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Searcy MB, Johnson RW. Epigenetic control of the vicious cycle. J Bone Oncol 2024; 44:100524. [PMID: 38304486 PMCID: PMC10830514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2024.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and post translational modifications to histones, drive tumorigenesis and metastatic progression. In the context of bone metastasis, epigenetic modifications in tumor cells can modulate dissemination of cancer cells to the bone, tumor progression in the bone marrow, and may be associated with patient survival rates. Bone disseminated tumor cells may enter a dormant state or stimulate osteolysis through the "vicious cycle" of bone metastasis where bone disseminated tumor cells disrupt the bone microenvironment, which fuels tumor progression. Epigenetic alterations may either exacerbate or abrogate the vicious cycle by regulating tumor suppressors and oncogenes, which alter proliferation of bone-metastatic cancer cells. This review focuses on the specific epigenetic alterations that regulate bone metastasis, including DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation. Here, we summarize key findings from researchers identifying epigenetic changes that drive tumor progression in the bone, along with pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the utility of targeting aberrant epigenetic alterations to treat bone metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B. Searcy
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachelle W. Johnson
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Cheng Y, Qu J, Che X, Xu L, Song N, Ma Y, Gong J, Qu X, Liu Y. CXCL12/SDF-1α induces migration via SRC-mediated CXCR4-EGFR cross-talk in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2103-2110. [PMID: 28781651 PMCID: PMC5530148 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma, and multiple signaling pathways promote the development of this condition. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1α/CXCL12), the main ligand for CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), serves an important role in gastric cancer cell migration. Previous studies have demonstrated that CXCL12 could also stimulate the secretion of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, including amphiregulin and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, from gastric cancer cells, resulting in an increase in the ability of migration. However, it remains to be elucidated whether CXCL12 activates EGFR intracellular signaling and therefore stimulates migration in gastric cancer. The present study demonstrated that three gastric cancer cell lines, SGC-7901, MGC-803 and BGC-823, all expressed CXCR4. The increased chemotactic migratory ability stimulated by CXCL12 was effectively abrogated by the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. Furthermore, a rapid phosphorylation of Akt/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/EGFR was demonstrated to be involved in CXCL12/CXCR4-induced gastric cancer cell migration. Knockdown of EGFR gene or the use of a monoclonal antibody against EGFR (C225) blocked the activation of ERK/Akt and partially prevented the ability of migration induced by CXCL12, which indicated that EGFR signaling is located downstream of CXCL12. In addition, it was also revealed that the activation of non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) and the formation of the SRC/EGFR heterodimer are promoted by CXCL12, whereas the SRC inhibitor, PP2, blocks the SRC/EGFR heterodimer and the activation of EGFR, as well as CXCR4-meditated migration induced by CXCL12. The present results indicated that SRC mediates a potential CXCR4-EGFR cross-talk, and thereby utilizes the EGFR-Akt/ERK axis to promote cellular migration. The present study provided a novel insight into the underlying regulatory mechanisms of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway in gastric cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jinglei Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yanju Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Sánchez-Bailón MP, Calcabrini A, Mayoral-Varo V, Molinari A, Wagner KU, Losada JP, Ciordia S, Albar JP, Martín-Pérez J. Cyr61 as mediator of Src signaling in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13520-38. [PMID: 25980494 PMCID: PMC4537031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SFKs are involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here we analyzed c-Src contribution to initial steps of metastasis by tetracycline-dependent expression of a specific shRNA-c-Src, which suppressed c-Src mRNA and protein levels in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. c-Src suppression did not alter cell proliferation or survival, but it significantly reduced anchorage-independent growth. Concomitantly with diminished tyrosine-phosphorylation/activation of Fak, caveolin-1, paxillin and p130CAS, c-Src depletion also inhibited cellular migration, invasion and transendothelial migration. Quantitative proteomic analyses of the secretome showed that Cyr61 levels, which were detected in the exosomal fraction, were diminished upon shRNA-c-Src expression. In contrast, Cyr61 expression was unaltered inside cells. Cyr61 partially colocalized with cis-Golgi gp74 marker and with exosomal marker CD63, but c-Src depletion did not alter their cellular distribution. In SUM159PT cells, transient c-Src suppression also reduced secreted exosomal Cyr61 levels. Furthermore, conditional expression of a c-Src dominant negative mutant (SrcDN, c-Src-K295M/Y527F) in MDA-MB-231 and in SUM159PT diminished secreted Cyr61 as well. Cyr61 transient suppression in MDA-MB-231 inhibited invasion and transendothelial migration. Finally, in both MDA-MB-231 and SUM159PT, a neutralizing Cyr61 antibody restrained migration. Collectively, these results suggest that c-Src regulates secreted proteins, including the exosomal Cyr61, which are involved in modulating the metastatic potential of triple negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Sánchez-Bailón
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Annarica Calcabrini
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Víctor Mayoral-Varo
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Jesús Pérez Losada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC/USAL), Campus Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Servicio de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Albar
- Servicio de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Lu G, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Song J, Tomaino R, Ehrenberger T, Lim E, Liu W, Bronson RT, Bowden M, Brock J, Krop IE, Dillon DA, Gygi SP, Mills GB, Richardson AL, Signoretti S, Yaffe MB, Kaelin WG. Phosphorylation of ETS1 by Src family kinases prevents its recognition by the COP1 tumor suppressor. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:222-34. [PMID: 25117710 PMCID: PMC4169234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncoproteins and tumor suppressors antagonistically converge on critical nodes governing neoplastic growth, invasion, and metastasis. We discovered that phosphorylation of the ETS1 and ETS2 transcriptional oncoproteins at specific serine or threonine residues creates binding sites for the COP1 tumor suppressor protein, which is an ubiquitin ligase component, leading to their destruction. In the case of ETS1, however, phosphorylation of a neighboring tyrosine residue by Src family kinases disrupts COP1 binding, thereby stabilizing ETS1. Src-dependent accumulation of ETS1 in breast cancer cells promotes anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. These findings expand the list of potential COP1 substrates to include proteins whose COP1-binding sites are subject to regulatory phosphorylation and provide insights into transformation by Src family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross Tomaino
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Ehrenberger
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elgene Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela Bowden
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jane Brock
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian E Krop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deborah A Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Osteolytic bone metastasis is hampered by impinging on the interplay among autophagy, anoikis and ossification. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1005. [PMID: 24434513 PMCID: PMC4040678 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that the fate of osteolytic bone metastasis depends on the balance among autophagy, anoikis resistance and ossification, and that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling pathway seems to have an important role in orchestrating bone colonization. These findings are consistent with the pathophysiology of bone metastasis that is influenced by the cross-talk of supportive and neoplastic cells through molecular signaling networks. We adopted the strategy to target metastasis and stroma with the use of adenovirally expressed NK4 (AdNK4) and Dasatinib to block HGF/Met axis and Src activity. In human bone metastatic 1833 cells, HGF conferred anoikis resistance via Akt and Src activities and HIF-1α induction, leading to Bim isoforms degradation. When Src and Met activities were inhibited with Dasatinib, the Bim isoforms accumulated conferring anoikis sensitivity. The proviability effect of HGF, under low-nutrient stress condition, was related to a faster autophagy deactivation with respect to HGF plus Dasatinib. In the 1833 xenograft model, AdNK4 switched metastasis vasculature to blood lacunae, increasing HIF-1α in metastasis. The combination of AdNK4 plus Dasatinib gave the most relevant results for mice survival, and the following molecular and cellular changes were found to be responsible. In bone metastasis, we observed a hypoxic condition – marked by HIF-1α – and an autophagy failure – marked by p62 without Beclin-1. Then, osteolytic bone metastases were largely prevented, because of autophagy failure in metastasis and ossification in bone marrow, with osteocalcin deposition. The abnormal repair process was triggered by the dysfunctional autophagy/anoikis interplay. In conclusion, the concomitant blockade of HGF/Met axis and Src activity seemed to induce HIF-1α in metastasis, whereas the bone marrow hypoxic response was reduced. As a consequence, anoikis resistance might be hampered favoring, instead, autophagy failure and neoformation of woven bone trabeculae. Mice survival was, therefore, prolonged by overcoming an escape strategy adopted by metastatic cells by disruption of tumor–stroma coevolution, showing the importance of autophagy inhibition for the therapy of bone metastasis.
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Wong MS, Sidik SM, Mahmud R, Stanslas J. Molecular targets in the discovery and development of novel antimetastatic agents: current progress and future prospects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:307-19. [PMID: 23534409 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumour invasion and metastasis have been recognized as major causal factors in the morbidity and mortality among cancer patients. Many advances in the knowledge of cancer metastasis have yielded an impressive array of attractive drug targets, including enzymes, receptors and multiple signalling pathways. The present review summarizes the molecular pathogenesis of metastasis and the identification of novel molecular targets used in the discovery of antimetastatic agents. Several promising targets have been highlighted, including receptor tyrosine kinases, effector molecules involved in angiogenesis, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), urokinase plasminogen activator, adhesion molecules and their receptors, signalling pathways (e.g. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase Cγ1, mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Src kinase, c-Met kinases and heat shock protein. The discovery and development of potential novel therapeutics for each of the targets are also discussed in this review. Among these, the most promising agents that have shown remarkable clinical outcome are anti-angiogenic agents (e.g. bevacizumab). Newer agents, such as c-Met kinase inhibitors, are still undergoing preclinical studies and are yet to have their clinical efficacy proven. Some therapeutics, such as first-generation MMP inhibitors (MMPIs; e.g. marimastat) and more selective versions of them (e.g. prinomastat, tanomastat), have undergone clinical trials. Unfortunately, these drugs produced serious adverse effects that led to the premature termination of their development. In the future, third-generation MMPIs and inhibitors of signalling pathways and adhesion molecules could form valuable novel classes of drugs in the anticancer armamentarium to combat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei S Wong
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Matteucci E, Maroni P, Bendinelli P, Locatelli A, Desiderio MA. Epigenetic control of endothelin-1 axis affects invasiveness of breast carcinoma cells with bone tropism. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1865-1874. [PMID: 23660387 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a complex regulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) axis driven by epigenetic reactions in 1833-bone metastatic cells, emphasizing the importance in skeletal metastasis from breast carcinoma. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases, trichostatin A (TSA), and of DNA methylases, 5'-Azacytidine (Aza), caused, respectively, reduction and increase in 1833 cell invasiveness, without affecting the basal migration of parental MDA-MB231 cells. Of note, in the two cell lines exposed to Aza the blockade of the ET-1 receptor ETAR with BQ-123 oppositely changed invasive properties. Even if in MDA-MB231 cells the ET-1 axis was scarcely influenced by epigenetic reactions, ETAR remarkably decreased after Aza. In contrast, in 1833 cells Aza exposure enhanced ET-1 coupled to ETAR wild type, being also ETAR truncated form increased, and invasiveness was stimulated. Under demethylation, the increase in ET-1 steady state protein level in 1833 clone seemed regulated at transcriptional level principally via Ets1 transcription factor. In fact, actinomycin D almost completely prevented ET-1 mRNA induction due to Aza. Only in 1833 cells, TSA exposure inactivated ET-1 axis, with reduction of the expression of ET-1 and ETAR mutated form, in agreement with Matrigel invasion decrease. This treatment favoured the ET-1 repressional control, taking place at the level of mRNA stability due to the 3'-untranslated region in the ET-1 gene, and also decreased transcription via NF-kB. Environmental conditions that alter the balance between epigenetic reactions might, therefore, affect metastasis migratory mode influencing ET-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Maroni
- Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Bendinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Alfonsina Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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