyl lipids to 1-alk-1'-enyl 2-acyl lipids has confirmed the derivation of plasmalogens from the corresponding diacyl lipids in bacteria. These genes are widely distributed in anaerobic and in some facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Plasmalogens evolved very early in the history of life on earth. Their persistence during eons of evolution suggests that they play a fundamental role in living organism. The phase behavior of plasmalogens and their conformation in membranes is discussed.
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Thomas GH. Microbial Musings – May 2021. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34100696 PMCID: PMC8290100 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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