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Díaz-Pérez L, Salusso A, Patolsky R, Mayol G, Quassollo G, Feliziani C, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. Lysine methyltransferase 2 plays a key role in the encystation process in the parasite Giardia lamblia. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107295. [PMID: 38906362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications are extensively studied for their role in regulating gene transcription and cellular environmental adaptation. Research into these modifications has recently begun in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, focusing on histone-modifying enzymes and specific post-translational changes. In the transformation from the trophozoite to the cyst form in the life cycle of this parasite, significant morphological and genetic alterations occur, culminating in the synthesis of cyst wall proteins responsible for forming the protective cyst wall. It has been previously demonstrated that histone deacetylation is required during encystation and that the enzyme lysine methyltransferase 1 is involved in the upregulation of encystation. Our study aims to extend the analysis to lysine methyltransferase 2 (GlKMT2) function. For this, two constructs were generated: one that downregulate the expression of GLKMT2 via antisense (glkmt2-as transgenic cells) and the other overexpressing GlKMT2 (glkmt2-ha transgenic cells). We found that the glktm2-as transgenic cells showed an arrest in progress at the late encystation stage. Consequently, the number of cysts produced was lower than that of the control cells. On the other hand, we found that the overexpression of GlKMT2 acts as a negative mutant of the enzyme. In this way, these glktm2-ha transgenic cells showed the same behavior during growth and encystation as glkmt2-as transgenic cells. This interplay between different enzymes acting during encystation reveals the complex process behind the differentiation of the parasite. Understanding how these enzymes play their role during the encystation of the parasite would allow the design of inhibitors to control the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Díaz-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agostina Salusso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Patolsky
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Mayol
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) - Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Quassollo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Feliziani
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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2
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Yarlett N, Jarroll EL, Morada M, Lloyd D. Protists: Eukaryotic single-celled organisms and the functioning of their organelles. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:243-307. [PMID: 38821633 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Organelles are membrane bound structures that compartmentalize biochemical and molecular functions. With improved molecular, biochemical and microscopy tools the diversity and function of protistan organelles has increased in recent years, providing a complex panoply of structure/function relationships. This is particularly noticeable with the description of hydrogenosomes, and the diverse array of structures that followed, having hybrid hydrogenosome/mitochondria attributes. These diverse organelles have lost the major, at one time, definitive components of the mitochondrion (tricarboxylic cycle enzymes and cytochromes), however they all contain the machinery for the assembly of Fe-S clusters, which is the single unifying feature they share. The plasticity of organelles, like the mitochondrion, is therefore evident from its ability to lose its identity as an aerobic energy generating powerhouse while retaining key ancestral functions common to both aerobes and anaerobes. It is interesting to note that the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic plastid that is present in all apicomplexan protozoa, apart from Cryptosporidium and possibly the gregarines, is also the site of Fe-S cluster assembly proteins. It turns out that in Cryptosporidium proteins involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are localized in the mitochondrial remnant organelle termed the mitosome. Hence, different organisms have solved the same problem of packaging a life-requiring set of reactions in different ways, using different ancestral organelles, discarding what is not needed and keeping what is essential. Don't judge an organelle by its cover, more by the things it does, and always be prepared for surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Edward L Jarroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, CUNY-Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mary Morada
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Lloyd
- Schools of Biosciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
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3
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Kim J, Park EA, Shin MY, Park SJ. Functional Differentiation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Giardia lamblia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0491922. [PMID: 36877015 PMCID: PMC10100927 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04919-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that control the eukaryotic cell cycle. Limited information is available on Giardia lamblia CDKs (GlCDKs), GlCDK1 and GlCDK2. After treatment with the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol-HCl (FH), division of Giardia trophozoites was transiently arrested at the G1/S phase and finally at the G2/M phase. The percentage of cells arrested during prophase or cytokinesis increased, whereas DNA synthesis was not affected by FH treatment. Morpholino-mediated depletion of GlCDK1 caused arrest at the G2/M phase, while GlCDK2 depletion resulted in an increase in the number of cells arrested at the G1/S phase and cells defective in mitosis and cytokinesis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with GlCDKs and the nine putative G. lamblia cyclins (Glcyclins) identified Glcyclins 3977/14488/17505 and 22394/6584 as cognate partners of GlCDK1 and GlCDK2, respectively. Morpholino-based knockdown of Glcyclin 3977 or 22394/6584 arrested cells in the G2/M phase or G1/S phase, respectively. Interestingly, GlCDK1- and Glcyclin 3977-depleted Giardia showed significant flagellar extension. Altogether, our results suggest that GlCDK1/Glcyclin 3977 plays an important role in the later stages of cell cycle control and in flagellar biogenesis. In contrast, GlCDK2 along with Glcyclin 22394 and 6584 functions from the early stages of the Giardia cell cycle. IMPORTANCE Giardia lamblia CDKs (GlCDKs) and their cognate cyclins have not yet been studied. In this study, the functional roles of GlCDK1 and GlCDK2 were distinguished using morpholino-mediated knockdown and coimmunoprecipitation. GlCDK1 with Glcyclin 3977 plays a role in flagellum formation as well as cell cycle control of G. lamblia, whereas GlCDK2 with Glcyclin 22394/6584 is involved in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mee Young Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Benchimol M, de Souza W. Giardia intestinalis and its Endomembrane System. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12893. [PMID: 35148450 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis has unique characteristics, even in the absence of certain organelles. For instance, Golgi and mitochondria are not found. On the other hand, there is a network of peripheral vacuoles (PVs) and mitosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear membrane, peroxisomes, and lipid bodies are present. The peripheral vacuole system seems to play several simultaneous roles. It is involved in the endocytic activity of the trophozoite but also has characteristics of early and late endosomes and even lysosomes, establishing a connection with the ER. Some of the PVs contain small vesicles, acting as multivesicular bodies, including the release of exosomes. The mitosomes are surrounded by two membranes, divide during mitosis, and are distributed throughout the cell. They do not contain DNA, enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, or ATP synthesis. However, they contain the iron-sulfur complex and transporters as TOM and TIM. Some mitosomes are linked to flagellar axonemes through a fibrillar connection. During encystation, two types of larger cytoplasmic vesicles appear. One originating from the ER contains the cyst wall proteins. Another contains carbohydrates. Both migrate to the cell periphery and fuse with plasma membrane secreting their contents to give rise to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Thomas EB, Sutanto R, Johnson RS, Shih HW, Alas GCM, Krtková J, MacCoss MJ, Paredez AR. Staging Encystation Progression in Giardia lamblia Using Encystation-Specific Vesicle Morphology and Associating Molecular Markers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662945. [PMID: 33987184 PMCID: PMC8111296 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation into environmentally resistant cysts is required for transmission of the ubiquitous intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Encystation in Giardia requires the production, processing and transport of Cyst Wall Proteins (CWPs) in developmentally induced, Golgi-like, Encystation Specific Vesicles (ESVs). Progress through this trafficking pathway can be followed by tracking CWP localization over time. However, there is no recognized system to distinguish the advancing stages of this process which can complete at variable rates depending on how encystation is induced. Here, we propose a staging system for encysting Giardia based on the morphology of CWP1-stained ESVs. We demonstrate the molecular distinctiveness of maturing ESVs at these stages by following GlRab GTPases through encystation. Previously, we established that Giardia’s sole Rho family GTPase, GlRac, associates with ESVs and has a role in regulating their maturation and the secretion of their cargo. As a proof of principle, we delineate the relationship between GlRac and ESV stages. Through proteomic studies, we identify putative interactors of GlRac that could be used as additional ESV stage markers. This staging system provides a common descriptor of ESV maturation regardless of the source of encysting cells. Furthermore, the identified set of molecular markers for ESV stages will be a powerful tool for characterizing trafficking mutants that impair ESV maturation and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Renaldo Sutanto
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Richard S Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Han-Wei Shih
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Germain C M Alas
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Karpiyevich M, Artavanis-Tsakonas K. Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers: Emerging Regulators of Protozoan Parasites. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1403. [PMID: 33022940 PMCID: PMC7600729 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational protein regulation allows for fine-tuning of cellular functions and involves a wide range of modifications, including ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls). The dynamic balance of Ubl conjugation and removal shapes the fates of target substrates, in turn modulating various cellular processes. The mechanistic aspects of Ubl pathways and their biological roles have been largely established in yeast, plants, and mammalian cells. However, these modifiers may be utilised differently in highly specialised and divergent organisms, such as parasitic protozoa. In this review, we explore how these parasites employ Ubls, in particular SUMO, NEDD8, ATG8, ATG12, URM1, and UFM1, to regulate their unconventional cellular physiology. We discuss emerging data that provide evidence of Ubl-mediated regulation of unique parasite-specific processes, as well as the distinctive features of Ubl pathways in parasitic protozoa. We also highlight the potential to leverage these essential regulators and their cognate enzymatic machinery for development of therapeutics to protect against the diseases caused by protozoan parasites.
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7
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Jex AR, Svärd S, Hagen KD, Starcevich H, Emery-Corbin SJ, Balan B, Nosala C, Dawson SC. Recent advances in functional research in Giardia intestinalis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 107:97-137. [PMID: 32122532 PMCID: PMC7878119 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review considers current advances in tools to investigate the functional biology of Giardia, it's coding and non-coding genes, features and cellular and molecular biology. We consider major gaps in current knowledge of the parasite and discuss the present state-of-the-art in its in vivo and in vitro cultivation. Advances in in silico tools, including for the modelling non-coding RNAs and genomic elements, as well as detailed exploration of coding genes through inferred homology to model organisms, have provided significant, primary level insight. Improved methods to model the three-dimensional structure of proteins offer new insights into their function, and binding interactions with ligands, other proteins or precursor drugs, and offer substantial opportunities to prioritise proteins for further study and experimentation. These approaches can be supplemented by the growing and highly accessible arsenal of systems-based methods now being applied to Giardia, led by genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic methods, but rapidly incorporating advanced tools for detection of real-time transcription, evaluation of chromatin states and direct measurement of macromolecular complexes. Methods to directly interrogate and perturb gene function have made major leaps in recent years, with CRISPr-interference now available. These approaches, coupled with protein over-expression, fluorescent labelling and in vitro and in vivo imaging, are set to revolutionize the field and herald an exciting time during which the field may finally realise Giardia's long proposed potential as a model parasite and eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Centre for Biomedicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari D Hagen
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hannah Starcevich
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Balu Balan
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Nosala
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Scott C Dawson
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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Mahneva O, Risley MG, John C, Milton SL, Dawson-Scully K, Ja WW. In vivo expression of peptidylarginine deiminase in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227822. [PMID: 31940417 PMCID: PMC6961906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) modifies peptidylarginine and converts it to peptidylcitrulline in the presence of elevated calcium. Protein modification can lead to severe changes in protein structure and function, and aberrant PAD activity is linked to human pathologies. While PAD homologs have been discovered in vertebrates-as well as in protozoa, fungi, and bacteria-none have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, a simple and widely used animal model for human diseases. Here, we describe the development of a human PAD overexpression model in Drosophila. We established fly lines harboring human PAD2 or PAD4 transgenes for ectopic expression under control of the GAL4/UAS system. We show that ubiquitous or nervous system expression of PAD2 or PAD4 have minimal impact on fly lifespan, fecundity, and the response to acute heat stress. Although we did not detect citrullinated proteins in fly homogenates, fly-expressed PAD4-but not PAD2-was active in vitro upon Ca2+ supplementation. The transgenic fly lines may be valuable in future efforts to develop animal models of PAD-related disorders and for investigating the biochemistry and regulation of PAD function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Mahneva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Monica G. Risley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Brain and Behavior, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ciny John
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - William W. Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
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9
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Mayol GF, Revuelta MV, Salusso A, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. Evidence of nuclear transport mechanisms in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118566. [PMID: 31672613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is a highly regulated process that modulates multiple biological processes in eukaryotic cells. In Giardia lamblia, shuttling has been described from the cytoplasm to nuclei of proteins during the biological cell cycle of the parasite. This suggests that a mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic transport is present and functional in G. lamblia. By means of computational biology analyses, we found that there are only two genes for nuclear transport in this parasite, named Importin α and Importin β. When these transporters were overexpressed, both localized close to the nuclear envelope, and no change was observed in trophozoite growth rate. However, during the encystation process, both transporters induced an increase in the number of cysts produced. Importazole and Ivermectin, two known specific inhibitors of importins, separately influenced the encysting process by inducing an arrest in the trophozoite stage that prevents the production of cysts. This effect was more noticeable when Ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug, was used. Finally, we tested whether the enzyme arginine deiminase, which shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nuclei during encystation, was influenced by these transporters. We found that treatment with each of the inhibitors abrogates arginine deiminase nuclear translocation and favors perinuclear localization. This suggests that Importin α and Importin β are key transporters during the encystation process and are involved, at least, in the transport of arginine deiminase into the nuclei. Considering the effect produced by Ivermectin during growth and encystation, we postulate that this drug could be used to treat giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Federico Mayol
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Revuelta
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agostina Salusso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Silvana Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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10
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Rópolo AS, Feliziani C, Touz MC. Unusual proteins in Giardia duodenalis and their role in survival. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:1-50. [PMID: 31630755 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the parasite Giardia duodenalis to perform complex functions with minimal amounts of proteins and organelles has attracted increasing numbers of scientists worldwide, trying to explain how this parasite adapts to internal and external changes to survive. One explanation could be that G. duodenalis evolved from a structurally complex ancestor by reductive evolution, resulting in adaptation to its parasitic lifestyle. Reductive evolution involves the loss of genes, organelles, and functions that commonly occur in many parasites, by which the host renders some structures and functions redundant. However, there is increasing data that Giardia possesses proteins able to perform more than one function. During recent decades, the concept of moonlighting was described for multitasking proteins, which involves only proteins with an extra independent function(s). In this chapter, we provide an overview of unusual proteins in Giardia that present multifunctional properties depending on the location and/or parasite requirement. We also discuss experimental evidence that may allow some giardial proteins to be classified as moonlighting proteins by examining the properties of moonlighting proteins in general. Up to date, Giardia does not seem to require the numerous redundant proteins present in other organisms to accomplish its normal functions, and thus this parasite may be an appropriate model for understanding different aspects of moonlighting proteins, which may be helpful in the design of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Feliziani
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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11
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Ortega-Pierres MG, Argüello-García R. Giardia duodenalis: Role of secreted molecules as virulent factors in the cytotoxic effect on epithelial cells. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:129-169. [PMID: 31630757 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the course of giardiasis in humans and experimental models, G. duodenalis trophozoites express and secrete several proteins (ESPs) affecting structural, cellular and soluble components of the host intestinal milieu. These include the toxin-like molecules CRP136 and ESP58 that induce intestinal hyper-peristalsis. After the completion of the Giardia genome database and using up-to date transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, secreted 'virulence factors' have also been identified and experimentally characterized. This repertoire includes arginine deiminase (ADI) that competes for arginine, an important energy source for trophozoites, some high-cysteine membrane proteins (HCMPs) and VSP88, a versatile variant surface protein (VSP) that functions as an extracellular protease. Another giardial protein, enolase, moonlights as a metabolic enzyme that interacts with the fibrinolytic system and damages host epithelial cells. Other putative Giardia virulence factors are cysteine proteases that degrade multiple host components including mucin, villin, tight junction proteins, immunoglobulins, defensins and cytokines. One of these proteases, named giardipain-1, decreases transepithelial electrical resistance and induces apoptosis in epithelial cells. A putative role for tenascins, present in the Giardia's secretome, is interfering with the host epidermal growth factor. Based on the roles that these molecules play, drugs may be designed to interfere with their functions. This review presents a comprehensive description of secreted Giardia virulence factors. It further describes their cytotoxic mechanisms and roles in the pathophysiology of giardiasis, and then assesses their potential as targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico City, Mexico
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Lagunas-Rangel FA, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Epigenetics in the early divergent eukaryotic Giardia duodenalis: An update. Biochimie 2019; 156:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Di Genova BM, da Silva RC, da Cunha JPC, Gargantini PR, Mortara RA, Tonelli RR. Protein SUMOylation is Involved in Cell-cycle Progression and Cell Morphology in Giardia lamblia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:491-503. [PMID: 27864857 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular protozoa Giardia lamblia is a food- and waterborne parasite that causes giardiasis. This illness is manifested as acute and self-limited diarrhea and can evolve to long-term complications. Successful establishment of infection by Giardia trophozoites requires adhesion to host cells and colonization of the small intestine, where parasites multiply by mitotic division. The tight binding of trophozoites to host cells occurs by means of the ventral adhesive disc, a spiral array of microtubules and associated proteins such as giardins. In this work we show that knock down of the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) results in less adhesive trophzoites, decreased cell proliferation and deep morphological alterations, including at the ventral disc. Consistent with the reduced proliferation, SUMO knocked-down trophozoites were arrested in G1 and in S phases of the cell cycle. Mass spectrometry analysis of anti-SUMO immunoprecipitates was performed to identify SUMO substrates possibly involved in these events. Among the identified SUMOylation targets, α-tubulin was further validated by Western blot and confirmed to be a SUMO target in Giardia trophozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Di Genova
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard C da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia P C da Cunha
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Centro de Toxinas, Resposta Imune e Sinalização Celular - CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Gargantini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Armada Argentina 3555., X5016DHK, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata R Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Emery SJ, Lacey E, Haynes PA. Quantitative proteomics in Giardia duodenalis —Achievements and challenges. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:96-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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