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Wang Y, Xia F, Jia S, Yang Y, Zhang X. Exogenous sulfide regulates hypoxia/reoxygenation stress through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in the blood clam (Tegillarca granosa). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109953. [PMID: 38852914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The intertidal organism Tegillarca granosa can survive under frequent hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) exposure. Sulfides as accompanying products in benthic hypoxic environments, may play an important regulatory role, but the mechanisms are not well understood. This article investigated the physiological and molecular changes of T. granosa after adding different concentrations of sulfides (0.1, 0.5, 1 mM) at 72 h into a 120-h exposure to hypoxia, as well as the recovery state of 24 h of reoxygenation. The results indicated that H/R stress induces ROS production and mild mitochondrial depolarization in clams, and sulfide can participate in its regulation. Among them, a low concentration of sulfide up-regulated glutathione content and alternative oxidase activity, maintained the stability of antioxidant enzymes, and up-regulated the expression of the survival genes XIAP/BCL-xl which mediate cell survival via the NFκB signaling pathway. High concentrations of sulfide had a significant inhibitory effect on the p38/MPAK pathway and inhibited intrinsic apoptosis caused by ROS accumulation during reoxygenation. Taken together, our study suggested that different concentrations of sulfides are involved in regulating the endogenous apoptosis of clams during H/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Wang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Feiyu Xia
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Shunan Jia
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Patterson LL, Byerly CD, Solomon R, Pittner N, Bui DC, Patel J, McBride JW. Ehrlichia Notch signaling induction promotes XIAP stability and inhibits apoptosis. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0000223. [PMID: 37594275 PMCID: PMC10501217 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis has evolved multiple strategies to evade innate defenses of the mononuclear phagocyte. Recently, we reported the E. chaffeensis tandem repeat protein (TRP)120 effector functions as a Notch ligand mimetic and a ubiquitin ligase that degrades the nuclear tumor suppressor, F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7, a negative regulator of Notch. The Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is known to inhibit apoptosis primarily by interacting with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to prevent degradation. In this study, we determined that E. chaffeensis activation of Notch signaling increases XIAP levels, thereby inhibiting apoptosis through both the intrinsic and executioner pathways. Increased NICD and XIAP levels were detected during E. chaffeensis infection and after TRP120 Notch ligand mimetic peptide treatment. Conversely, XIAP levels were reduced in the presence of Notch inhibitor DAPT. Cytoplasmic and nuclear colocalization of NICD and XIAP was observed during infection and a direct interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Procaspase levels increased temporally during infection, consistent with increased XIAP levels; however, knockdown (KD) of XIAP during infection significantly increased apoptosis and Caspase-3, -7, and -9 levels. Furthermore, treatment with SM-164, a second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) antagonist, resulted in decreased procaspase levels and increased caspase activation, induced apoptosis, and significantly decreased infection. In addition, RNAi KD of XIAP also decreased infection and significantly increased apoptosis. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytically defective mutant in HeLa cells decreased NICD and XIAP levels and increased caspase activation compared to HeLa cells with functional HECT Ub ligase catalytic activity (TRP120-WT). This investigation reveals a mechanism whereby E. chaffeensis modulates Notch signaling to stabilize XIAP and inhibit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaNisha L. Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlan D. Byerly
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Regina Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Pittner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Duc Cuong Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jignesh Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Huang Z, Zhou J, Jiang Y, Han Y, Wang X, Li F, Jiang S, Yu K, Zhang S. Combined inhibition of XIAP and autophagy induces apoptosis and differentiation in acute myeloid leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1682-1696. [PMID: 37154878 PMCID: PMC10273072 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in autophagy, apoptosis and differentiation have greatly affected the progression and therapy of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The role of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-related autophagy remains unclear in AML therapeutics. Here, we found that XIAP was highly expressed and associated with poor overall survival in patients with AML. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of XIAP using birinapant or XIAP knockdown via siRNA impaired the proliferation and clonogenic capacity by inducing autophagy and apoptosis in AML cells. Intriguingly, birinapant-induced cell death was aggravated in combination with ATG5 siRNA or an autophagy inhibitor spautin-1, suggesting that autophagy may be a pro-survival signalling. Spautin-1 further enhanced the ROS level and myeloid differentiation in THP-1 cells treated with birinapant. The mechanism analysis showed that XIAP interacted with MDM2 and p53, and XIAP inhibition notably downregulated p53, substantially increased the AMPKα1 phosphorylation and downregulated the mTOR phosphorylation. Combined treatment using birinapant and chloroquine significantly retarded AML progression in both a subcutaneous xenograft model injected with HEL cells and an orthotopic xenograft model injected intravenously with C1498 cells. Collectively, our data suggested that XIAP inhibition can induce autophagy, apoptosis and differentiation, and combined inhibition of XIAP and autophagy may be a promising therapeutic strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Huang
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jifan Zhou
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yinyan Jiang
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yixiang Han
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Central LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Fanfan Li
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of HematologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HematologyWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Laboratory Animal CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
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Zhou X, Mitra R, Hou F, Zhou S, Wang L, Jiang W. Genomic Landscape and Potential Regulation of RNA Editing in Drug Resistance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207357. [PMID: 36912579 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing critically affects the response of cancer therapies. However, comprehensive identification of drug resistance-related RNA editing events and systematic understanding of how RNA editing mediates anticancer drug resistance remain unclear. Here, 7157 differential editing sites (DESs) are identified from 98 127 informative RNA editing sites in tumor tissues, many of which are validated in cancer cell lines. Diverse editing patterns of DESs are discovered in resistant samples, which could not be fully explained by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA enzymes. Some RNA-binding proteins are identified that potentially regulate these editing events. Notably, the DESs are significantly enriched in 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs). The impact of DESs in 3'-UTR on the microRNA (miRNA) regulations is explored, and some triplets (DES, miRNA, and gene) that may contribute to drug resistance are identified. In addition, it is determined that the functions of genes enriched with DESs are associated with drug resistance, such as apoptosis, drug metabolism, and DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair. An online resource (http://www.jianglab.cn/REDR/) to support convenient retrieval of DESs is also built. The findings reveal the landscape and potential regulatory mechanism of RNA editing in drug resistance, providing new therapeutic targets for reversing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, P. R. China
| | - Ramkrishna Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Fei Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, P. R. China
| | - Shunheng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, P. R. China
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Patterson LL, Byerly CD, Solomon R, Pittner N, Bui DC, Patel J, McBride JW. Ehrlichia Notch signaling induction promotes XIAP stability and inhibits apoptosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.523066. [PMID: 36711597 PMCID: PMC9881962 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.523066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis has evolved multiple strategies to evade innate defenses of the mononuclear phagocyte. Recently, we reported the E. chaffeensis TRP120 effector functions as a Notch ligand mimetic and a ubiquitin ligase that degrades the nuclear tumor suppressor, F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBW7), a negative regulator of Notch. The Notch receptor intracellular domain (NICD) is known to inhibit apoptosis primarily by interacting with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to prevent degradation. In this study, we determined E. chaffeensis activation of Notch signaling increases XIAP levels, thereby inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis. Increased NICD and XIAP levels were detected during E. chaffeensis infection and after TRP120 Notch ligand mimetic peptide treatment. Conversely, XIAP levels were reduced in the presence of Notch inhibitor DAPT. Cytoplasmic colocalization of NICD and XIAP was observed during infection and a direct interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Procaspase levels increased temporally during infection, consistent with increased XIAP levels; however, knockdown of XIAP during infection significantly increased apoptosis and Caspase-3, -7 and -9 levels. Further, treatment with SM-164, a second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) antagonist, resulted in decreased procaspase levels and increased caspase activation, induced apoptosis, and significantly decreased infection. In addition, iRNA knockdown of XIAP also decreased infection and significantly increased apoptosis. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytically defective mutant in HeLa cells decreased NICD and XIAP levels and increased caspase activation compared to WT. This investigation reveals a mechanism whereby E. chaffeensis repurposes Notch signaling to stabilize XIAP and inhibit apoptosis. Author Summary Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a tick-borne, obligately intracellular bacterium that exhibits tropism for mononuclear phagocytes. E. chaffeensis survives by mobilizing various molecular strategies to promote cell survival, including modulation of apoptosis. This investigation reveals an E. chaffeensis initiated, Notch signaling regulated, antiapoptotic mechanism involving inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Herein, we demonstrate that E. chaffeensis induced Notch activation results in Notch intracellular domain stabilization of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to inhibit intrinsic apoptosis. This study highlights a novel mechanistic strategy whereby intracellular pathogens repurpose evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic signaling pathways to engage an antiapoptotic program for intracellular survival.
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The gallium complex KP46 sensitizes resistant leukemia cells and overcomes Bcl-2-induced multidrug resistance in lymphoma cells via upregulation of Harakiri and downregulation of XIAP in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Role of K63-linked ubiquitination in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:410. [PMID: 36202787 PMCID: PMC9537175 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a critical type of post-translational modifications, of which K63-linked ubiquitination regulates interaction, translocation, and activation of proteins. In recent years, emerging evidence suggest involvement of K63-linked ubiquitination in multiple signaling pathways and various human diseases including cancer. Increasing number of studies indicated that K63-linked ubiquitination controls initiation, development, invasion, metastasis, and therapy of diverse cancers. Here, we summarized molecular mechanisms of K63-linked ubiquitination dictating different biological activities of tumor and highlighted novel opportunities for future therapy targeting certain regulation of K63-linked ubiquitination in tumor.
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Subcellular localization of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in cancer: does that matter? BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100050. [PMID: 37082602 PMCID: PMC10074912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) finely tunes the balance between survival and death to control homeostasis. XIAP is found aberrantly expressed in cancer, which has been shown to promote resistance to therapy-induced apoptosis and confer poor outcome. Despite its predominant cytoplasmic localization in human tissues, growing evidence implicates the expression of XIAP in other subcellular compartments in sustaining cancer hallmarks. Herein, we review our current knowledge on the prognostic role of XIAP localization and discuss molecular mechanisms underlying differential biological functions played in each compartment. The comprehension of XIAP subcellular shuttling and functional dynamics might provide the rationale for future anticancer therapeutics.
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The Role of Mitochondrial miRNAs in the Development of Radon-Induced Lung Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020428. [PMID: 35203638 PMCID: PMC8962319 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNA molecules regulating gene expression by inhibiting the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) or leading to degradation. The miRNAs are encoded in the nuclear genome and exported to the cytosol. However, miRNAs have been found in mitochondria and are probably derived from mitochondrial DNA. These miRNAs are able to directly regulate mitochondrial genes and mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the cause of many diseases, including cancer. In this review, we consider the role of mitochondrial miRNAs in the pathogenesis of lung cancer with particular reference to radon exposure.
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Hercbergs A, Lin HY, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. (Thyroid) Hormonal regulation of breast cancer cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1109555. [PMID: 36714596 PMCID: PMC9874134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone as L-thyroxine (T4) acts nongenomically at physiological concentrations at its cancer cell surface receptor on integrin αvβ3 ('thyrointegrin') to cause cancer cell proliferation. In the case of estrogen receptor (ERα)-positive breast cancer cells, T4 via the integrin promotes ERα-dependent cancer growth in the absence of estrogen. Thus, tumor growth in the post-menopausal patient with ERα-positive cancer may again be ER-dependent because of T4. Additional mechanisms by which T4 may contribute uniquely to aggressive breast cancer behavior-independently of ER-are stimulation of immune checkpoint inhibitor gene expression and of several anti-apoptosis mechanisms. These observations may call for consideration of elimination of host T4 production in breast cancer patients whose response is suboptimal to standard chemotherapy regimens. Euthyroidism in such a setting may be maintained with exogenous 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Davis,
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Devi Daimary U, Girisa S, Parama D, Verma E, Kumar A, Kunnumakkara AB. Embelin: A novel XIAP inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22950. [PMID: 34842329 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are a serious health concern worldwide, especially in the elderly population. Most chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases are caused due to the abnormal functioning of multiple signaling pathways that give rise to critical anomalies in the body. Although a lot of advanced therapies are available, these have failed to entirely cure the disease due to their less efficacy. Apart from this, they have been shown to manifest disturbing side effects which hamper the patient's quality of life to the extreme. Since the last few decades, extensive studies have been done on natural herbs due to their excellent medicinal benefits. Components present in natural herbs target multiple signaling pathways involved in diseases and therefore hold high potential in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. Embelin, a benzoquinone, is one such agent isolated from Embelia ribes, which has shown excellent biological activities toward several chronic ailments by upregulating a number of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD, CAT, GSH, etc.), inhibiting anti-apoptotic genes (e.g., TRAIL, XIAP, survivin, etc.), modulating transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, STAT3, etc.) blocking inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, etc.), monitoring cell cycle synchronizing genes (e.g., p53, cyclins, CDKs, etc.), and so forth. Several preclinical studies have confirmed its excellent therapeutic activities against malicious diseases like cancer, obesity, heart diseases, Alzheimer's, and so forth. This review presents an overview of embelin, its therapeutic prospective, and the molecular targets in different chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Elika Verma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins in Colorectal Cancer-A Promising Signaling Network for Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040624. [PMID: 33557398 PMCID: PMC7916307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor suppressor 53 (p53) is a multifunctional protein that regulates cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis and metabolic pathways. In colorectal cancer (CRC), mutations of the gene occur in 60% of patients and are associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and resistance to anti-cancer therapy. In addition, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are distinguished biomarkers overexpressed in CRC that impact on a diverse set of signaling pathways associated with the regulation of apoptosis/autophagy, cell migration, cell cycle and DNA damage response. As these mechanisms are further firmly controlled by p53, a transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in cancer cells. Here, we aim to review the molecular regulatory mechanisms between IAPs and p53 and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting their interrelationship by multimodal treatment options. Abstract Despite recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), patient’s individual response and clinical follow-up vary considerably with tumor intrinsic factors to contribute to an enhanced malignancy and therapy resistance. Among these markers, upregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family effects on tumorigenesis and radiation- and chemo-resistance by multiple pathways, covering a hampered induction of apoptosis/autophagy, regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. These mechanisms are tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor p53 and thus transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in malignant cells. By this, cellular IAP1/2, X-linked IAP, Survivin, BRUCE and LIVIN expression/activity, as well as their intracellular localization is controlled by p53 in a direct or indirect manner via modulating a multitude of mechanisms. These cover, among others, transcriptional repression and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathway. In addition, p53 mutations contribute to deregulated IAP expression and resistance to therapy. This review aims at highlighting the mechanistic and clinical importance of IAP regulation by p53 in CRC and describing potential therapeutic strategies based on this interrelationship.
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