1
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Investigations into the membrane activity of arenicin antimicrobial peptide AA139. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130156. [PMID: 35523364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arenicin-3 is an amphipathic β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide that is produced by the lugworm Arenicola marina. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism of action of arenicin-3 and an optimized synthetic analogue, AA139, by studying their effects on lipid bilayer model membranes and Escherichia coli bacterial cells. The results show that simple amino acid changes can lead to subtle variations in their interaction with membranes and therefore alter their pre-clinical potency, selectivity and toxicity. While the mechanism of action of arenicin-3 is primarily dependent on universal membrane permeabilization, our data suggest that the analogue AA139 relies on more specific binding and insertion properties to elicit its improved antibacterial activity and lower toxicity, as exemplified by greater selectivity between lipid composition when inserting into model membranes i.e. the N-terminus of AA139 seems to insert deeper into lipid bilayers than arenicin-3 does, with a clear distinction between zwitterionic and negatively charged lipid bilayer vesicles, and AA139 demonstrates a cytoplasmic permeabilization dose response profile that is consistent with its greater antibacterial potency against E. coli cells compared to arenicin-3.
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2
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Claro B, González-Freire E, Granja JR, Garcia-Fandiño R, Gallová J, Uhríková D, Fedorov A, Coutinho A, Bastos M. Partition of antimicrobial D-L-α-cyclic peptides into bacterial model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183729. [PMID: 34506796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is used to characterize the partition of three second-generation D,L-α-cyclic peptides to two lipid model membranes. The peptides have proven antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram positive bacteria, and the model membranes are formed of either with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DMPG) or its mixture with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE), at a molar ratio of (1:1). The peptide's intrinsic fluorescence was used in the Steady State and/or Time Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy experiments, showing that the peptides bind to the membranes, and the extent of their partition is thereof quantified. The peptide-induced membrane leakage was followed using an encapsulated fluorescent dye. Overall, the partition is mainly driven by electrostatics, but also involves hydrophobic interactions. The introduction of a hydrocarbon tail in one of the residues of the parent peptide, CPR, adjacent to the tryptophan (Trp) residue, significantly improves the partition of the modified peptides, CPRT10 and CPRT14, to both membrane systems. Further, we show that the length of the tail is the main distinguishing factor for the extension of the partition process. The parent peptide induces very limited leakage, at odds with the peptides with tail, that promote fast leakage, increasing in most cases with peptide concentration, and being almost complete for the highest peptide concentration and negatively charged membranes. Overall, the results help the unravelling of the antimicrobial action of these peptides and are well in line with their proven high antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Claro
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva González-Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan R Granja
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rebeca Garcia-Fandiño
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jana Gallová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Uhríková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Aleksander Fedorov
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Coutinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Bastos
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Synthesis and Ex Vivo Trans-Corneal Permeation of Penetratin Analogues as Ophthalmic Carriers: Preliminary Results. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080728. [PMID: 32756470 PMCID: PMC7466059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among enhancing strategies proposed in ocular drug delivery, a rising interest is directed to cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), amino acid short sequences primarily known for their intrinsic ability to cell internalization and, by extension, to cross biological barriers. In fact, CPPs may be considered as carrier for delivering therapeutic agents across biological membranes, including ocular tissues. Several CPPs have been proposed in ophthalmic delivery, and, among them, penetratin (PNT), a 16-amino acids natural peptide, stands out. Therefore, we describe the synthesis via the mimotopic approach of short fluorescently labeled analogues of both PNT and its reversed sequence PNT-R. Their ability to cross ocular membranes was checked ex vivo using freshly explanted porcine cornea. Furthermore, some sequences were studied by circular dichroism. Despite the hydrophilic nature and the relatively high molecular weight (approx. 1.6 kDa), all analogues showed a not negligible trans-corneal diffusion, indicating a partial preservation of penetration activity, even if no sequences reached the noteworthy ability of PNT. It was not possible to find a correlation between structure and corneal penetration ability, and further studies, exploring peptides distribution within corneal layers, for example using imaging techniques, deserve to be performed to figure out a possible difference in intracellular delivery.
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4
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Vernen F, Craik DJ, Lawrence N, Troeira Henriques S. Cyclic Analogues of Horseshoe Crab Peptide Tachyplesin I with Anticancer and Cell Penetrating Properties. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2895-2908. [PMID: 31714739 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tachyplesin-I (TI) is a host defense peptide from the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus that has outstanding potential as an anticancer therapeutic lead. Backbone cyclized TI (cTI) has similar anticancer properties to TI but has higher stability and lower hemolytic activity. We designed and synthesized cTI analogues to further improve anticancer potential and investigated structure-activity relationships based on peptide-membrane interactions, cellular uptake, and anticancer activity. The membrane-binding affinity and cytotoxic activity of cTI were found to be highly dependent on peptide hydrophobicity and charge. We describe two analogues with increased selectivity toward melanoma cells and one analogue with the ability to enter cells with high efficacy and low toxicity. Overall, the structure-activity relationship study shows that cTI can be developed as a membrane-active antimelanoma lead, or be employed as a cell penetrating peptide scaffold that can target and enter cells without damaging their integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Vernen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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5
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Vernen F, Harvey PJ, Dias SA, Veiga AS, Huang YH, Craik DJ, Lawrence N, Troeira Henriques S. Characterization of Tachyplesin Peptides and Their Cyclized Analogues to Improve Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4184. [PMID: 31455019 PMCID: PMC6747087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachyplesin I, II and III are host defense peptides from horseshoe crab species with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. They have an amphipathic β-hairpin structure, are highly positively-charged and differ by only one or two amino acid residues. In this study, we compared the structure and activity of the three tachyplesin peptides alongside their backbone cyclized analogues. We assessed the peptide structures using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, then compared the activity against bacteria (both in the planktonic and biofilm forms) and a panel of cancerous cells. The importance of peptide-lipid interactions was examined using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy methodologies. Our studies showed that tachyplesin peptides and their cyclic analogues were most potent against Gram-negative bacteria and melanoma cell lines, and showed a preference for binding to negatively-charged lipid membranes. Backbone cyclization did not improve potency, but improved peptide stability in human serum and reduced toxicity toward human red blood cells. Peptide-lipid binding affinity, orientation within the membrane, and ability to disrupt lipid bilayers differed between the cyclized peptide and the parent counterpart. We show that tachyplesin peptides and cyclized analogues have similarly potent antimicrobial and anticancer properties, but that backbone cyclization improves their stability and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Vernen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peta J Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Susana A Dias
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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6
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Breitsamer M, Stulz A, Heerklotz HH, Winter G. Do interactions between protein and phospholipids influence the release behavior from lipid-based exenatide depot systems? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:61-69. [PMID: 31195130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The release mechanism for proteins and peptides from vesicular phospholipid gels (VPGs) is very complex. Drug release proceeds via a combination of erosion of the gel and diffusion of the drug out of it. This diffusion can be retarded by a slow permeation of the drug across the lipid bilayers in the gel as well as by its direct binding or adsorption to the lipid bilayers. Finally, the viscosity and homogeneity of the formulation may affect the release behavior. So far a direct correlation between one of these parameters and the release kinetics is not possible. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of drug-membrane interactions to the release kinetics of exenatide from differently composed VPGs (POPC, POPG and mixtures of both). To this end, in vitro release of exenatide as well as in vitro release of the phospholipids was monitored. Binding affinities were determined by microscale thermophoresis (MST). The sustained release behavior of exenatide could not simply be correlated to high viscosity of the VPG formulation. Release of exenatide from VPGs of anionic membranes containing POPG proceeded with a half-life of the order of 5 days and it seems to be controlled by the erosion of the gel. Its rate is unaffected by the initial pH inside the gel, independently of the strong impact of pH on exenatide binding to the membrane. At pH 4.5, exenatide is cationic and binds to membranes containing anionic POPG with a high affinity (Kd ≈ 10-30 µM). No high affinity membrane binding of exenatide is detected in this at pH 7.4, where exenatide is anionic, and to zwitterionic membranes composed of POPC. Exenatide release from the latter has a significantly longer half-life of 30 to 55 days. That means, these VPGs are much more resistant to erosion and show a very slow diffusional release. In this case, diffusion should be slowed down by the barrier function of the membranes rather than membrane affinity. In conclusion, erosion of the VPG matrix and membrane permeability of the drug are the major parameters influencing the release of exenatide from VPGs of POPC-POPG, whereas drug binding to the membranes had a minor effect only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Breitsamer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Anja Stulz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Heiko H Heerklotz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany; Signalling Research Centers CIBBS and BIOSS, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg i. Br. Germany; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
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7
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Figueira TN, Augusto MT, Rybkina K, Stelitano D, Noval MG, Harder OE, Veiga AS, Huey D, Alabi CA, Biswas S, Niewiesk S, Moscona A, Santos NC, Castanho MARB, Porotto M. Effective in Vivo Targeting of Influenza Virus through a Cell-Penetrating/Fusion Inhibitor Tandem Peptide Anchored to the Plasma Membrane. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3362-3376. [PMID: 30169965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of influenza virus infection is felt each year on a global scale when approximately 5-10% of adults and 20-30% of children globally are infected. While vaccination is the primary strategy for influenza prevention, there are a number of likely scenarios for which vaccination is inadequate, making the development of effective antiviral agents of utmost importance. Anti-influenza treatments with innovative mechanisms of action are critical in the face of emerging viral resistance to the existing drugs. These new antiviral agents are urgently needed to address future epidemic (or pandemic) influenza and are critical for the immune-compromised cohort who cannot be vaccinated. We have previously shown that lipid tagged peptides derived from the C-terminal region of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) were effective influenza fusion inhibitors. In this study, we modified the influenza fusion inhibitors by adding a cell penetrating peptide sequence to promote intracellular targeting. These fusion-inhibiting peptides self-assemble into ∼15-30 nm nanoparticles (NPs), target relevant infectious tissues in vivo, and reduce viral infectivity upon interaction with the cell membrane. Overall, our data show that the CPP and the lipid moiety are both required for efficient biodistribution, fusion inhibition, and efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Figueira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisbon , Portugal.,Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - M T Augusto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisbon , Portugal.,Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - K Rybkina
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - D Stelitano
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - M G Noval
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - O E Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - A S Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - D Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - C A Alabi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - S Biswas
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - S Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - A Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - N C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - M A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - M Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli' , 81100 Caserta , Caserta , Italy
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8
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Liu M, Li S, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Wang J, Sun H. Oral engineered Bifidobacterium longum expressing rhMnSOD to suppress experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 57:25-32. [PMID: 29455070 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, using genetic engineering and bioengineering techniques, Bifidobacterium as a carrier to express specific functions of the protein or polypeptide, has become a new treatment for disease. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although the cause of this inflammatory disorder is still unknown, a large amount of evidence suggests that ulcerative colitis is associated with increased activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a kind of superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathophysiology of colitis. Here, we explored the Bifidobacterium as a drug delivery system to orally deliver a potent anti-inflammatory but poor penetration and stability antioxidant enzymes human MnSOD, transported into cells by a penetratin PEP-1. We constructed an expression vector expressing PEP-1-hMnSOD fusion protein, and successfully expressed hMnSOD fusion protein in engineered Bifidobacterium. Then we identified the bioactivity of engineered Bifidobacterium in LPS-induced inflammatory cell model. Finally, we used Bifidobacterium expressing PEP-1-hMnSOD fusion protein against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mice. B. longum-PEP-1-rhMnSOD can successfully express rhMnSOD in the colon. We found that levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as histological damage in colonic tissues showed that engineered Bifidobacterium effectively reduced dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis, we also tested the MPO, verified the above conclusions. These results suggest that oral Bifidobacterium expressing PEP-1-hMnSOD fusion protein can be treated as a new method of UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Liu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhenrui Xu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hanxiao Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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9
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Okuda-Shinagawa NM, Moskalenko YE, Junqueira HC, Baptista M, Marques CM, Machini MT. Fluorescent and Photosensitizing Conjugates of Cell-Penetrating Peptide TAT(47-57): Design, Microwave-Assisted Synthesis at 60 °C, and Properties. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8156-8166. [PMID: 30023576 PMCID: PMC6044864 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates based on cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are scientifically relevant owing to their structural complexity; their ability to enter cells and deliver drugs, labels, antioxidants, bioactive compounds, or DNA fragments; and, consequently, their potential for application in research and biomedicine. In this study, carboxyamidated fluorescently labeled conjugates FAM-GG-TAT(47-57)-NH2 and FAM-PEG6-TAT(47-57)-NH2 and photosensitizer-labeled conjugate Chk-PEG6-TAT(47-57)-NH2 [where TAT(47-57) is the CPP, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein is the (FAM) fluorophore, chlorin k (Chk) is the photosensitizer, and the dipeptide glycyl-glycine (GG) or hexaethylene glycol (PEG6) is the spacer] were originally designed, prepared, and fully characterized. Practically, all chemical reactions of the synthetic steps (peptide synthesis, spacer incorporation, and conjugation) were microwave-assisted at 60 °C using optimized protocols to give satisfying yields and high-quality products. Detailed analyses of the conjugates using spectrofluorimetry and singlet oxygen detection showed that they display photophysical properties typical of FAM or Chk. Anticandidal activity assays showed that not only this basic property of TAT(47-57) was preserved in the conjugates but also that the minimal inhibitory concentration was slightly reduced for cells incubated with PS-bearing conjugate Chk-PEG6-TAT(47-57)-NH2. Overall, these results indicated that the synthetic approach on-resin assisted by microwaves at 60 °C is simple, straightforward, selective, metal-free, sufficiently fast, cleaner, and more cost-effective than those previously used for preparing this type of macromolecule. Furthermore, such new data show that microwaves at 60 °C and/or conjugation did not harm the integrity of the conjugates' constituents. Therefore, FAM-GG-TAT(47-57)-NH2, FAM-PEG6-TAT(47-57)-NH2, and Chk-PEG6-TAT(47-57)-NH2 have high potential for practical applications in biochemistry, biophysics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Okuda-Shinagawa
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-000 São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yulia E. Moskalenko
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-000 São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena C. Junqueira
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-000 São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício
S. Baptista
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-000 São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Marques
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-000 São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Institut
Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg,
UPR22-CNRS, 23, rue du
Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Terêsa Machini
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-000 São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Design Strategies beyond Primary Structure and Amphipathicity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111929. [PMID: 29117144 PMCID: PMC6150340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient intracellular drug delivery and target specificity are often hampered by the presence of biological barriers. Thus, compounds that efficiently cross cell membranes are the key to improving the therapeutic value and on-target specificity of non-permeable drugs. The discovery of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and the early design approaches through mimicking the natural penetration domains used by viruses have led to greater efficiency of intracellular delivery. Following these nature-inspired examples, a number of rationally designed CPPs has been developed. In this review, a variety of CPP designs will be described, including linear and flexible, positively charged and often amphipathic CPPs, and more rigid versions comprising cyclic, stapled, or dimeric and/or multivalent, self-assembled peptides or peptido-mimetics. The application of distinct design strategies to known physico-chemical properties of CPPs offers the opportunity to improve their penetration efficiency and/or internalization kinetics. This led to increased design complexity of new CPPs that does not always result in greater CPP activity. Therefore, the transition of CPPs to a clinical setting remains a challenge also due to the concomitant involvement of various internalization routes and heterogeneity of cells used in the in vitro studies.
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11
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Pescina S, Sala M, Padula C, Scala MC, Spensiero A, Belletti S, Gatti R, Novellino E, Campiglia P, Santi P, Nicoli S, Ostacolo C. Design and Synthesis of New Cell Penetrating Peptides: Diffusion and Distribution Inside the Cornea. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3876-3883. [PMID: 27676095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) has been challenged in recent years for drug delivery to ocular tissues for the targeting of both anterior and posterior segments. The enhancement of trans-corneal transport for anterior segment targeting is a very important issue possibly leading to important outcomes on efficacy and to the opportunity of topical administration of molecules with unfavorable penetration properties. The aim of the present work was the design and synthesis of new CPPs, deriving from the structure of PEP-1 peptide. Synthesized peptides were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), and their diffusion behavior and distribution inside the cornea were evaluated by a validated ex vivo model and a confocal microscopy approach. Newly synthesized peptides showed similar corneal permeation profiles as PEP-1 (Papp = 0.75 ± 0.56 × 10-6 cm/s), about 2.6-fold higher than 5-FAM (Papp = 0.29 ± 0.08 × 10-6 cm/s) despite the higher molecular weight. Confocal microscopy experiments highlighted the tendency of PEP-1 and its derived peptides to localize in the intercellular space and/or in the plasma membrane. Noteworthy, using penetratin as positive control, a higher trans-corneal permeation (Papp = 6.18 ± 1.46 × 10-6 cm/s) was evidenced together with a diffusion by intracellular route and a different accumulation between wings and basal epithelial cells, probably depending on the stage of cell development. Finally, PEP-1 and pep-7 proved to be safe and well tolerated when tested on human conjuctival cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pescina
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Cristina Padula
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Scala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonia Spensiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Silvana Belletti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma , Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Rita Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma , Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Patrizia Santi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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12
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Henriques ST, Deplazes E, Lawrence N, Cheneval O, Chaousis S, Inserra M, Thongyoo P, King GF, Mark AE, Vetter I, Craik DJ, Schroeder CI. Interaction of Tarantula Venom Peptide ProTx-II with Lipid Membranes Is a Prerequisite for Its Inhibition of Human Voltage-gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17049-65. [PMID: 27311819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ProTx-II is a disulfide-rich peptide toxin from tarantula venom able to inhibit the human voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (hNaV1.7), a channel reported to be involved in nociception, and thus it might have potential as a pain therapeutic. ProTx-II acts by binding to the membrane-embedded voltage sensor domain of hNaV1.7, but the precise peptide channel-binding site and the importance of membrane binding on the inhibitory activity of ProTx-II remain unknown. In this study, we examined the structure and membrane-binding properties of ProTx-II and several analogues using NMR spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show a direct correlation between ProTx-II membrane binding affinity and its potency as an hNaV1.7 channel inhibitor. The data support a model whereby a hydrophobic patch on the ProTx-II surface anchors the molecule at the cell surface in a position that optimizes interaction of the peptide with the binding site on the voltage sensor domain. This is the first study to demonstrate that binding of ProTx-II to the lipid membrane is directly linked to its potency as an hNaV1.7 channel inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyne Deplazes
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan E Mark
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072 and
| | - Irina Vetter
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and the School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Queensland 4102, Australia
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13
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Deuis JR, Dekan Z, Inserra MC, Lee TH, Aguilar MI, Craik DJ, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF, Mobli M, Schroeder CI, Henriques ST, Vetter I. Development of a μO-Conotoxin Analogue with Improved Lipid Membrane Interactions and Potency for the Analgesic Sodium Channel NaV1.8. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11829-42. [PMID: 27026701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The μO-conotoxins MrVIA, MrVIB, and MfVIA inhibit the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8, a well described target for the treatment of pain; however, little is known about the residues or structural elements that define this activity. In this study, we determined the three-dimensional structure of MfVIA, examined its membrane binding properties, performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis, and identified residues important for its activity at human NaV1.8. A second round of mutations resulted in (E5K,E8K)MfVIA, a double mutant with greater positive surface charge and greater affinity for lipid membranes compared with MfVIA. This analogue had increased potency at NaV1.8 and was analgesic in the mouse formalin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Deuis
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia, and
| | | | - Marco C Inserra
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia, and
| | - Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Irina Vetter
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia, and
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14
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Swiecicki JM, Thiebaut F, Di Pisa M, Gourdin-Bertin S, Tailhades J, Mansuy C, Burlina F, Chwetzoff S, Trugnan G, Chassaing G, Lavielle S. How to unveil self-quenched fluorophores and subsequently map the subcellular distribution of exogenous peptides. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20237. [PMID: 26839211 PMCID: PMC4738315 DOI: 10.1038/srep20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is the most popular technique for mapping the subcellular distribution of a fluorescent molecule and is widely used to investigate the penetration properties of exogenous macromolecules, such as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), within cells. Despite the membrane-association propensity of all these CPPs, the signal of the fluorescently labeled CPPs did not colocalize with the plasma membrane. We studied the origin of this fluorescence extinction and the overall consequence on the interpretation of intracellular localizations from CLSM pictures. We demonstrated that this discrepancy originated from fluorescence self-quenching. The fluorescence was unveiled by a “dilution” protocol, i.e. by varying the ratio fluorescent/non-fluorescent CPP. This strategy allowed us to rank with confidence the subcellular distribution of several CPPs, contributing to the elucidation of the penetration mechanism. More generally, this study proposes a broadly applicable and reliable method to study the subcellular distribution of any fluorescently labeled molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Thiebaut
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Margherita Di Pisa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Simon Gourdin-Bertin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8234, PHENIX, Paris, France
| | - Julien Tailhades
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mansuy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Serge Chwetzoff
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM-ERL 1157, CHU Saint Antoine, 27 rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,INRA, UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78350 Jouy-en-Jossas, France
| | - Germain Trugnan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,INRA, UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78350 Jouy-en-Jossas, France
| | - Gérard Chassaing
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Solange Lavielle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL research University, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, Paris, France
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15
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Hostachy S, Swiecicki JM, Sandt C, Delsuc N, Policar C. Photophysical properties of single core multimodal probe for imaging (SCoMPI) in a membrane model and in cells. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2791-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03819g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An unexpected strong luminescence enhancement of a bimodal ReCO probe grafted onto a CPP accurately characterized in a lipid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hostachy
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- Département de Chimie
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 7203 CNRS-ENS-UPMC LBM
- 75005 Paris
| | - J.-M. Swiecicki
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- Département de Chimie
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 7203 CNRS-ENS-UPMC LBM
- 75005 Paris
| | - C. Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL Saint-Aubin
- Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
| | - N. Delsuc
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- Département de Chimie
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 7203 CNRS-ENS-UPMC LBM
- 75005 Paris
| | - C. Policar
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- Département de Chimie
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 7203 CNRS-ENS-UPMC LBM
- 75005 Paris
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16
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Di Pisa M, Chassaing G, Swiecicki JM. Translocation Mechanism(s) of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Biophysical Studies Using Artificial Membrane Bilayers. Biochemistry 2014; 54:194-207. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Chassaing
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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17
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The role of tryptophans on the cellular uptake and membrane interaction of arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:593-602. [PMID: 25445669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are able to efficiently transport cargos across cell membranes without being cytotoxic to cells, thus present a great potential in drug delivery and diagnosis. While the role of cationic residues in CPPs has been well studied, that of Trp is still not clear. Herein 7 peptide analogs of RW9 (RRWWRRWRR, an efficient CPP) were synthesized in which Trp were systematically replaced by Phe residues. Quantification of cellular uptake reveals that substitution of Trp by Phe strongly reduces the internalization of all peptides despite the fact that they strongly accumulate in the cell membrane. Cellular internalization and biophysical studies show that not only the number of Trp residues but also their positioning in the helix and the size of the hydrophobic face they form are important for their internalization efficacy, the highest uptake occurring for the analog with 3 Trp residues. Using CD and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy we observe that all peptides became structured in contact with lipids, mainly in α-helix. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence studies indicate that all peptides partition in the membrane in about the same manner (Kp~10(5)) and that they are located just below the lipid headgroups (~10 Å) with slightly different insertion depths for the different analogs. Plasmon Waveguide Resonance studies reveal a direct correlation between the number of Trp residues and the reversibility of the interaction following membrane washing. Thus a more interfacial location of the CPP renders the interaction with the membrane more adjustable and transitory enhancing its internalization ability.
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18
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Troeira Henriques S, Huang YH, Chaousis S, Wang CK, Craik DJ. Anticancer and toxic properties of cyclotides are dependent on phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid targeting. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1956-65. [PMID: 25099014 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotides, ultrastable disulfide-rich cyclic peptides, can be engineered to bind and inhibit specific cancer targets. In addition, some cyclotides are toxic to cancer cells, though not much is known about their mechanisms of action. Here we delineated the potential mode of action of cyclotides towards cancer cells. A novel set of analogues of kalata B1 (the prototypic cyclotide) and kalata B2 and cycloviolacin O2 were examined for their membrane-binding affinity and selectivity towards cancer cells. By using solution-state NMR, surface plasmon resonance, flow cytometry and bioassays we show that cyclotides are toxic against cancer and non-cancerous cells and their toxicity correlates with their ability to target and disrupt lipid bilayers that contain phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipids. Our results suggest that the potential of cyclotides as anticancer therapeutics might best be realised by combining their amenability to epitope engineering with their ability to bind cancer cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 (Australia).
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19
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Design and characterization of novel antimicrobial peptides, R-BP100 and RW-BP100, with activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:944-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Molecular characterization of the interaction of crotamine-derived nucleolar targeting peptides with lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2707-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Huang J, Lein M, Gunderson C, Holden MA. Direct Quantitation of Peptide-Mediated Protein Transport across a Droplet–Interface Bilayer. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15818-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Max Lein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Christopher Gunderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew A. Holden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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22
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Ribeiro MMB, Pinto ART, Domingues MM, Serrano I, Heras M, Bardaji ER, Tavares I, Castanho MA. Chemical conjugation of the neuropeptide kyotorphin and ibuprofen enhances brain targeting and analgesia. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1929-40. [PMID: 21830793 DOI: 10.1021/mp2003016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical potential of natural analgesic peptides is mainly hampered by their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier, BBB. Increasing peptide-cell membrane affinity through drug design is a promising strategy to overcome this limitation. To address this challenge, we grafted ibuprofen (IBP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to kyotorphin (l-Tyr-l-Arg, KTP), an analgesic neuropeptide unable to cross BBB. Two new KTP derivatives, IBP-KTP (IbKTP-OH) and IBP-KTP-amide (IbKTP-NH(2)), were synthesized and characterized for membrane interaction, analgesic activity and mechanism of action. Ibuprofen enhanced peptide-membrane interaction, endowing a specificity for anionic fluid bilayers. A direct correlation between anionic lipid affinity and analgesic effect was established, IbKTP-NH(2) being the most potent analgesic (from 25 μmol · kg(-1)). In vitro, IbKTP-NH(2) caused the biggest shift in the membrane surface charge of BBB endothelial cells, as quantified using zeta-potential dynamic light scattering. Our results suggest that IbKTP-NH(2) crosses the BBB and acts by activating both opioid dependent and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M B Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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23
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Quantitative assessment of peptide–lipid interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1999-2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Henriques ST, Tan CC, Craik DJ, Clark RJ. Structural and Functional Analysis of Human Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2. Chembiochem 2010; 11:2148-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Henriques ST, Castanho MARB, Pattenden LK, Aguilar MI. Fast membrane association is a crucial factor in the peptide pep-1 translocation mechanism: a kinetic study followed by surface plasmon resonance. Biopolymers 2010; 94:314-22. [PMID: 20049920 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of peptide carriers, termed "cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)" has attracted much attention due to their potential for cellular delivery of hydrophilic molecules with pharmacological interest, overcoming the membrane barrier. These peptides are able to deliver attached cargos in a nontoxic manner, with the uptake mechanisms being either endosomally or physically driven. Pep-1 is a CPP of particular interest, not only due to outstanding delivery rates but also because its mechanism of membrane translocation is exclusively physically driven which appears to be dependent on a very high affinity for the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane. In this study, pep-1-lipid interactions were further explored by characterization of the pep-1-lipid association/dissociation by surface plasmon resonance. Although a high affinity of pep-1 for lipid bilayers was observed in all conditions tested, negatively charged phospholipids resulted in a larger peptide/lipid ratio. We also show that pep-1-membrane interaction is a fast process described by a multistep model initiated by peptide adsorption, primarily governed by electrostatic attractions, and followed by peptide insertion in the hydrophobic membrane core. In the context of a cell-based process, the translocation of pep-1 is a physical mechanism promoted by peptide primary amphipathicity and asymmetric properties of the membrane. This explains the high efficiency rates of pep-1 when compared with other CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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26
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Padari K, Koppel K, Lorents A, Hällbrink M, Mano M, Pedroso de Lima MC, Pooga M. S413-PV Cell-Penetrating Peptide Forms Nanoparticle-Like Structures to Gain Entry Into Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kärt Padari
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaida Koppel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annely Lorents
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mattias Hällbrink
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Miguel Mano
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria C. Pedroso de Lima
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
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27
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The role of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) in membrane lipid phase behavior: a novel aspect elucidating peptide-mediated delivery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [PMID: 19400329 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Henriques ST, Pattenden LK, Aguilar MI, Castanho MARB. The Toxicity of Prion Protein Fragment PrP(106−126) is Not Mediated by Membrane Permeabilization as Shown by a M112W Substitution. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4198-208. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonard Keith Pattenden
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Clayton, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Clayton, Australia
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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29
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Cheung JC, Kim Chiaw P, Deber CM, Bear CE. A novel method for monitoring the cytosolic delivery of peptide cargo. J Control Release 2009; 137:2-7. [PMID: 19285529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of a diverse array of cargos can be mediated by conjugation to cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). To date, delivery of cargos into the cytosol via CPPs has been measured indirectly and normally, has been inferred from changes in biological activity. We describe a novel method to directly assay CPP-mediated delivery of peptide cargo into the cytosol, and use this method to define the kinetics of this process. The CPP and the cargo are differentially labeled with the fluorophores FAM (carboxyfluorescein), and TAMRA (carboxytetramethylrhodamine) respectively, and coupled via a disulfide bond to promote quenching of FAM fluorescence by the proximal TAMRA. Delivery of the peptide pair to cells produces an increase in FAM fluorescence within 10 min, consistent with its rapid transfer into the reducing environment of the cytosol, separation of the two components, and concomitant dequenching. The fluorescence-based assay described here can thus be used to select a CPP module that is optimized for efficient delivery of particular cargos designed to modify molecular targets in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Cheung
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8
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30
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Petrescu AD, Vespa A, Huang H, McIntosh AL, Schroeder F, Kier AB. Fluorescent sterols monitor cell penetrating peptide Pep-1 mediated uptake and intracellular targeting of cargo protein in living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1788:425-41. [PMID: 18992218 PMCID: PMC2680736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) facilitate endocytic uptake of proteins, little is known regarding the extent to which CPPs facilitate protein cargo exit from endocytic vesicles for targeting to other intracellular sites. Since the plasma membrane and less so intracellular membranes contain cholesterol, the fluorescent sterol analogues dansyl-cholestanol (DChol) and dehydroergosterol (DHE) were used to monitor the uptake and intracellular distribution of fluorescent-tagged acyl coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP) into COS-7 cells and rat hepatoma cells. Confocal microscopy colocalized DChol and Texas Red-ACBP (TR-ACBP) with markers for the major endocytosis pathways, especially fluorescent-labeled cholera toxin (marker of ganglioside GM1 in plasma membrane lipid rafts) and dextran (macropinocytosis marker), but less so with transferrin (clathrin-mediated endocytosis marker). These findings were confirmed by multiphoton laser scanning microscopy colocalization of TR-ACBP with DHE (naturally-fluorescent sterol) and by double immunofluorescence labeling of native endogenous ACBP. Serum greatly and Pep-1 further 2.4-fold facilitated uptake of TR-ACBP, but neither altered the relative proportion of TR-ACBP colocalized with membranes/organelles (nearly 80%) vs cytoplasm and/or nucleoplasm (20%). Interestingly, Pep-1 selectively increased TR-ACBP associated with mitochondria while concomitantly decreasing that in endoplasmic reticulum. In summary, fluorescent sterols (DChol, DHE) were useful markers for comparing the distributions of both transported and endogenous proteins. Pep-1 modestly enhanced the translocation and altered the intracellular targeting of exogenous-delivered (TR-ACBP) in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D. Petrescu
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Aude Vespa
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Avery L. McIntosh
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467
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31
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Franquelim HG, Loura LMS, Santos NC, Castanho MARB. Sifuvirtide screens rigid membrane surfaces. establishment of a correlation between efficacy and membrane domain selectivity among HIV fusion inhibitor peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6215-23. [PMID: 18410103 DOI: 10.1021/ja711247n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sifuvirtide, a 36 amino acid negatively charged peptide, is a novel and promising HIV fusion inhibitor, presently in clinical trials. Because of the aromatic amino acid residues of the peptide, its behavior in aqueous solution and the interaction with lipid-membrane model systems (large unilammelar vesicles) were studied by using mainly fluorescence spectroscopy techniques (both steady-state and time-resolved). No significant aggregation of the peptide was observed with aqueous solution. Various biological and nonbiological lipid-membrane compositions were analyzed, and atomic force microscopy was used to visualize phase separation in several of those mixtures. Results showed no significant interaction of the peptide, neither with zwitterionic fluid lipid membranes (liquid-disordered phase), nor with cholesterol-rich membranes (liquid-ordered phase). However, significant partitioning was observed with the positively charged lipid models (K(p) = (2.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(3)), serving as a positive control. Fluorescence quenching using Förster resonance acrylamide and lipophilic probes was carried out to study the location of the peptide in the membrane models. In the gel-phase DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) membrane model, an adsorption of the peptide at the surface of these membranes was observed and confirmed by using Förster resonance energy-transfer experiments. These results indicate a targeting of the peptide to gel-phase domains relatively to liquid-disordered or liquid-ordered phase domains. This larger affinity and selectivity toward the more rigid areas of the membranes, where most of the receptors are found, or to viral membrane, may help explain the improved clinical efficiency of sifuvirtide, by providing a local increased concentration of the peptide at the fusion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri G Franquelim
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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32
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Cationic peptide-induced remodelling of model membranes: Direct visualization by in situ atomic force microscopy. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:121-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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33
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Ziegler A. Thermodynamic studies and binding mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides with lipids and glycosaminoglycans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:580-97. [PMID: 18045730 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) traverse the membrane of biological cells at low micromolar concentrations and are able to take various cargo molecules along with. Despite large differences in their chemical structure, CPPs share the structural similarity of a high cationic charge density. This property confers to them the ability to bind electrostatically membrane constituents such as anionic lipids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Controversies exist, however, about the biological response after the interaction of CPPs with such membrane constituents. Present review compares thermodynamic binding studies with conditions of the biological CPP uptake. It becomes evident that CPPs enter biological cells by different and probably competing mechanisms. For example, some amphipathic CPPs traverse pure lipid model membranes at low micromolar concentrations--at least in the absence of cargos. In contrast, no direct translocation at these conditions is observed for non-amphipathic CPPs. Finally, CPPs bind GAGs at low micromolar concentrations with potential consequences for endocytotic pathways.
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34
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Henriques ST, Castanho MARB. Translocation or membrane disintegration? Implication of peptide–membrane interactions in pep-1 activity. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:482-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Henriques ST, Quintas A, Bagatolli LA, Homblé F, Castanho MARB. Energy-independent translocation of cell-penetrating peptides occurs without formation of pores. A biophysical study with pep-1. Mol Membr Biol 2007; 24:282-93. [PMID: 17520484 DOI: 10.1080/09687860601142936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pep-1 is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) with the ability to translocate across biological membranes and introduce active proteins inside cells. The uptake mechanism used by this CPP is, as yet, unknown in detail. Previous results show that such a mechanism is endocytosis-independent and suggests that physical-chemical interactions between the peptide and lipid bilayers govern the translocation mechanism. Formation of a transmembrane pore has been proposed but this issue has always remained controversial. In this work the secondary structure of pep-1 in the absence/presence of lipidic bilayers was determined by CD and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies and the occurrence of pore formation was evaluated through electrophysiological measurements with planar lipid membranes and by confocal microscopy using giant unilamellar vesicles. Despite pep-1 hydrophobic domain tendency for amphipathic alpha-helix conformation in the presence of lipidic bilayers, there was no evidence for membrane pores in the presence of pep-1. Furthermore, alterations in membrane permeability only occurred for high peptide/lipid ratios, which induced the complete membrane disintegration. Such observations indicate that electrostatic interactions are of first importance in the pep-1-membrane interactions and show that pores are not formed. A peptide-lipid structure is probably formed during peptide partition, which favours peptide translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
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36
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Sharonov A, Hochstrasser RM. Single-molecule imaging of the association of the cell-penetrating peptide Pep-1 to model membranes. Biochemistry 2007; 46:7963-72. [PMID: 17567046 DOI: 10.1021/bi700505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pep-1 is an amphiphatic peptide that can form noncovalent complexes with a cargo protein with subsequent delivery into a live cell. In this study, the behavior of Pep-1 was directly visualized by fluorescent imaging techniques at the single-molecule level of sensitivity. The interactions of Pep-1 and two of its labeled fluorescent analogues with large and cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles and supported bilayers are reported. The role of the bilayer charge and ionic strength of the medium were examined. Pep-1 caused fusion and association of vesicles, and it perturbed the vesicle's membrane. The association of the peptide with neutral bilayers was promoted by anchoring of the cysteamine moiety. The association of the peptide with the structural defects of the neutral membrane was very efficient. The electrostatic forces were shown to be important for the association of the peptide only in low ionic strength solutions and were completely diminished at physiological ionic strength. Pep-1 did not induce the association to the model membrane of a number of proteins chosen to exhibit a range of properties. The results suggest that Pep-1 assisted delivery of cargo in living cells may result from cooperative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sharonov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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37
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Melo MN, Castanho MARB. Omiganan interaction with bacterial membranes and cell wall models. Assigning a biological role to saturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1277-90. [PMID: 17383609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Omiganan pentahydrochloride (ILRWPWWPWRRK-NH(2).5Cl) is an antimicrobial peptide currently in phase III clinical trials. This study aims to unravel the mechanism of action of this drug at the membrane level and address the eventual protective role of peptidoglycan in cell walls. The interaction of omiganan pentahydrochloride with bacterial and mammalian membrane models - large unilamellar vesicles of different POPC:POPG proportions - was characterized by UV-Vis fluorescence spectroscopy. The molar ratio partition constants obtained for the two anionic bacterial membrane models were very high ((18.9+/-1.3)x10(3) and (43.5+/-8.7)x10(3)) and about one order of magnitude greater than for the neutral mammalian models ((3.7+/-0.4)x10(3) for 100% POPC bilayers). At low lipid:peptide ratios there were significant deviations from the usual hyperbolic-like partition behavior of peptide vesicle titration curves, especially for the most anionic systems. Membrane saturation can account for such observations and mathematical models were derived to further characterize the peptide-lipid interaction under those conditions; a possible relation between saturation and MIC was deduced; this was supported by differential quenching studies of peptide internalization. Interaction with the bacterial cell wall was assessed using Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan extracts as a model. A strong partition towards the peptidoglycan mesh was observed, but not as large as for the membrane models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nuno Melo
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da UL, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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38
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Henriques S, Melo M, Castanho M. Cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides: how different are they? Biochem J 2006; 399:1-7. [PMID: 16956326 PMCID: PMC1570158 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some cationic peptides, referred to as CPPs (cell-penetrating peptides), have the ability to translocate across biological membranes in a non-disruptive way and to overcome the impermeable nature of the cell membrane. They have been successfully used for drug delivery into mammalian cells; however, there is no consensus about the mechanism of cellular uptake. Both endocytic and non-endocytic pathways are supported by experimental evidence. The observation that some AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) can enter host cells without damaging their cytoplasmic membrane, as well as kill pathogenic agents, has also attracted attention. The capacity to translocate across the cell membrane has been reported for some of these AMPs. Like CPPs, AMPs are short and cationic sequences with a high affinity for membranes. Similarities between CPPs and AMPs prompted us to question if these two classes of peptides really belong to unrelated families. In this Review, a critical comparison of the mechanisms that underlie cellular uptake is undertaken. A reflection and a new perspective about CPPs and AMPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel Nuno Melo
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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39
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Weller K, Lauber S, Lerch M, Renaud A, Merkle HP, Zerbe O. Biophysical and biological studies of end-group-modified derivatives of Pep-1. Biochemistry 2006; 44:15799-811. [PMID: 16313183 DOI: 10.1021/bi051535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pep-1 is a tryptophane-rich cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) that has been previously proposed to bind protein cargoes by hydrophobic assembly and translocate them across cellular membranes. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for cargo binding and translocation have not been clearly identified. This study was conducted to gain insight into the interaction between Pep-1 with its cargo and the biological membrane to identify the thereby involved structural elements crucial for translocation. We studied three peptides differing in their N- and C-termini: (i) Pep-1, carrying an acetylated N-terminus and a C-terminal cysteamine elongation, (ii) AcPepWAmide, with an acetylated N-terminus and an amidated C-terminus, and (iii) PepW, with two free termini. Thioredoxin (TRX) and beta-galactosidase were used as protein cargoes. To study CPP-membrane interactions, we performed biophysical as well as biological assays. To mimic biological membranes, we used phospholipid liposomes in a dye leakage assay and surfactant micelles for high-resolution NMR studies. In addition, membrane integrity, cell viability, and translocation efficiency were analyzed in HeLa cells. An alpha-helical structure was found for all peptides in the hydrophobic N-terminal region encompassing residues 4-13, whereas the hydrophilic region remained unstructured in the presence of micelles. Our results show that the investigated peptides interacted with the micelles as well as with the protein cargo via their tryptophan-rich domain. All peptides displayed an orientation parallel to the micelle surface. The C-terminal cysteamine group formed an additional membrane anchor, leading to more efficient translocation properties in cells. No membrane permeabilization was observed, and our data were largely compatible with an endocytic pathway for cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weller
- Drug Formulation and Delivery Group, Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Castanho MARB, Fernandes MX. Lipid membrane-induced optimization for ligand-receptor docking: recent tools and insights for the "membrane catalysis" model. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2005; 35:92-103. [PMID: 16217647 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-005-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells in living organisms are regulated by chemical and physical stimuli from their environment. Often, ligands interact with membrane receptors to trigger responses and Sargent and Schwyzer conceived a model to describe this process, "membrane catalysis". There is a notion that the physical organization of membranes can control the response of cells by speeding up reactions. We revisit the "membrane catalysis" model in the light of recent technical, methodological and theoretical advances and how they can be exploited to highlight the details of membrane mediated ligand-receptor interactions. We examine the possible effects that ligand concentration causes in the membrane catalysis and focus our attention in techniques used to determine the partition constant. The hypothetical diffusional advantage associated with membrane catalysis is discussed and the applicability of existing models is assessed. The role of in-depth location and orientation of ligands is explored emphasizing the contribution of new analysis methods and spectroscopic techniques. Results suggest that membranes can optimize the interaction between ligands and receptors through several different effects but the relative contribution of each must be carefully investigated. We certainly hope that the conjugation of the methodological and technical advances here reported will revive the interest in the membrane catalysis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A R B Castanho
- Centro de Quìmica e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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41
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Henriques ST, Costa J, Castanho MARB. Re-evaluating the role of strongly charged sequences in amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides: a fluorescence study using Pep-1. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4498-502. [PMID: 16083883 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are able to translocate across biological membranes and deliver bioactive proteins. Cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of CPPs is commonly evaluated with fluorescent labels, which can alter peptide properties. The effect of carboxyfluorescein label in the Lys-rich domain of the amphipathic CPP pep-1, was evaluated and compared with non-labelled pep-1 in vitro and in vivo. A reduced membrane affinity and an endosomal-dependent translocation mechanism, at variance with non-labelled pep-1, were detected. Therefore, the charged domain is not a mere enabler of peptide adsorption but has a crucial role in the translocation pathway of non-labelled pep-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia T Henriques
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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