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Rosset C, Jaeger MDC, Filippi-Chiela E, Reis LB, Sartor ITS, Oliveira Netto CB, Farias CBD, Roesler R, Ashton-Prolla P. Primary cells derived from Tuberous Sclerosis Complex patients show autophagy alteration in the haploinsufficiency state. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200475. [PMID: 34609442 PMCID: PMC8515215 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes and characterized by mTORC1 hyperactivation. TSC-associated tumors develop after loss of heterozygosity mutations and their treatment involves the use of mTORC1 inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate cellular processes regulated by mTORC1 in TSC cells with different mutations before tumor development. Flow cytometry analyses were performed to evaluate cell viability, cell cycle and autophagy in non-tumor primary TSC cells with different heterozygous mutations and in control cells without TSC mutations, before and after treatment with rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor). We did not observe differences in cell viability and cell cycle between the cell groups. However, autophagy was reduced in mutated cells. After rapamycin treatment, mutated cells showed a significant increase in the autophagy process (p=0.039). We did not observe differences between cells with distinct TSC mutations. Our main finding is the alteration of autophagy in non-tumor TSC cells. Previous studies in literature found autophagy alterations in tumor TSC cells or knock-out animal models. We showed that autophagy could be an important mechanism that leads to TSC tumor formation in the haploinsufficiency state. This result could guide future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévia Rosset
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane da Cunha Jaeger
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto do Câncer Infantil (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Filippi-Chiela
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Medicina (Famed), Programa de pós-graduação em gastroenterologia e hepatologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Brussa Reis
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivaine Taís Sauthier Sartor
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto do Câncer Infantil (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Departamento de Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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2
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p27 Kip1, an Intrinsically Unstructured Protein with Scaffold Properties. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092254. [PMID: 34571903 PMCID: PMC8465030 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulator p27Kip1 is a gatekeeper of G1/S transition. It also regulates G2/M progression and cytokinesis completion, via CDK-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Recently, other important p27Kip1 functions have been described, including the regulation of cell motility and migration, the control of cell differentiation program and the activation of apoptosis/autophagy. Several factors modulate p27Kip1 activities, including its level, cellular localization and post-translational modifications. As a matter of fact, the protein is phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, SUMOylated, O-linked N-acetylglicosylated and acetylated on different residues. p27Kip1 belongs to the family of the intrinsically unstructured proteins and thus it is endowed with a large flexibility and numerous interactors, only partially identified. In this review, we look at p27Kip1 properties and ascribe part of its heterogeneous functions to the ability to act as an anchor or scaffold capable to participate in the construction of different platforms for modulating cell response to extracellular signals and allowing adaptation to environmental changes.
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3
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McKay LK, White JP. The AMPK/p27 Kip1 Pathway as a Novel Target to Promote Autophagy and Resilience in Aged Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061430. [PMID: 34201101 PMCID: PMC8229180 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Once believed to solely function as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27Kip1 is now emerging as a critical mediator of autophagy, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and apoptosis. During periods of metabolic stress, the subcellular location of p27Kip1 largely dictates its function. Cytoplasmic p27Kip1 has been found to be promote cellular resilience through autophagy and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Nuclear p27Kip1, however, inhibits cell cycle progression and makes the cell susceptible to quiescence, apoptosis, and/or senescence. Cellular location of p27Kip1 is regulated, in part, by phosphorylation by various kinases, including Akt and AMPK. Aging promotes nuclear localization of p27Kip1 and a predisposition to senescence or apoptosis. Here, we will review the role of p27Kip1 in healthy and aging cells with a particular emphasis on the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. McKay
- Adams School of Dentistry, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - James P. White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
- Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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p27 controls autophagic vesicle trafficking in glucose-deprived cells via the regulation of ATAT1-mediated microtubule acetylation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:481. [PMID: 33986251 PMCID: PMC8119952 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 (p27) has been involved in promoting autophagy and survival in conditions of metabolic stress. While the signaling cascade upstream of p27 leading to its cytoplasmic localization and autophagy induction has been extensively studied, how p27 stimulates the autophagic process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which p27 promotes autophagy upon glucose deprivation. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking p27 exhibit a decreased autophagy flux compared to wild-type cells and this is correlated with an abnormal distribution of autophagosomes. Indeed, while autophagosomes are mainly located in the perinuclear area in wild-type cells, they are distributed throughout the cytoplasm in p27-null MEFs. Autophagosome trafficking towards the perinuclear area, where most lysosomes reside, is critical for autophagosome–lysosome fusion and cargo degradation. Vesicle trafficking is mediated by motor proteins, themselves recruited preferentially to acetylated microtubules, and autophagy flux is directly correlated to microtubule acetylation levels. p27−/− MEFs exhibit a marked reduction in microtubule acetylation levels and restoring microtubule acetylation in these cells, either by re-expressing p27 or with deacetylase inhibitors, restores perinuclear positioning of autophagosomes and autophagy flux. Finally, we find that p27 promotes microtubule acetylation by binding to and stabilizing α-tubulin acetyltransferase (ATAT1) in glucose-deprived cells. ATAT1 knockdown results in random distribution of autophagosomes in p27+/+ MEFs and impaired autophagy flux, similar to that observed in p27−/− cells. Overall, in response to glucose starvation, p27 promotes autophagy by facilitating autophagosome trafficking along microtubule tracks by maintaining elevated microtubule acetylation via an ATAT1-dependent mechanism.
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5
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Reis LB, Filippi-Chiela EC, Ashton-Prolla P, Visioli F, Rosset C. The paradox of autophagy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200014. [PMID: 33821877 PMCID: PMC8022228 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by germline mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which leads to the hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway, an important negative regulator of autophagy. This leads to the development of hamartomas in multiple organs. The variability in symptoms presents a challenge for the development of completely effective treatments for TSC. One option is the treatment with mTORC1 inhibitors, which are targeted to block cell growth and restore autophagy. However, the therapeutic effect of rapamycin seems to be more efficient in the early stages of hamartoma development, an effect that seems to be associated with the paradoxical role of autophagy in tumor establishment. Under normal conditions, autophagy is directly inhibited by mTORC1. In situations of bioenergetics stress, mTORC1 releases the Ulk1 complex and initiates the autophagy process. In this way, autophagy promotes the survival of established tumors by supplying metabolic precursors during nutrient deprivation; paradoxically, excessive autophagy has been associated with cell death in some situations. In spite of its paradoxical role, autophagy is an alternative therapeutic strategy that could be explored in TSC. This review compiles the findings related to autophagy and the new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Brussa Reis
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Patologia Oral, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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Liu Q, Luo L, Ren C, Zou M, Yang S, Cai B, Wu L, Wang Y, Fu S, Hua X, Tang N, Huang S, Huang X, Xin W, Chen F, Zhang X. The opposing roles of the mTOR signaling pathway in different phases of human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34 + cell erythropoiesis. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1492-1505. [PMID: 32871057 PMCID: PMC7693065 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable, even lifesaving practice, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is challenging due to several issues, including supply shortage, immune incompatibility, and blood-borne infections since donated blood is the only source of RBCs. Although large-scale in vitro production of functional RBCs from human stem cells is a promising alternative, so far, no such system has been reported to produce clinically transfusable RBCs due to the poor understanding of mechanisms of human erythropoiesis, which is essential for the optimization of in vitro erythrocyte generation system. We previously reported that inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling significantly decreased the percentage of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow of wild-type mice. In contrast, rapamycin treatment remarkably improved terminal maturation of erythroblasts and anemia in a mouse model of β-thalassemia. In the present study, we investigated the effect of mTOR inhibition with rapamycin from different time points on human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cell erythropoiesis in vitro and the underlying mechanisms. Our data showed that rapamycin treatment significantly suppressed erythroid colony formation in the commitment/proliferation phase of erythropoiesis through inhibition of cell-cycle progression and proliferation. In contrast, during the maturation phase of erythropoiesis, mTOR inhibition dramatically promoted enucleation and mitochondrial clearance by enhancing autophagy. Collectively, our results suggest contrasting roles for mTOR in regulating different phases of human erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Linhong Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Ren
- Department of International Medical ServiceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Muping Zou
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Siqin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bozhi Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Libiao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shan Fu
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xu Hua
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Nianping Tang
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Huang
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianxi Huang
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xin
- Beijing TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd.BeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Feiheng Chen
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular ImagingThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouPeople's Republic of China
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7
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Holczer M, Hajdú B, Lőrincz T, Szarka A, Bánhegyi G, Kapuy O. Fine-tuning of AMPK-ULK1-mTORC1 regulatory triangle is crucial for autophagy oscillation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17803. [PMID: 33082544 PMCID: PMC7576158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular digestive process, which has a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by self-eating the unnecessary and/or damaged components of the cell at various stress events. ULK1, one of the key elements of autophagy activator complex, together with the two sensors of nutrient and energy conditions, called mTORC1 and AMPK kinases, guarantee the precise function of cell response mechanism. We claim that the feedback loops of AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1 regulatory triangle determine an accurate dynamical characteristic of autophagic process upon cellular stress. By using both molecular and theoretical biological techniques, here we reveal that a delayed negative feedback loop between active AMPK and ULK1 is essential to manage a proper cellular answer after prolonged starvation or rapamycin addition. AMPK kinase quickly gets induced followed by AMPK-P-dependent ULK1 activation, whereas active ULK1 has a rapid negative effect on AMPK-P resulting in a delayed inhibition of ULK1. The AMPK-P → ULK1 ˧ AMPK-P negative feedback loop results in a periodic repeat of their activation and inactivation and an oscillatory activation of autophagy, as well. We demonstrate that the periodic induction of self-cannibalism is necessary for the proper dynamical behaviour of the control network when mTORC1 is inhibited with respect to various stress events. By computational simulations we also suggest various scenario to introduce "delay" on AMPK-P-dependent ULK1 activation (i.e. extra regulatory element in the wiring diagram or multi-phosphorylation of ULK1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Holczer
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Bence Hajdú
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tamás Lőrincz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.,Pathobiochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
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8
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Nowosad A, Jeannot P, Callot C, Creff J, Perchey RT, Joffre C, Codogno P, Manenti S, Besson A. p27 controls Ragulator and mTOR activity in amino acid-deprived cells to regulate the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and coordinate cell cycle and cell growth. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1076-1090. [PMID: 32807902 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process whereby cytoplasmic components are degraded within lysosomes, allowing cells to maintain energy homeostasis during nutrient depletion. Several studies reported that the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 promotes starvation-induced autophagy by an unknown mechanism. Here we find that p27 controls autophagy via an mTORC1-dependent mechanism in amino acid-deprived cells. During prolonged starvation, a fraction of p27 is recruited to lysosomes, where it interacts with LAMTOR1, a component of the Ragulator complex required for mTORC1 activation. Binding of p27 to LAMTOR1 prevents Ragulator assembly and mTORC1 activation, promoting autophagy. Conversely, p27-/- cells exhibit elevated mTORC1 signalling as well as impaired lysosomal activity and autophagy. This is associated with cytoplasmic sequestration of TFEB, preventing induction of the lysosomal genes required for lysosome function. LAMTOR1 silencing or mTOR inhibition restores autophagy and induces apoptosis in p27-/- cells. Together, these results reveal a direct coordinated regulation between the cell cycle and cell growth machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Nowosad
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline Jeannot
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Callot
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Creff
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Thierry Perchey
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Joffre
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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9
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Lyu M, Shalitana A, Luo J, He H, Sun S, Wang P. Overexpression of the Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) gene inhibits goat myoblasts proliferation and differentiation in understanding the underlying mechanism of muscle development. Gene 2020; 757:144943. [PMID: 32652105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The growth of animal skeletal muscle is mainly determined by the synthesis processes of total proteins in skeletal muscle cells, which has a significant impact on the postnatal growth of young animals. An increasing number of studies are focusing on the functions of Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) during the process of cell protein synthesis and growth. However, it is still unclear the effect of whether and how TSC2 on goat myoblasts proliferation and differentiation. Here, we found that TSC2 gene has opposite expression patterns in proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. An expression vector containing goat TSC2 cDNA sequences linked with pcDNA3.1 plasmid was constructed. Myoblasts proliferation activity was significantly inhibited and cell cycle transition slowed down after the transfection of pcDNA3.1-TSC2 plasmid into goat primary myoblasts by EdU staining, CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Mechanically, we further confirmed that the overexpression TSC2 was able to down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K) and some cell cycle related genes. In addition, the expression of myogenic genes and myotube formation were attenuated. Collectively, all our results of the experiment demonstrate that TSC2 could regulate myoblasts cells proliferation and differentiation via the activation of the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Alai Shalitana
- Department of Xinjiang Institute for Cancer Research, Xinjiang Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huanshan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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10
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Butturini E, Carcereri de Prati A, Boriero D, Mariotto S. Tumor Dormancy and Interplay with Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174305. [PMID: 31484342 PMCID: PMC6747268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a key factor in disease progression, local resistance, immune-escaping, and metastasis. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells and the aberrant structure of the blood vessels within tumors result in a marked heterogeneity in the perfusion of the tumor tissue with regions of hypoxia. Although most of the tumor cells die in these hypoxic conditions, a part of them can adapt and survive for many days or months in a dormant state. Dormant tumor cells are characterized by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase as well as a low metabolism, and are refractive to common chemotherapy, giving rise to metastasis. Despite these features, the cells retain their ability to proliferate when conditions improve. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of tumor dormancy is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cell populations. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of the mechanisms allowing tumor dormancy and discuss the crucial role of the hypoxic microenvironment in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Oridonin elevates sensitivity of ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin via suppressing cisplatin-mediated autophagy. Life Sci 2019; 233:116709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Chen G, Ding XF, Bouamar H, Pressley K, Sun LZ. Everolimus induces G 1 cell cycle arrest through autophagy-mediated protein degradation of cyclin D1 in breast cancer cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C244-C252. [PMID: 31116586 PMCID: PMC6732424 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00390.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Everolimus inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and is known to cause induction of autophagy and G1 cell cycle arrest. However, it remains unknown whether everolimus-induced autophagy plays a critical role in its regulation of the cell cycle. We, for the first time, suggested that everolimus could stimulate autophagy-mediated cyclin D1 degradation in breast cancer cells. Everolimus-induced cyclin D1 degradation through the autophagy pathway was investigated in MCF-10DCIS.COM and MCF-7 cell lines upon autophagy inhibitor treatment using Western blot assay. Everolimus-stimulated autophagy and decrease in cyclin D1 were also tested in explant human breast tissue. Inhibiting mTORC1 with everolimus rapidly increased cyclin D1 degradation, whereas 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, and bafilomycin A1, the classic autophagy inhibitors, could attenuate everolimus-induced cyclin D1 degradation. Similarly, knockdown of autophagy-related 7 (Atg-7) also repressed everolimus-triggered cyclin D1 degradation. In addition, everolimus-induced autophagy occurred earlier than everolimus-induced G1 arrest, and blockade of autophagy attenuated everolimus-induced G1 arrest. We also found that everolimus stimulated autophagy and decreased cyclin D1 levels in explant human breast tissue. These data support the conclusion that the autophagy induced by everolimus in human mammary epithelial cells appears to cause cyclin D1 degradation resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest. Our findings contribute to our knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and cell cycle regulation mediated by mTORC1 signaling and cyclin D1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Ding
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Hakim Bouamar
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kyle Pressley
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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13
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Kim MJ, Hwang GY, Cho MJ, Chi BH, Park SI, Chang IH, Whang YM. Depletion of NBR1 in urothelial carcinoma cells enhances rapamycin-induced apoptosis through impaired autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19186-19201. [PMID: 31297862 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is well-recognized in the clinical therapeutic intervention for patients with cancer by specifically targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase. Rapamycin regulates general autophagy to clear damaged cells. Previously, we identified increased expression of messenger RNA levels of NBR1 (the neighbor of BRCA1 gene; autophagy cargo receptor) in human urothelial cancer (URCa) cells, which were not exhibited in response to rapamycin treatment for cell growth inhibition. Autophagy plays an important role in cellular physiology and offers protection against chemotherapeutic agents as an adaptive response required for maintaining cellular energy. Here, we hypothesized that loss of NBR1 sensitizes human URCa cells to growth inhibition induced by rapamycin treatment, leading to interruption of protective autophagic activation. Also, the potential role of mitochondria in regulating autophagy was tested to clarify the mechanism by which rapamycin induces apoptosis in NBR1-knockdown URCa cells. NBR1-knockdown URCa cells exhibited enhanced sensitivity to rapamycin associated with the suppression of autophagosomal elongation and mitochondrial defects. Loss of NBR1 expression altered the cellular responses to rapamycin treatment, resulting in impaired ATP homeostasis and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although rapamycin treatment-induced autophagy by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in NBR1-knockdown cells, it did not process the conjugated form of LC3B-II after activation by unc-51 like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1). NBR1-knockdown URCa cells exhibited rather profound mitochondrial dysfunctions in response to rapamycin treatment as evidenced by Δψm collapse, ATP depletion, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis activation. Therefore, our findings provide a rationale for rapamycin treatment of NBR1-knockdown human urothelial cancer through the regulation of autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, indicating that NBR1 can be a potential therapeutic target of human urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Joo Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Yong Hwang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Cho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Chi
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Whang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sun Q, Wei LL, Zhang M, Li TX, Yang C, Deng SP, Zeng QC. Rapamycin inhibits activation of AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway-induced Alzheimer's disease lesion in hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:179-188. [PMID: 29962282 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1491571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rapamycin has important uses in oncology, cardiology and transplantation medicine. This study aims to investigate effects of rapamycin on AD in hippocampus of T2DM rat by AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. METHODS Morris water maze test was applied to evaluate the learning and memory abilities. The fasting plasma glucose (FBG), glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and serum insulin level were measured. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were performed to test expression of AMPK and mTOR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the Aβ deposition and immunoblotting to test the total tau, p-tau and Aβ precursor APP expressions. RESULTS After treated with rapamycin, T2DM rats and rats with T2DM and AD showed increased learning-memory ability, and decreased levels of FBG, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and serum insulin, decreased expression of APP and p-tau, increased AMPK mRNA expression and p-AMPK and decreased Aβ deposition, mTOR mRNA expression and p-mTOR. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that rapamycin reduces the risk of AD in T2DM rats and inhibits activation of AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby improving AD lesion in hippocampus of T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Sun
- a Department of Geratology, Center of Diabetes Mellitus, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Wei
- b Department of Organ Transplantation , Center of Diabetes Mellitus, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan Province , PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- c Department of Geratology , Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Ting-Xin Li
- d Department of General Medicine , Health Management Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Chun Yang
- e Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Center of Diabetes Mellitus, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Deng
- b Department of Organ Transplantation , Center of Diabetes Mellitus, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan Province , PR China
| | - Qing-Cui Zeng
- c Department of Geratology , Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , PR China
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15
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Peron A, Au KS, Northrup H. Genetics, genomics, and genotype-phenotype correlations of TSC: Insights for clinical practice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:281-290. [PMID: 30255984 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multisystem autosomal dominant condition caused by inactivating pathogenic variants in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene, leading to hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway. Here, we present an update on the genetic and genomic aspects of TSC, with a focus on clinical and laboratory practice. We briefly summarize the structure of TSC1 and TSC2 as well as their protein products, and discuss current diagnostic testing, addressing mosaicism. We consider genotype-phenotype correlations as an example of precision medicine, and discuss genetic counseling in TSC, with the aim of providing geneticists and health care practitioners involved in the care of TSC individuals with useful tools for their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Peron
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit-Epilepsy Center (Service of Medical Genetics), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Amantini C, Farfariello V, Cardinali C, Morelli MB, Marinelli O, Nabissi M, Santoni M, Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Eleuteri AM, Santoni G. The TRPV1 ion channel regulates thymocyte differentiation by modulating autophagy and proteasome activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90766-90780. [PMID: 29207602 PMCID: PMC5710883 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) control thymus cell homeostasis under resting and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Several evidence support a cross-talk between UPS and autophagy; abrogation of UPS responses stimulates autophagy, and vice versa the inhibition of autophagy alters the UPS functions. Herein, we found that TRPV1 activation induces ER stress, proteasome dysfunction and autophagy in thymocytes by modulating the expression of UPR-related genes. The TRPV1-mediated autophagy prevents the UPR activation by inhibiting BiP, Grp94 and ERp57 chaperone protein expression. Thymocytes from TRPV1 KO mice display both autophagy and proteasome dysfunctions, resulting in increased apoptotic cells and reduced total DP thymocyte number. In addition, positive selection of thymocytes triggered by anti-TCRβ/CD2 Ab-mediated costimulation induces apoptosis in thymocytes from TRPV1 KO as compared with WT mice. Stimulation of TRPV1 KO thymocytes with anti-TCRβ/CD2 mAbs modulates the expression of CD4 antigen on purified DP thymocytes, with reduced number of mature, single positive (SP) CD4 and increased number of immature SP CD4low and DP CD4lowCD8+ thymocytes, further supporting the intrinsic role of TRPV1 in T cell maturation. Finally, a reduction in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells is evidenced in the peripheral blood and spleen of TRPV1 KO, as compared with WT mice. Therapeutic strategy by restraining or stimulating the TRPV1 expression and functions in thymocytes might represent a new pharmacological tool in the regulation of different inflammatory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valerio Farfariello
- University of Lille, INSERM U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France
| | - Claudio Cardinali
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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