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Sundaraswamy PM, Minami Y, Jayaprakash J, B Gowda SG, Takatsu H, Gowda D, Shin HW, Hui SP. A facile method for monitoring sphingomyelin synthase activity in HeLa cells using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:3293-3301. [PMID: 38713069 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) is a sphingolipid-metabolizing enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of sphingomyelin (SM) from ceramide (Cer). Recent studies have indicated that SMS is a key therapeutic target for metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and colorectal cancer. However, very few SMS inhibitors have been identified because of the limited sensitivity and selectivity of the current fluorescence-based screening assay. In this study, we developed a simple cell-based assay coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for SMS inhibitors. HeLa cells stably expressing SMS1 or SMS2 were used for the screening. A non-fluorescent unnatural C6-Cer was used as a substrate for SMS to produce C6-SM. C6-Cer and C6-SM levels in the cells were monitored and quantified using LC-MS/MS. The activity of ginkgolic acid C15:1 (GA), a known SMS inhibitor, was measured. GA had half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 5.5 μM and 3.6 μM for SMS1 and SMS2, respectively. To validate these findings, hSMS1 and hSMS2 proteins were optimized for molecular docking studies. In silico analyses were conducted to assess the interaction of GA with SMS1 and SMS2, and its binding affinity. This study offers an analytical approach for screening novel SMS inhibitors and provides in silico support for the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punith M Sundaraswamy
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Minami
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jayashankar Jayaprakash
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan.
| | - Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Hu K, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yang J, Xia Y, Rao B, Li S, Shen Y, Cao M, Lu H, Qin A, Jiang XC, Yao D, Zhao J, Zhou L, Cao Y. Cryo-EM structure of human sphingomyelin synthase and its mechanistic implications for sphingomyelin synthesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:884-895. [PMID: 38388831 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) has key roles in modulating mammalian membrane properties and serves as an important pool for bioactive molecules. SM biosynthesis is mediated by the sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) family, comprising SMS1, SMS2 and SMS-related (SMSr) members. Although SMS1 and SMS2 exhibit SMS activity, SMSr possesses ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity. Here we determined the cryo-electron microscopic structures of human SMSr in complexes with ceramide, diacylglycerol/phosphoethanolamine and ceramide/phosphoethanolamine (CPE). The structures revealed a hexameric arrangement with a reaction chamber located between the transmembrane helices. Within this structure, a catalytic pentad E-H/D-H-D was identified, situated at the interface between the lipophilic and hydrophilic segments of the reaction chamber. Additionally, the study unveiled the two-step synthesis process catalyzed by SMSr, involving PE-PLC (phosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase C) hydrolysis and the subsequent transfer of the phosphoethanolamine moiety to ceramide. This research provides insights into the catalytic mechanism of SMSr and expands our understanding of sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jintong Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Rao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobai Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Deqiang Yao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Tolerico M, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Normal and Dysregulated Sphingolipid Metabolism: Contributions to Podocyte Injury and Beyond. Cells 2024; 13:890. [PMID: 38891023 PMCID: PMC11171506 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte health is vital for maintaining proper glomerular filtration in the kidney. Interdigitating foot processes from podocytes form slit diaphragms which regulate the filtration of molecules through size and charge selectivity. The abundance of lipid rafts, which are ordered membrane domains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, near the slit diaphragm highlights the importance of lipid metabolism in podocyte health. Emerging research shows the importance of sphingolipid metabolism to podocyte health through structural and signaling roles. Dysregulation in sphingolipid metabolism has been shown to cause podocyte injury and drive glomerular disease progression. In this review, we discuss the structure and metabolism of sphingolipids, as well as their role in proper podocyte function and how alterations in sphingolipid metabolism contributes to podocyte injury and drives glomerular disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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Pihlström S, Richardt S, Määttä K, Pekkinen M, Olkkonen VM, Mäkitie O, Mäkitie RE. SGMS2 in primary osteoporosis with facial nerve palsy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1224318. [PMID: 37886644 PMCID: PMC10598846 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1224318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic heterozygous variants in SGMS2 cause a rare monogenic form of osteoporosis known as calvarial doughnut lesions with bone fragility (CDL). The clinical presentations of SGMS2-related bone pathology range from childhood-onset osteoporosis with low bone mineral density and sclerotic doughnut-shaped lesions in the skull to a severe spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with neonatal fractures, long-bone deformities, and short stature. In addition, neurological manifestations occur in some patients. SGMS2 encodes sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2), an enzyme involved in the production of sphingomyelin (SM). This review describes the biochemical structure of SM, SM metabolism, and their molecular actions in skeletal and neural tissue. We postulate how disrupted SM gradient can influence bone formation and how animal models may facilitate a better understanding of SGMS2-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pihlström
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampo Richardt
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Määttä
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pekkinen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children´s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M. Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children´s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riikka E. Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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