1
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Rivera MJ, Contreras A, Nguyen LT, Eldon ED, Klig LS. Regulated inositol synthesis is critical for balanced metabolism and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2021; 10:272639. [PMID: 34710213 PMCID: PMC8565467 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol is a precursor of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI). It is involved in many essential cellular processes including signal transduction, energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and osmoregulation. Inositol is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate by myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPSp). The Drosophila melanogaster Inos gene encodes MIPSp. Abnormalities in myo-inositol metabolism have been implicated in type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose are two hallmarks of diabetes, which can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster third-instar larvae by high-sucrose diets. This study shows that dietary inositol reduces the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes of third-instar larvae fed high-sucrose diets. Furthermore, this study demonstrates Inos mRNA regulation by dietary inositol; when more inositol is provided there is less Inos mRNA. Third-instar larvae with dysregulated high levels of Inos mRNA and MIPSp show dramatic reductions of the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes. These strains, however, also display developmental defects and pupal lethality. The few individuals that eclose die within two days with striking defects: structural alterations of the wings and legs, and heads lacking proboscises. This study is an exciting extension of the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for exploring the junction of development and metabolism. Summary: Inositol reduces obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose, but can cause dramatic developmental defects. This study uses the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to explore the junction of development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Rivera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Altagracia Contreras
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - LongThy T Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Eldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Lisa S Klig
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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2
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Huang Z, Yang P, Wang F. Shrimp Plasma CREG Is a Hemocyte Activation Factor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707770. [PMID: 34484206 PMCID: PMC8415475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are a class of immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted by cells. Although vertebrate cytokine, especially mammalian cytokine has been well studied for the past decades. Much less attention has been paid to invertebrate so that only some cytokines have been identified in invertebrates. We have chosen Peaneus vannamei as a model to explore novel invertebrate cytokines. To achieve this, we previously purified shrimp plasma low abundance proteins and identified more than 400 proteins with proteomics analyses. In this study, a cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated gene (CREG)-like protein, which is highly conserved from Drosophila melanogaster to Homo sapiens, was further characterized in shrimp plasma. We found that shrimp plasma CREG was a glycoprotein which was strongly induced in hemolymph at 8 h post-LPS injection. Further function experiment unveiled that recombinant shrimp CREG protein injection significantly increased phagocytic hemocyte and lysosome-high hemocyte proportion in hemolymph. After that, hemocytes from rEGFP- and rCREG-protein injected shrimps were subjected to transcriptome analyses, which revealed that shrimp CREG protein could comprehensively promote hemocyte maturation and activation. Taken together, our data clearly indicated that shrimp plasma CREG protein is a novel hemocyte activation factor, which is probably a conserved myeloid cell lineage activation factor from invertebrate to vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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3
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Liu J, Qi Y, Chao J, Sathuvalli P, Y Lee L, Li S. CREG1 promotes lysosomal biogenesis and function. Autophagy 2021; 17:4249-4265. [PMID: 33966596 PMCID: PMC8726608 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CREG1 is a small glycoprotein which has been proposed as a transcription repressor, a secretory ligand, a lysosomal, or a mitochondrial protein. This is largely because of lack of antibodies for immunolocalization validated through gain- and loss-of-function studies. In the present study, we demonstrate, using antibodies validated for immunofluorescence microscopy, that CREG1 is mainly localized to the endosomal-lysosomal compartment. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses reveal an important role for CREG1 in both macropinocytosis and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. CREG1 also promotes acidification of the endosomal-lysosomal compartment and increases lysosomal biogenesis. Functionally, overexpression of CREG1 enhances macroautophagy/autophagy and lysosome-mediated degradation, whereas knockdown or knockout of CREG1 has opposite effects. The function of CREG1 in lysosomal biogenesis is likely attributable to enhanced endocytic trafficking. Our results demonstrate that CREG1 is an endosomal-lysosomal protein implicated in endocytic trafficking and lysosomal biogenesis.Abbreviations: AIFM1/AIF: apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1; AO: acridine orange; ATP6V1H: ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit H; CALR: calreticulin; CREG: cellular repressor of E1A stimulated genes; CTSC: cathepsin C; CTSD: cathepsin D; EBAG9/RCAS1: estrogen receptor binding site associated antigen 9; EIPA: 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HEXA: hexosaminidase subunit alpha; IGF2R: insulin like growth factor 2 receptor; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor, cation dependent; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; PDIA2: protein disulfide isomerase family A member 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TF: transferrin; TFEB: transcription factor EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yanmei Qi
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua Chao
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pranav Sathuvalli
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Leonard Y Lee
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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4
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Spierer AN, Mossman JA, Smith SP, Crawford L, Ramachandran S, Rand DM. Natural variation in the regulation of neurodevelopmental genes modifies flight performance in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008887. [PMID: 33735180 PMCID: PMC7971549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The winged insects of the order Diptera are colloquially named for their most recognizable phenotype: flight. These insects rely on flight for a number of important life history traits, such as dispersal, foraging, and courtship. Despite the importance of flight, relatively little is known about the genetic architecture of flight performance. Accordingly, we sought to uncover the genetic modifiers of flight using a measure of flies’ reaction and response to an abrupt drop in a vertical flight column. We conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) using 197 of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) lines, and identified a combination of additive and marginal variants, epistatic interactions, whole genes, and enrichment across interaction networks. Egfr, a highly pleiotropic developmental gene, was among the most significant additive variants identified. We functionally validated 13 of the additive candidate genes’ (Adgf-A/Adgf-A2/CG32181, bru1, CadN, flapper (CG11073), CG15236, flippy (CG9766), CREG, Dscam4, form3, fry, Lasp/CG9692, Pde6, Snoo), and introduce a novel approach to whole gene significance screens: PEGASUS_flies. Additionally, we identified ppk23, an Acid Sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) homolog, as an important hub for epistatic interactions. We propose a model that suggests genetic modifiers of wing and muscle morphology, nervous system development and function, BMP signaling, sexually dimorphic neural wiring, and gene regulation are all important for the observed differences flight performance in a natural population. Additionally, these results represent a snapshot of the genetic modifiers affecting drop-response flight performance in Drosophila, with implications for other insects. Insect flight is a widely recognizable phenotype of many winged insects, hence the name: flies. While fruit flies, or Drosophila melanogaster, are a genetically tractable model, flight performance is a highly integrative phenotype, and therefore challenging to identify comprehensively which genetic modifiers contribute to its genetic architecture. Accordingly, we screened 197 Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel lines for their ability to react and respond to an abrupt drop. Using several computational approaches, we identified additive, marginal, and epistatic variants, as well as whole genes and altered sub-networks of gene-gene and protein-protein interaction networks that contribute to variation in flight performance. More generally, we demonstrate the benefits of employing multiple methodologies to elucidate the genetic architecture of complex traits. Many variants and genes mapped to regions of the genome that affect neurodevelopment, wing and muscle development, and regulation of gene expression. We also introduce PEGASUS_flies, a Drosophila-adapted version of the PEGASUS platform first used in human studies, to infer gene-level significance of association based on the gene’s distribution of individual variant P-values. Our results contribute to the debate over the relative importance of individual, additive factors and epistatic, or higher order, interactions, in the mapping of genotype to phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Spierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jim A Mossman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Samuel Pattillo Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sohini Ramachandran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - David M Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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5
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Xu T, Nicolson S, Sandow JJ, Dayan S, Jiang X, Manning JA, Webb AI, Kumar S, Denton D. Cp1/cathepsin L is required for autolysosomal clearance in Drosophila. Autophagy 2020; 17:2734-2749. [PMID: 33112206 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1838105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradative pathway important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Much of our current knowledge of autophagy is focused on the initiation steps in this process. Recently, an understanding of later steps, particularly lysosomal fusion leading to autolysosome formation and the subsequent role of lysosomal enzymes in degradation and recycling, is becoming evident. Autophagy can function in both cell survival and cell death, however, the mechanisms that distinguish adaptive/survival autophagy from autophagy-dependent cell death remain to be established. Here, using proteomic analysis of Drosophila larval midguts during degradation, we identify a group of proteins with peptidase activity, suggesting a role in autophagy-dependent cell death. We show that Cp1/cathepsin L-deficient larval midgut cells accumulate aberrant autophagic vesicles due to a block in autophagic flux, yet later stages of midgut degradation are not compromised. The accumulation of large aberrant autolysosomes in the absence of Cp1 appears to be the consequence of decreased degradative capacity as they contain undigested cytoplasmic material, rather than a defect in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Finally, we find that other cathepsins may also contribute to proper autolysosomal degradation in Drosophila larval midgut cells. Our findings provide evidence that cathepsins play an essential role in the autolysosome to maintain basal autophagy flux by balancing autophagosome production and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shannon Nicolson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- Advanced Technology and Biology, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xin Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jantina A Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- Advanced Technology and Biology, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Genç Ö, An JY, Fetter RD, Kulik Y, Zunino G, Sanders SJ, Davis GW. Homeostatic plasticity fails at the intersection of autism-gene mutations and a novel class of common genetic modifiers. eLife 2020; 9:55775. [PMID: 32609087 PMCID: PMC7394548 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We identify a set of common phenotypic modifiers that interact with five independent autism gene orthologs (RIMS1, CHD8, CHD2, WDFY3, ASH1L) causing a common failure of presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) in Drosophila. Heterozygous null mutations in each autism gene are demonstrated to have normal baseline neurotransmission and PHP. However, PHP is sensitized and rendered prone to failure. A subsequent electrophysiology-based genetic screen identifies the first known heterozygous mutations that commonly genetically interact with multiple ASD gene orthologs, causing PHP to fail. Two phenotypic modifiers identified in the screen, PDPK1 and PPP2R5D, are characterized. Finally, transcriptomic, ultrastructural and electrophysiological analyses define one mechanism by which PHP fails; an unexpected, maladaptive up-regulation of CREG, a conserved, neuronally expressed, stress response gene and a novel repressor of PHP. Thus, we define a novel genetic landscape by which diverse, unrelated autism risk genes may converge to commonly affect the robustness of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Genç
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joon-Yong An
- Department of Psychiatry UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yelena Kulik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Giulia Zunino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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7
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Gomez-Auli A, Hillebrand LE, Christen D, Günther SC, Biniossek ML, Peters C, Schilling O, Reinheckel T. The secreted inhibitor of invasive cell growth CREG1 is negatively regulated by cathepsin proteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:733-755. [PMID: 32385587 PMCID: PMC7873128 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous clinical and experimental evidence strongly supports a breast cancer-promoting function of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B. However, the cathepsin B-dependent molecular pathways are not completely understood. Here, we studied the cathepsin-mediated secretome changes in the context of the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer mouse model. Employing the cell-conditioned media from tumor-macrophage co-cultures, as well as tumor interstitial fluid obtained by a novel strategy from PyMT mice with differential cathepsin B expression, we identified an important proteolytic and lysosomal signature, highlighting the importance of this organelle and these enzymes in the tumor micro-environment. The Cellular Repressor of E1A Stimulated Genes 1 (CREG1), a secreted endolysosomal glycoprotein, displayed reduced abundance upon over-expression of cathepsin B as well as increased abundance upon cathepsin B deletion or inhibition. Moreover, it was cleaved by cathepsin B in vitro. CREG1 reportedly could act as tumor suppressor. We show that treatment of PyMT tumor cells with recombinant CREG1 reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion; whereas, the opposite was observed with reduced CREG1 expression. This was further validated in vivo by orthotopic transplantation. Our study highlights CREG1 as a key player in tumor–stroma interaction and suggests that cathepsin B sustains malignant cell behavior by reducing the levels of the growth suppressor CREG1 in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gomez-Auli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Elisabeth Hillebrand
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Christen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sira Carolin Günther
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lothar Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Peters
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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8
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Porodko A, Cirnski A, Petrov D, Raab T, Paireder M, Mayer B, Maresch D, Nika L, Biniossek ML, Gallois P, Schilling O, Oostenbrink C, Novinec M, Mach L. The two cathepsin B-like proteases of Arabidopsis thaliana are closely related enzymes with discrete endopeptidase and carboxydipeptidase activities. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1223-1235. [PMID: 29924726 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three paralogues of the papain-like cysteine proteinase cathepsin B (AtCathB1, AtCathB2 and AtCathB3), whose individual functions are still largely unknown. Here we show that a mutated splice site causes severe truncations of the AtCathB1 polypeptide, rendering it catalytically incompetent. By contrast, AtCathB2 and AtCathB3 are effective proteases which display comparable hydrolytic properties and share most of their substrate specificities. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution (Gly336→Glu) is sufficient to confer AtCathB2 with the capacity to tolerate arginine in its specificity-determining S2 subsite, which is otherwise a hallmark of AtCathB3-mediated cleavages. A degradomics approach utilizing proteome-derived peptide libraries revealed that both enzymes are capable of acting as endopeptidases and exopeptidases, releasing dipeptides from the C-termini of substrates. Mutation of the carboxydipeptidase determinant His207 also affected the activity of AtCathB2 towards non-exopeptidase substrates, highlighting mechanistic differences between plant and human cathepsin B. This was also noted in molecular modeling studies which indicate that the occluding loop defining the dual enzymatic character of cathepsin B does not obstruct the active-site cleft of AtCathB2 to the same extent as in its mammalian orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Porodko
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Cirnski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Drazen Petrov
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Raab
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Paireder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Mayer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Nika
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Gallois
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Strasse 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Ghobrial G, Araujo L, Jinwala F, Li S, Lee LY. The Structure and Biological Function of CREG. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:136. [PMID: 30416997 PMCID: PMC6212480 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG) is a 220 amino acid glycoprotein structurally similar to oxidoreductases. However, CREG does not have enzymatic activities because it cannot bind to the cofactor flavin mononucleotide. Although CREG can be secreted, it is mainly an intracellular protein localized in the endocytic-lysosomal compartment. It undergoes proteolytic maturation mediated by lysosomal cysteine proteases. Biochemical studies have demonstrated that CREG interacts with mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R) and exocyst Sec8. CREG inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation and senescence when overexpressed in cultured cells. In Drosophila, RNAi-mediated knockdown of CREG causes developmental lethality at the pupal stage. In mice, global deletion of the CREG1 gene leads to early embryonic death. These findings establish an essential role for CREG in development. CREG1 haploinsufficient and liver-specific knockout mice are susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what we know about the biochemistry and biology of CREG and to discuss the important questions that remain to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Ghobrial
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Luiz Araujo
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Felecia Jinwala
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Leonard Y Lee
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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10
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Li Y, Liu Y, Tian X, Zhang Y, Song H, Liu M, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Liu D, Peng C, Yan C, Han Y. Cellular Repressor of E1A-Stimulated Genes Is a Critical Determinant of Vascular Remodeling in Response to Angiotensin II. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:485-494. [PMID: 28062494 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG) is a lysosomal glycoprotein implicated in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Here, we have hypothesized that CREG is a critical target of intervention for the prevention of hypertensive vascular remodeling.
Approach and Results—
CREG gene expression was significantly decreased accompanied by an upregulated expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) in remodeled vascular tissues of high salt–induced Dahl salt-sensitive rats and Ang II–induced mice. In particular, the downregulation of CREG gene was Ang II specific and independent from blood pressure. Prominent medial hypertrophy and vascular fibrosis in both thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries were observed in CREG
+/−
mice infused with Ang II than in CREG
+/+
mice, but blunted response in CREG
+/+
mice received recombinant human CREG protein, suggesting that changes in CREG expression account for the different phenotype between genotypes. Within a tiled promoter array, E26 transformation-specific-1 binds to CREG promoter at high stringency with the stimulation of Ang II. Moreover, the Ang II–induced E26 transformation-specific-1 directly interacted with the CREG promoter (-1179 and -271 bp) and inhibited its transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells. Selective, pharmacological inhibition of E26 transformation-specific-1 led to restoration of CREG expression in aortas and rescue of experimental vascular remodeling by systemic administration of dominant negative E26 transformation-specific-1 membrane-permeable peptides.
Conclusions—
CREG is a novel mediator of vascular remodeling in response to Ang II and may be an attractive therapeutic target for prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Haixu Song
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Meili Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiwei Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Quanyu Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengfei Peng
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
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11
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Paireder M, Mehofer U, Tholen S, Porodko A, Schähs P, Maresch D, Biniossek ML, van der Hoorn RAL, Lenarcic B, Novinec M, Schilling O, Mach L. The death enzyme CP14 is a unique papain-like cysteine proteinase with a pronounced S2 subsite selectivity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 603:110-7. [PMID: 27246477 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease CP14 has been identified as a central component of a molecular module regulating programmed cell death in plant embryos. CP14 belongs to a distinct subfamily of papain-like cysteine proteinases of which no representative has been characterized thoroughly to date. However, it has been proposed that CP14 is a cathepsin H-like protease. We have now produced recombinant Nicotiana benthamiana CP14 (NbCP14) lacking the C-terminal granulin domain. As typical for papain-like cysteine proteinases, NbCP14 undergoes rapid autocatalytic activation when incubated at low pH. The mature protease is capable of hydrolysing several synthetic endopeptidase substrates, but cathepsin H-like aminopeptidase activity could not be detected. NbCP14 displays a strong preference for aliphatic over aromatic amino acids in the specificity-determining P2 position. This subsite selectivity was also observed upon digestion of proteome-derived peptide libraries. Notably, the specificity profile of NbCP14 differs from that of aleurain-like protease, the N. benthamiana orthologue of cathepsin H. We conclude that CP14 is a papain-like cysteine proteinase with unusual enzymatic properties which may prove of central importance for the execution of programmed cell death during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Paireder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Mehofer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Porodko
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schähs
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brigita Lenarcic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Chang CL, Goodman CL, Ringbauer J, Geib SM, Stanley D. LARVAL X-RAY IRRADIATION INFLUENCES PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN PUPAE OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA DORSALIS. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:192-209. [PMID: 27079560 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sterile insect technique (SIT) was developed to eradicate the new world screwworm from the southern United States and Mexico, and became a component of many area-wide integrated pest management programs, particularly useful in managing tephritid fruit flies. SIT is based on the idea of rearing and sterilizing male pests, originally by ionizing radiation, and then releasing into field, where they compete for and mate with wild females. Mating with sterile males leads to reduced fecundity to lower pest populations. There are concerns with the use and distribution of radioisotopes for SIT programs, which have led to developing X-ray irradiation protocols to sterilize insects. We considered the possibility that X-ray irradiation exerts sublethal impacts aside form sterilizing insects. Such effects may not be directly observable, which led us to the hypothesis that X-ray irradiation in one life stage creates alterations in biological fitness and protein expression in the subsequent stage. We tested our hypothesis by irradiating larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis. There are two major points. One, exposing larvae to X-ray treatments led to reduced adult emergence, fecundity, fertility, and flight capacity from the corresponding pupae and emerged adults. Two, the X-ray treatments led to substantial expression changes in 27 pupal proteins. We assorted the 67 spots representing these proteins into three groups, metabolism, development, and structure. Our interpretation is these X-ray induced changes in biological performance and protein expression indicate their adult counterparts may be disabled in their abilities to successfully compete for and mate wild females in native habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou Ling Chang
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Cynthia L Goodman
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Ringbauer
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Scott M Geib
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Resesearch Center, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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13
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Niemer M, Mehofer U, Verdianz M, Porodko A, Schähs P, Kracher D, Lenarcic B, Novinec M, Mach L. Nicotiana benthamiana cathepsin B displays distinct enzymatic features which differ from its human relative and aleurain-like protease. Biochimie 2016; 122:119-25. [PMID: 26166069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-related plant species Nicotiana benthamiana has recently emerged as a versatile expression platform for the rapid generation of recombinant biopharmaceuticals, but product yield and quality frequently suffer from unintended proteolysis. Previous studies have highlighted that recombinant protein fragmentation in plants involves papain-like cysteine proteinases (PLCPs). For this reason, we have now characterized two major N. benthamiana PLCPs in detail: aleurain-like protease (NbALP) and cathepsin B (NbCathB). As typical for PLCPs, the precursor of NbCathB readily undergoes autocatalytic activation when incubated at low pH. On the contrary, maturation of NbALP requires the presence of a cathepsin L-like PLCP as processing enzyme. While the catalytic features of NbALP closely resemble those of its mammalian homologue cathepsin H, NbCathB displays remarkable differences to human cathepsin B. In particular, NbCathB appears to be a far less efficient peptidyldipeptidase (removing C-terminal dipeptides) than its human counterpart, suggesting that it functions primarily as an endopeptidase. Importantly, NbCathB was far more efficient than NbALP in processing the human anti-HIV-1 antibody 2F5 into fragments observed during its production in N. benthamiana. This suggests that targeted down-regulation of NbCathB could improve the performance of this plant-based expression platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Niemer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Mehofer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Verdianz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Porodko
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schähs
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigita Lenarcic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Hasanagic M, van Meel E, Luan S, Aurora R, Kornfeld S, Eissenberg JC. The lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (LERP) is not essential, but is implicated in lysosomal function in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2015; 4:1316-25. [PMID: 26405051 PMCID: PMC4610224 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (LERP) of Drosophila melanogaster is the ortholog of the mammalian cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P) receptor, which mediates trafficking of newly synthesized lysosomal acid hydrolases to lysosomes. However, flies lack the enzymes necessary to make the Man 6-P mark, and the amino acids implicated in Man 6-P binding by the mammalian receptor are not conserved in LERP. Thus, the function of LERP in sorting of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes in Drosophila is unclear. Here, we analyze the consequence of LERP depletion in S2 cells and intact flies. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LERP in S2 cells had little or no effect on the cellular content or secretion of several lysosomal hydrolases. We generated a novel Lerp null mutation, Lerp(F6), which abolishes LERP protein expression. Lerp mutants have normal viability and fertility and display no overt phenotypes other than reduced body weight. Lerp mutant flies exhibit a 30-40% decrease in the level of several lysosomal hydrolases, and are hypersensitive to dietary chloroquine and starvation, consistent with impaired lysosome function. Loss of LERP also enhances an eye phenotype associated with defective autophagy. Our findings implicate Lerp in lysosome function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Hasanagic
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Eline van Meel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shan Luan
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Stuart Kornfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel C Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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15
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Hasanagic M, Waheed A, Eissenberg JC. Different Pathways to the Lysosome: Sorting out Alternatives. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 320:75-101. [PMID: 26614872 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research supports a model in which hydrolytic enzymes of mammalian lysosomes are sorted to their destinations in a receptor-dependent mechanism. The ligand for the mammalian sorting receptors is mannose 6-phosphate (M6P). Two M6P receptors have been defined in mammals. Here, we review the foundational evidence supporting this mechanism and highlight the remaining gaps in our understanding of the mammalian mechanism, including evidence for M6P-independent sorting, and its relevance to lysosomal enzyme sorting in metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Hasanagic
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel C Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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