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Kumar A, Parveen S, Sharma I, Pathak H, Deshmukh MV, Sharp JA, Kumar S. Structural and mechanistic insights into EchAMP: A antimicrobial protein from the Echidna milk. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1260-1274. [PMID: 30951703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is a problem that necessitates the identification of new antimicrobial molecules. Milk is known to have molecules with antimicrobial properties (AMPs). Echidna Antimicrobial Protein (EchAMP) is one such lactation specific AMP exclusively found in the milk of Echidna, an egg-laying mammal geographically restricted to Australia and New Guinea. Previous studies established that EchAMP exhibits substantial bacteriostatic activity against multiple bacterial genera. However, the subsequent structural and functional studies were hindered due to the unavailability of pure protein. RESULTS In this study, we expressed EchAMP protein using a heterologous expression system and successfully purified it to >95% homogeneity. The purified recombinant protein exhibits bacteriolytic activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as confirmed by live-dead staining and scanning electron microscopy. Structurally, this AMP belongs to the family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) as deciphered by the circular-dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy. Nonetheless, EchAMP has the propensity to acquire structure with amphipathic molecules, or membrane mimics like SDS, lipopolysaccharides, and liposomes as again observed through multiple spectroscopic techniques. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant EchAMP exhibits broad-spectrum bacteriolytic activity by compromising the bacterial cell membrane integrity. Hence, we propose that this intrinsically disordered antimicrobial protein interact with the bacterial cell membrane and undergoes conformational changes to form channels in the membrane resulting in cell lysis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE EchAMP, the evolutionarily conserved, lactation specific AMP from an oviparous mammal may find application as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial against pathogens that affect mammary gland or otherwise cause routine infections in humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sadiya Parveen
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Isha Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Himani Pathak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Mandar V Deshmukh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Julie A Sharp
- Instit for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Satish Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.
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2
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Bhattacharyya D, Kim M, Mroue KH, Park M, Tiwari A, Saleem M, Lee D, Bhunia A. Role of non-electrostatic forces in antimicrobial potency of a dengue-virus derived fusion peptide VG16KRKP: Mechanistic insight into the interfacial peptide-lipid interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:798-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Bioinspired Designs, Molecular Premise and Tools for Evaluating the Ecological Importance of Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030068. [PMID: 29996512 PMCID: PMC6161137 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of recent developments in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), summarizing structural diversity, potential new applications, activity targets and microbial killing responses in general. The use of artificial and natural AMPs as templates for rational design of peptidomimetics are also discussed and some strategies are put forward to curtail cytotoxic effects against eukaryotic cells. Considering the heat-resistant nature, chemical and proteolytic stability of AMPs, we attempt to summarize their molecular targets, examine how these macromolecules may contribute to potential environmental risks vis-à-vis the activities of the peptides. We further point out the evolutional characteristics of the macromolecules and indicate how they can be useful in designing target-specific peptides. Methods are suggested that may help to assess toxic mechanisms of AMPs and possible solutions are discussed to promote the development and application of AMPs in medicine. Even if there is wide exposure to the environment like in the hospital settings, AMPs may instead contribute to prevent healthcare-associated infections so long as ecotoxicological aspects are considered.
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Kaur P, Li Y, Cai J, Song L. Selective Membrane Disruption Mechanism of an Antibacterial γ-AApeptide Defined by EPR Spectroscopy. Biophys J 2017; 110:1789-1799. [PMID: 27119639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-AApeptides are a new class of antibacterial peptidomimetics that are not prone to antibiotic resistance and are highly resistant to protease degradation. It is not clear how γ-AApeptides interact with bacterial membranes and alter lipid assembly, but such information is essential to understanding their antimicrobial activities and guiding future design of more potent and specific antimicrobial agents. Using electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, we characterized the membrane interaction and destabilizing mechanism of a lipo-cyclic-γ-AApeptide (AA1), which has broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The analyses revealed that AA1 binding increases the membrane permeability of POPC/POPG liposomes, which mimic negatively charged bacterial membranes. AA1 binding also inhibits membrane fluidity and reduces solvent accessibility around the lipid headgroup region. Moreover, AA1 interacts strongly with POPC/POPG liposomes, inducing significant lipid lateral-ordering and membrane thinning. In contrast, minimal membrane property changes were observed upon AA1 binding for liposomes mimicking mammalian cell membranes, which consist of neutral lipids and cholesterol. Our findings suggest that AA1 interacts and disrupts bacterial membranes through a carpet-like mechanism. The results showed that the intrinsic features of γ-AApeptides are important for their ability to disrupt bacterial membranes selectively, the implications of which extend to developing new antibacterial biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavanjeet Kaur
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Likai Song
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
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Wu X, Wei PH, Zhu X, Wirth MJ, Bhunia A, Narsimhan G. Effect of immobilization on the antimicrobial activity of a cysteine-terminated antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin P1 tethered to silica nanoparticle against E. coli O157:H7 EDL933. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:305-312. [PMID: 28544962 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the ability to penetrate the cell membrane, form pores which eventually lead to cell death. Immobilization of AMP on nanoparticles can play a major role in antimicrobial materials, biosensors for pathogen detection and in food safety. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of free Cecropin P1 (CP1, sequence SWLSTAKKLENSAKKRLSEGIAIAIQGGPR) and adsorbed on silica nanoparticle against E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 were 0.78μg/ml. This was found to be consistent with preservation of α-helical secondary structure of CP1 upon adsorption as indicated by circular dichroism (CD). Cysteine-terminus modified Cecropin P1 (CP1C, sequence SWLSTAKKLENSAKKRLSEGIAIAIQGGPRC) was chemically immobilized onto silica nanoparticles with maleimide-PEG-NHS ester cross-linkers of different PEG chain lengths. The antimicrobial activity of CP1C in solution and adsorbed on silica nanoparticles against E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 were found to be the same as those for CP1. However, tethered CP1C exhibited much higher MIC of 24.38, 37.55 and 109.82μg/ml for (PEG)20, (PEG)6 and (PEG)2 linkers respectively. The antimicrobial activity of CP1C tethered to silica nanoparticles with (PEG)20 linker was found to be lower for lower surface coverage with MIC values being 86.06, 36.89, 24.38 and 17.84μg/ml for surface coverage of 12.3%, 24.4%, 52.8% and 83.8% respectively. All atom MD simulation of 1:3 DOPG/DOPC mixed membrane interacting with free and PEGlyated CP1C indicated that presence of PEG linker prevented CP1C from interacting with the bilayer which may explain the loss of antimicrobial activity of tethered CP1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Pei-Hsun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Research Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Arun Bhunia
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Ganesan Narsimhan
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Engineering a Novel Porin OmpGF Via Strand Replacement from Computational Analysis of Sequence Motif. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1180-1189. [PMID: 28341438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
β-Barrelmembrane proteins (βMPs) form barrel-shaped pores in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Because of the robustness of their barrel structures, βMPs have great potential as nanosensors for single-molecule detection. However, natural βMPs currently employed have inflexible biophysical properties and are limited in their pore geometry, hindering their applications in sensing molecules of different sizes and properties. Computational engineering has the promise to generate βMPs with desired properties. Here we report a method for engineering novel βMPs based on the discovery of sequence motifs that predominantly interact with the cell membrane and appear in more than 75% of transmembrane strands. By replacing β1-β6 strands of the protein OmpF that lack these motifs with β1-β6 strands of OmpG enriched with these motifs and computational verification of increased stability of its transmembrane section, we engineered a novel βMP called OmpGF. OmpGF is predicted to form a monomer with a stable transmembrane region. Experimental validations showed that OmpGF could refold in vitro with a predominant β-sheet structure, as confirmed by circular dichroism. Evidence of OmpGF membrane insertion was provided by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy, and its pore-forming property was determined by a dye-leakage assay. Furthermore, single-channel conductance measurements confirmed that OmpGF function as a monomer and exhibits increased conductance than OmpG and OmpF. These results demonstrated that a novel and functional βMP can be successfully engineered through strand replacement based on sequence motif analysis and stability calculation.
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Peptoids successfully inhibit the growth of gram negative E. coli causing substantial membrane damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42332. [PMID: 28195195 PMCID: PMC5307948 DOI: 10.1038/srep42332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptoids are an alternative approach to antimicrobial peptides that offer higher stability towards enzymatic degradation. It is essential when developing new types of peptoids, that mimic the function of antimicrobial peptides, to understand their mechanism of action. Few studies on the specific mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptoids have been described in the literature, despite the plethora of studies on the mode of action of antimicrobial peptides. Here, we investigate the mechanism of action of two short cationic peptoids, rich in lysine and tryptophan side chain functionalities. We demonstrate that both peptoids are able to cause loss of viability in E. coli susceptible cells at their MIC (16–32 μg/ml) concentrations. Dye leakage assays demonstrate slow and low membrane permeabilization for peptoid 1, that is still higher for lipid compositions mimicking bacterial membranes than lipid compositions containing Cholesterol. At concentrations of 4 × MIC (64–128 μg/ml), pore formation, leakage of cytoplasmic content and filamentation were the most commonly observed morphological changes seen by SEM in E. coli treated with both peptoids. Flow cytometry data supports the increase of cell size as observed in the quantification analysis from the SEM images and suggests overall decrease of DNA per cell mass over time.
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8
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Yacoub HA, Al-Maghrabi OA, Ahmed ES, Uversky VN. Abundance and functional roles of intrinsic disorder in the antimicrobial peptides of the NK-lysin family. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:836-856. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1164077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A. Yacoub
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekram S. Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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9
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Characterization of antimicrobial activity against Listeria and cytotoxicity of native melittin and its mutant variants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 143:194-205. [PMID: 27011349 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are relatively short peptides that have the ability to penetrate the cell membrane, form pores leading to cell death. This study compares both antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of native melittin and its two mutants, namely, melittin I17K (GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALKSWIKRKRQQ) with a higher charge and lower hydrophobicity and mutant G1I (IIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ) of higher hydrophobicity. The antimicrobial activity against different strains of Listeria was investigated by bioassay, viability studies, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity was examined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay on mammalian Caco-2 cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration of native, mutant I17K, mutant G1I against Listeria monocytogenes F4244 was 0.315±0.008, 0.814±0.006 and 0.494±0.037μg/ml respectively, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration values were 3.263±0.0034, 7.412±0.017 and 5.366±0.019μg/ml respectively. Lag time for inactivation of L. monocytogenes F4244 was observed at concentrations below 0.20 and 0.78μg/ml for native and mutant melittin I17K respectively. The antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes F4244 was in the order native>G1I>I17K. Native melittin was cytotoxic to mammalian Caco-2 cells above concentration of 2μg/ml, whereas the two mutants exhibited negligible cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 8μg/ml. Pore formation in cell wall/membrane was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of native and its mutants indicated that (i) surface native melittin and G1I exhibited higher tendency to penetrate a mimic of bacterial cell membrane and (ii) transmembrane native and I17K formed water channel in mimics of bacterial and mammalian cell membranes.
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10
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Wood SJ, Park YA, Kanneganti NP, Mukkisa HR, Crisman LL, Davis SE, Vandenbosch JL, Scaglione JB, Heyl DL. Modified Cysteine-Deleted Tachyplesin (CDT) Analogs as Linear Antimicrobial Peptides: Influence of Chain Length, Positive Charge, and Hydrophobicity on Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ye W, Lind J, Eriksson J, Mäler L. Characterization of the morphology of fast-tumbling bicelles with varying composition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5488-5496. [PMID: 24785902 DOI: 10.1021/la500231z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Small, fast-tumbling bicelles are frequently used in solution NMR studies of protein-lipid interactions. For this purpose it is critical to have information about the organization of the lipids within the bicelle structure. We have studied the morphology of small, fast-tumbling bicelles containing DMPC and DHPC as a function of temperature, lipid concentration, and the relative ratio (q value) of lipid (DMPC) to detergent (DHPC) amounts. Dynamic light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to measure the size of the bicelles and to monitor the shape and dispersity of the particles in the samples. The stability and size of DMPC-containing bicelle mixtures were found to be highly dependent on temperature and the total lipid concentration for mixtures with q = 1 and q = 1.5. Stable DMPC/DHPC bicelles are only formed at low q values (0.5). Bicelle mixtures with q > 0.5 appear to be multidisperse containing more than one component, one with r(H) around 2.5 nm and one with r(H) of 6-8 nm. This is interpreted as a coexistence of small (possibly mixed micelles) bicelles and much larger bicelles. Incubating the sample at 37 °C increases the phase separation. Moreover, low total amphiphile concentrations and low q values lead to the formation of a temperature-independent morphology, interpreted as the formation of small particles in which the DHPC and DMPC are more mixed. On the basis of these results, we propose the existence of a critical bicelle concentration, a parameter that determines the existence of bilayered bicelles, which varies with q value. This polymorphism was not observed at any concentrations for q = 0.5 bicelles, for which a small but detectable temperature dependence was observed at high concentrations. The results demonstrate that q = 0.5 mixtures predominantly form "classical" bicelles, but that caution is needed when using fast-tumbling mixtures with q values higher than 0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Caillon L, Killian JA, Lequin O, Khemtémourian L. Biophysical investigation of the membrane-disrupting mechanism of the antimicrobial and amyloid-like peptide dermaseptin S9. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75528. [PMID: 24146759 PMCID: PMC3795727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermaseptin S9 (Drs S9) is an atypical cationic antimicrobial peptide with a long hydrophobic core and with a propensity to form amyloid-like fibrils. Here we investigated its membrane interaction using a variety of biophysical techniques. Rather surprisingly, we found that Drs S9 induces efficient permeabilisation in zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles, but not in anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) vesicles. We also found that the peptide inserts more efficiently in PC than in PG monolayers. Therefore, electrostatic interactions between the cationic Drs S9 and anionic membranes cannot explain the selectivity of the peptide towards bacterial membranes. CD spectroscopy, electron microscopy and ThT fluorescence experiments showed that the peptide adopts slightly more β-sheet and has a higher tendency to form amyloid-like fibrils in the presence of PC membranes as compared to PG membranes. Thus, induction of leakage may be related to peptide aggregation. The use of a pre-incorporation protocol to reduce peptide/peptide interactions characteristic of aggregates in solution resulted in more α-helix formation and a more pronounced effect on the cooperativity of the gel-fluid lipid phase transition in all lipid systems tested. Calorimetric data together with 2H- and 31P-NMR experiments indicated that the peptide has a significant impact on the dynamic organization of lipid bilayers, albeit slightly less for zwitterionic than for anionic membranes. Taken together, our data suggest that in particular in membranes of zwitterionic lipids the peptide binds in an aggregated state resulting in membrane leakage. We propose that also the antimicrobial activity of Drs S9 may be a result of binding of the peptide in an aggregated state, but that specific binding and aggregation to bacterial membranes is regulated not by anionic lipids but by as yet unknown factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Caillon
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203 CNRS-UPMC-ENS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - J. Antoinette Killian
- Research Group Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Lequin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203 CNRS-UPMC-ENS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (LK); (OL)
| | - Lucie Khemtémourian
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203 CNRS-UPMC-ENS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (LK); (OL)
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Mäler L. Solution NMR studies of cell-penetrating peptides in model membrane systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1002-11. [PMID: 23137785 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a class of short, often cationic peptides that have the capability to translocate across cellular membranes, and although the translocation most likely involves several pathways, they interact directly with membranes, as well as with model bilayers. Most CPPs attain a three-dimensional structure when interacting with bilayers, while they are more or less unstructured in aqueous solution. To understand the relationship between structure and the effect that CPPs have on membranes it is of great importance to investigate CPPs at atomic resolution in a suitable membrane model. Moreover, the location in bilayers is likely to be correlated with the translocation mechanism. Solution-state NMR offers a unique possibility to investigate structure, dynamics and location of proteins and peptides in bilayers. This review focuses on solution NMR as a tool for investigating CPP-lipid interactions. Structural propensities and cell-penetrating capabilities can be derived from a combination of CPP solution structures and studies of the effect that the peptides have on bilayers and the localization in a bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mäler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kim SY, Lee NK, Han EJ, Paik HD. Characterization of subtilin KU43 Produced by Bacillus subtilis KU43 isolated from traditional Korean fermented foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Wu SP, Huang TC, Lin CC, Hui CF, Lin CH, Chen JY. Pardaxin, a fish antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antitumor activity toward murine fibrosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1852-1872. [PMID: 23015777 PMCID: PMC3447341 DOI: 10.3390/md10081852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor activity of pardaxin, a fish antimicrobial peptide, has not been previously examined in in vitro and in vivo systems for treating murine fibrosarcoma. In this study, the antitumor activity of synthetic pardaxin was tested using murine MN-11 tumor cells as the study model. We show that pardaxin inhibits the proliferation of MN-11 cells and reduces colony formation in a soft agar assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that pardaxin altered the membrane structure similar to what a lytic peptide does, and also produced apoptotic features, such as hollow mitochondria, nuclear condensation, and disrupted cell membranes. A qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that pardaxin induced apoptosis, activated caspase-7 and interleukin (IL)-7r, and downregulated caspase-9, ATF 3, SOCS3, STAT3, cathelicidin, p65, and interferon (IFN)-γ suggesting that pardaxin induces apoptosis through the death receptor/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway after 14 days of treatment in tumor-bearing mice. An antitumor effect was observed when pardaxin (25 mg/kg; 0.5 mg/day) was used to treat mice for 14 days, which caused significant inhibition of MN-11 cell growth in mice. Overall, these results indicate that pardaxin has the potential to be a novel therapeutic agent to treat fibrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; (S.-P.W.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Tsui-Chin Huang
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Cho-Fat Hui
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.-Y.C.); (C.-F.H.); Tel.: +886-920802111 (J.-Y.C.); +886-987836032 (C.-F.H.); Fax: +886-39871035
| | - Cheng-Hui Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; (S.-P.W.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan;
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.-Y.C.); (C.-F.H.); Tel.: +886-920802111 (J.-Y.C.); +886-987836032 (C.-F.H.); Fax: +886-39871035
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17
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Pawar B, Joshi M, Srivastava S, Kanyalkar M. In search of a novel antifungal agent: probing molecular interactions of fluconazole and its analogues with model membranes by NMR and DSC techniques. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:802-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In search of a novel antifungal agent with high susceptibility and increased antifungal potency it is necessary to increase the overall lipophilicity of these agents. In view of that, we have synthesized different carboxylic acid ester analogues of fluconazole, such as fluconazole-benzoate, fluconazole-p-nitrobenzoate, fluconazole-p-methoxybenzoate and fluconazole-toluate, with varying degrees of lipophilicity. In order to probe molecular level interactions of these molecules with biomembrane, lipid bilayers prepared from l-α-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) as the model membrane were used.
Methods
Multinuclear and multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the changes in the thermotropic properties, organization of the membrane and intermolecular interactions.
Key findings
Fluconazole and its analogues show varying degrees of changes in the DPPC bilayer's architecture and physico-chemical characteristics. This might influence important biological features of fungal biomembranes that could be responsible for their respective antifungal effects.
Conclusions
The study indicates that fluconazole-p-methoxybenzoate is the most active among all analogues and therefore could be the most promising antifungal candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Pawar
- Prin K M Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, India
| | - Mamata Joshi
- National Facility for High Field NMR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudha Srivastava
- National Facility for High Field NMR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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18
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Pius J, Morrow MR, Booth V. 2H Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigation of Whole Escherichia coli Interacting with Antimicrobial Peptide MSI-78. Biochemistry 2011; 51:118-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201569t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Pius
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,
NL, Canada A1B 3X9
| | - Michael R. Morrow
- Department
of Physics and Physical
Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Valerie Booth
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,
NL, Canada A1B 3X9
- Department
of Physics and Physical
Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
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19
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Muñoz F, Palomares-Jerez MF, Daleo G, Villalaín J, Guevara MG. Cholesterol and membrane phospholipid compositions modulate the leakage capacity of the swaposin domain from a potato aspartic protease (StAsp-PSI). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1038-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Domenech O, Dufrêne YF, Van Bambeke F, Tukens PM, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Interactions of oritavancin, a new semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide, with lipids extracted from Staphylococcus aureus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1876-85. [PMID: 20599683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oritavancin, a lipoglycopeptide with marked bactericidal activity against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci, induces calcein release from CL:POPE and POPG:POPE liposomes, an effect enhanced by an increase in POPG:POPE ratio, and decreased when replacing POPG by DPPG (Domenech et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1788:1832-40). Using vesicles prepared from lipids extracted from S. aureus, we showed that oritavancin induces holes, erosion of the edges, and decrease of the thickness of the supported lipid bilayers (atomic force microscopy; AFM). Oritavancin also induced an increase of membrane permeability (calcein release) on a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were probably related to the ability of the drug to bind to lipid bilayers as shown by 8-anilino-1- naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) assay. Interaction of oritavancin with phospholipids at the level of their glycerol backbone and hydrophobic domain was studied by monitoring changes of Laurdan excitation generalized polarization (GP(ex)) and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence anisotropy upon temperature increase. Oritavancin increased GP(ex) values and the transition temperature, indicating a more ordered structure at the level of the glycerol backbone. Oritavancin slightly decreased DPH fluorescence depolarization intensities, suggesting an increase in fluidity at the level of acyl chains. Together, our data confirm the interaction of oritavancin with lipids and the potential role of a rigidifying effect at the level of glycerol backbone for membrane permeabilization. This work shows how AFM and biophysical methods may help in characterizing drug-membrane interactions, and sheds further light on the mode of action of oritavancin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Domenech
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Unité de pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, UCL 73.70, avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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21
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Thennarasu S, Tan A, Penumatchu R, Shelburne CE, Heyl DL, Ramamoorthy A. Antimicrobial and membrane disrupting activities of a peptide derived from the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL37. Biophys J 2010; 98:248-57. [PMID: 20338846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 21-residue peptide segment, LL7-27 (RKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDF), corresponding to residues 7-27 of the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, LL37, is shown to exhibit potent activity against microbes (particularly Gram-positive bacteria) but not against erythrocytes. The structure, membrane orientation, and target membrane selectivity of LL7-27 are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence, circular dichroism, and NMR experiments. An anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid uptake assay reveals two distinct modes of Escherichia coli outer membrane perturbation elicited by LL37 and LL7-27. The circular dichroism results show that conformational transitions are mediated by lipid-specific interactions in the case of LL7-27, unlike LL37. It folds into an alpha-helical conformation upon binding to anionic (but not zwitterionic) vesicles, and also does not induce dye leakage from zwitterionic lipid vesicles. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms show that LL7-27 is completely integrated with DMPC/DMPG (3:1) liposomes, but induces peptide-rich and peptide-poor domains in DMPC liposomes. (15)N NMR experiments on mechanically aligned lipid bilayers suggest that, like the full-length peptide LL37, the peptide LL7-27 is oriented close to the bilayer surface, indicating a carpet-type mechanism of action for the peptide. (31)P NMR spectra obtained from POPC/POPG (3:1) bilayers containing LL7-27 show substantial disruption of the lipid bilayer structure and agree with the peptide's ability to induce dye leakage from POPC/POPG (3:1) vesicles. Cholesterol is shown to suppress peptide-induced disorder in the lipid bilayer structure. These results explain the susceptibility of bacteria and the resistance of erythrocytes to LL7-27, and may have implications for the design of membrane-selective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiah Thennarasu
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Sinkeldam RW, Greco NJ, Tor Y. Fluorescent analogs of biomolecular building blocks: design, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2579-619. [PMID: 20205430 PMCID: PMC2868948 DOI: 10.1021/cr900301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renatus W. Sinkeldam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
| | | | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
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23
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Ramamoorthy A, Lee DK, Narasimhaswamy T, Nanga RPR. Cholesterol reduces pardaxin's dynamics-a barrel-stave mechanism of membrane disruption investigated by solid-state NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1798:223-7. [PMID: 19716800 PMCID: PMC2812650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While high-resolution 3D structures reveal the locations of all atoms in a molecule, it is the dynamics that correlates the structure with the function of a biological molecule. The complete characterization of dynamics of a membrane protein is in general complex. In this study, we report the influence of dynamics on the channel-forming function of pardaxin using chemical shifts and dipolar couplings measured from 2D broadband-PISEMA experiments on mechanically aligned phospholipids bilayers. Pardaxin is a 33-residue antimicrobial peptide originally isolated from the Red Sea Moses sole, Pardachirus marmoratus, which functions via either a carpet-type or barrel-stave mechanism depending on the membrane composition. Our results reveal that the presence of cholesterol significantly reduces the backbone motion and the tilt angle of the C-terminal amphipathic helix of pardaxin. In addition, a correlation between the dynamics-induced heterogeneity in the tilt of the C-terminal helix and the membrane disrupting activity of pardaxin by the barrel-stave mechanism is established. This correlation is in excellent agreement with the absence of hemolytic activity for the derivatives of pardaxin. These results explain the role of cholesterol in the selectivity of the broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activities of pardaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
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24
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Sugawara M, Resende JM, Moraes CM, Marquette A, Chich J, Metz‐Boutigue M, Bechinger B. Membrane structure and interactions of human catestatin by multidimensional solution and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. FASEB J 2010; 24:1737-46. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-142554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masae Sugawara
- Université de Strasbourg Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Strasbourg France
| | - Jarbas M. Resende
- Université de Strasbourg Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Strasbourg France
| | | | - Arnaud Marquette
- Université de Strasbourg Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Strasbourg France
| | - Jean‐Francois Chich
- INSERM U575 Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | | | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Université de Strasbourg Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Strasbourg France
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25
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Epand RM, Epand RF, Berno B, Pelosi L, Brandolin G. Association of phosphatidic acid with the bovine mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. Biochemistry 2010; 48:12358-64. [PMID: 19902971 DOI: 10.1021/bi901769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beef heart adenine nucleotide carrier protein (Anc) of the inner mitochondrial membrane can be purified in a form stabilized by binding the inhibitor carboxyatractyloside. The protein is copurified with bound lipid. We show for the first time that phosphatidic acid, although a minor component, is one of the lipids bound to Anc. The short spin-lattice relaxation time found by (31)P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS/NMR) for phosphatidic acid indicates that it is tightly bound to the protein. However, this lipid also has a comparatively small chemical shift anisotropy, suggesting that it can undergo rapid reorientation in space. In contrast, most of the lipid bound to Anc shows anisotropic motion typical of a bilayer arrangement. The phosphatidic acid that is detected in the purified preparation of Anc is also shown to be present initially in the unfractionated mitochondria, prior to the isolation of Anc. In Triton-solubilized mitochondria, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine exhibit resonance lines in the static (31)P NMR spectra, but in the purified Anc, only the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine can be detected by this method, even though the other lipids are still present. This demonstrates that the phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin are interacting with the Anc. The thermal denaturation of the Anc was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The protein denatures at 74 degrees C both before and after the NMR studies with the same characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, OntarioL8N 3Z5, Canada.
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26
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Bourbigot S, Fardy L, Waring AJ, Yeaman MR, Booth V. Structure of chemokine-derived antimicrobial Peptide interleukin-8alpha and interaction with detergent micelles and oriented lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10509-21. [PMID: 19813761 DOI: 10.1021/bi901311p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8alpha (IL-8alpha) is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the chemokine IL-8. Solution NMR was used to determine the atomic-resolution structure of IL-8alpha in SDS micelles. Solid-state NMR and tryptophan fluorescence were used to probe the interaction of IL-8alpha with model membranes. The peptide interacted differently with anionic versus purely zwitterionic micelles or bilayers. Tryptophan fluorescence demonstrated a deeper position of Trp4 in SDS micelles and POPC/POPG bilayers compared to pure POPC bilayers, consistent with (2)H order parameters, which also indicated a deeper position of the peptide in POPC/POPG bilayers compared to POPC bilayers. Paramagnetic probe data showed that IL-8alpha was situated roughly parallel to the SDS micelle surface, with a slight tilt that positioned the N-terminus more deeply in the micelle compared to the C-terminus. (15)N solid-state NMR spectra indicated a similar, nearly parallel position for the peptide in POPC/POPG bilayers. (31)P and (2)H solid-state NMR demonstrated that the peptide did not induce the formation of any nonlamellar phases and did not significantly disrupt bilayer orientation in aligned model membranes composed of POPC or POPC and POPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bourbigot
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
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27
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D'Souza C, Kanyalkar M, Joshi M, Coutinho E, Srivastava S. Search for novel neuraminidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and interaction of oseltamivir derivatives with model membrane using docking, NMR and DSC methods. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1740-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Ausili A, de Godos A, Torrecillas A, Corbalán-García S, Gómez-Fernández JC. The interaction of the Bax C-terminal domain with membranes is influenced by the presence of negatively charged phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1924-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Biophysical studies of the membrane location of the voltage-gated sensors in the HsapBK and KvAP K+ channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1976-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Temporins and their synergism against Gram-negative bacteria and in lipopolysaccharide detoxification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1610-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Yang TC, McDonald M, Morrow MR, Booth V. The effect of a C-terminal peptide of surfactant protein B (SP-B) on oriented lipid bilayers, characterized by solid-state 2H- and 31P-NMR. Biophys J 2009; 96:3762-71. [PMID: 19413982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SP-B(CTERM), a cationic, helical peptide based on the essential lung surfactant protein B (SP-B), retains a significant fraction of the function of the full-length protein. Solid-state (2)H- and (31)P-NMR were used to examine the effects of SP-B(CTERM) on mechanically oriented lipid bilayer samples. SP-B(CTERM) modified the multilayer structure of bilayers composed of POPC, POPG, POPC/POPG, or bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES), even at relatively low peptide concentrations. The (31)P spectra of BLES, which contains approximately 1% SP-B, and POPC/POPG with 1% SP-B(CTERM), look very similar, supporting a similarity in lipid interactions of SP-B(CTERM) and its parent protein, full-length SP-B. In the model systems, although the peptide interacted with both the oriented and unoriented fractions of the lipids, it interacted differently with the two fractions, as demonstrated by differences in lipid headgroup structure induced by the peptide. On the other hand, although SP-B(CTERM) induced similar disruptions in overall bilayer orientation in BLES, there was no evidence of lipid headgroup conformational changes in either the oriented or the unoriented fractions of the BLES samples. Notably, in the model lipid systems the peptide did not induce the formation of small, rapidly tumbling lipid structures, such as micelles, or of hexagonal phases, the observation of which would have provided support for functional mechanisms involving peptide-induced lipid flip-flop or stabilization of curved lipid structures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran-Chin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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32
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Ramamoorthy A. Beyond NMR spectra of antimicrobial peptides: dynamical images at atomic resolution and functional insights. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 35:201-7. [PMID: 19386477 PMCID: PMC2694728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable current interest in understanding the function of antimicrobial peptides for the development of potent novel antibiotic compounds with a very high selectivity. Since their interaction with the cell membrane is the major driving force for their function, solid-state NMR spectroscopy is the unique method of choice to study these insoluble, non-crystalline, membrane-peptide complexes. Here I discuss solid-state NMR studies of antimicrobial peptides that have reported high-resolution structure, dynamics, orientation, and oligomeric states of antimicrobial peptides in a membrane environment, and also address important questions about the mechanism of action at atomic-level resolution. Increasing number of solid-state NMR applications to antimicrobial peptides are expected in the near future, as these compounds are promising candidates to overcome ever-increasing antibiotic resistance problem and are well suited for the development and applications of solid-state NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.
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33
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Walch M, Rampini SK, Stoeckli I, Latinovic-Golic S, Dumrese C, Sundstrom H, Vogetseder A, Marino J, Glauser DL, van den Broek M, Sander P, Groscurth P, Ziegler U. Involvement of CD252 (CD134L) and IL-2 in the expression of cytotoxic proteins in bacterial- or viral-activated human T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7569-79. [PMID: 19494280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cytotoxic effector molecule expression in human CTLs after viral or bacterial activation is poorly understood. By using human autologous dendritic cells (DCs) to prime T lymphocytes, we found perforin only highly up-regulated in virus- (HSV-1, vaccinia virus) but not in intracellular bacteria- (Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae) activated CTLs. In contrast, larger quantities of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were produced in Listeria-stimulated cultures. Granzyme B and granulysin were similarly up-regulated by all tested viruses and intracellular bacteria. DCs infected with HSV-1 showed enhanced surface expression of the costimulatory molecule CD252 (CD134L) compared with Listeria-infected DC and induced enhanced secretion of IL-2. Adding blocking CD134 or neutralizing IL-2 Abs during T cell activation reduced the HSV-dependent up-regulation of perforin. These data indicate a distinct CTL effector function in response to intracellular pathogens triggered via differing endogenous IL-2 production upon costimulation through CD252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walch
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Salnikov ES, Mason AJ, Bechinger B. Membrane order perturbation in the presence of antimicrobial peptides by 2H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Biochimie 2009; 91:734-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Nanga RPR, Brender JR, Xu J, Veglia G, Ramamoorthy A. Structures of rat and human islet amyloid polypeptide IAPP(1-19) in micelles by NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2009; 47:12689-97. [PMID: 18989932 DOI: 10.1021/bi8014357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the cellular membrane by the amyloidogenic peptide IAPP (or amylin) has been implicated in beta-cell death during type 2 diabetes. While the structure of the mostly inert fibrillar form of IAPP has been investigated, the structural details of the highly toxic prefibrillar membrane-bound states of IAPP have been elusive. A recent study showed that a fragment of IAPP (residues 1-19) induces membrane disruption to a similar extent as the full-length peptide. However, unlike the full-length IAPP peptide, IAPP(1-19) is conformationally stable in an alpha-helical conformation when bound to the membrane. In vivo and in vitro measurements of membrane disruption indicate the rat version of IAPP(1-19), despite differing from hIAPP(1-19) by the single substitution of Arg18 for His18, is significantly less toxic than hIAPP(1-19), in agreement with the low toxicity of the full-length rat IAPP peptide. To investigate the origin of this difference at the atomic level, we have solved the structures of the human and rat IAPP(1-19) peptides in DPC micelles. While both rat and human IAPP(1-19) fold into similar mostly alpha-helical structures in micelles, paramagnetic quenching NMR experiments indicate a significant difference in the membrane orientation of hIAPP(1-19) and rIAPP(1-19). At pH 7.3, the more toxic hIAPP(1-19) peptide is buried deeper within the micelle, while the less toxic rIAPP(1-19) peptide is located at the surface of the micelle. Deprotonating H18 in hIAPP(1-19) reorients the peptide to the surface of the micelle. This change in orientation is in agreement with the significantly reduced ability of hIAPP(1-19) to cause membrane disruption at pH 6.0. This difference in peptide topology in the membrane may correspond to similar topology differences for the full-length human and rat IAPP peptides, with the toxic human IAPP peptide adopting a transmembrane orientation and the nontoxic rat IAPP peptide bound to the surface of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash Reddy Nanga
- Department of Biophysics and Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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36
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How does the Bax-α1 targeting sequence interact with mitochondrial membranes? The role of cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:623-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Nandel FS, Sahrawat TR. Conformational study of poly-ΔAbu peptides and construction of amphipathic nanostructure. Biopolymers 2009; 92:44-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Nakazawa Y, Suzuki Y, Williamson MP, Saitô H, Asakura T. The interaction of amyloid Abeta(1-40) with lipid bilayers and ganglioside as studied by 31P solid-state NMR. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 158:54-60. [PMID: 19138679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is a major component of plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and formation of senile plaques has been suggested to originate from regions of neuronal membrane rich in gangliosides. We analyzed the mode of interaction of Abeta with lipid bilayers by multinuclear NMR using (31)P nuclei. We found that Abeta (1-40) strongly perturbed the bilayer structure of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), to form a non-lamellar phase (most likely micellar). The ganglioside GM1 potentiated the effect of Abeta (1-40), as viewed from (31)P NMR. The difference of the isotropic peak intensity between DMPC/Abeta and DMPC/GM1/Abeta suggests a specific interaction between Abeta and GM1. We show that in the DMPC/GM1/Abeta system there are three lipid phases, namely a lamellar phase, a hexagonal phase and non-oriented lipids. The latter two phases are induced by the presence of the Abeta peptide, and facilitated by GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumoto Nakazawa
- Nature and Science Museum, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588 Japan
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Lee DK, Kwon BS, Ramamoorthy A. Freezing point depression of water in phospholipid membranes: a solid-state NMR study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13598-13604. [PMID: 18991419 PMCID: PMC2649677 DOI: 10.1021/la8023698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-water interaction plays an important role in the properties of lipid bilayers, cryoprotectants, and membrane-associated peptides and proteins. The temperature at which water bound to lipid bilayers freezes is lower than that of free water. Here, we report a solid-state NMR investigation on the freezing point depression of water in phospholipid bilayers in the presence and absence of cholesterol. Deuterium NMR spectra at different temperatures ranging from -75 to + 10 degrees C were obtained from fully (2)H2O-hydrated POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine) multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), prepared with and without cholesterol, to determine the freezing temperature of water and the effect of cholesterol on the freezing temperature of water in POPC bilayers. Our 2H NMR experiments reveal the motional behavior of unfrozen water molecules in POPC bilayers even at temperatures significantly below 0 degrees C and show that the presence of cholesterol further lowered the freezing temperature of water in POPC bilayers. These results suggest that in the presence of cholesterol the fluidity and dynamics of lipid bilayers can be retained even at very low temperatures as exist in the liquid crystalline phase of the lipid. Therefore, bilayer samples prepared with a cryoprotectant like cholesterol should enable the performance of multidimensional solid-state NMR experiments to investigate the structure, dynamics, and topology of membrane proteins at a very low temperature with enhanced sample stability and possibly a better sensitivity. Phosphorus-31 NMR data suggest that lipid bilayers can be aligned at low temperatures, while 15N NMR experiments demonstrate that such aligned samples can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of is 15N chemical shift spectra of a 37-residue human antimicrobial peptide, LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea.
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Interaction between Alzheimer's Aβ(25–35) peptide and phospholipid bilayers: The role of cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2710-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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D'Souza C, Kanyalkar M, Joshi M, Coutinho E, Srivastava S. Probing molecular level interaction of oseltamivir with H5N1-NA and model membranes by molecular docking, multinuclear NMR and DSC methods. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:484-94. [PMID: 19100712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design has led to the introduction of three drugs--oseltamivir (GS-4104), zanamivir (GG-167) and peramivir (RWJ-270201) which target the enzyme neuraminidase, for treatment of influenza infections. Using comparative docking studies we propose that more potent molecules against neuraminidase can be obtained by appending extra positively charged substituents at the C5 position of the oseltamivir skeleton. This provides an additional interaction with the enzyme and may overcome the problem of resistance encountered with these drugs. To get an insight into the transport and absorption of oseltamivir--the ethyl ester prodrug (GS-4104) as well as its mechanism of action, we have carried out 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, DSC and TEM studies on GS-4104 with model membranes prepared from DMPC/DPPC/POPC. These studies reveal that interactions between GS-4104 and the membrane are both electrostatic (involving H-bonding) and hydrophobic (involving the hydrophobic chain and cyclohexene ring of GS-4104) in nature. The prodrug is seen to increase the fluidity as well as stabilize the bilayer phase of the membrane. This property may be responsible for preventing viral entry into the cells by preventing fusion of the virus outer coat with the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte D'Souza
- Prin K M Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai-400005, India
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42
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Lind J, Nordin J, Mäler L. Lipid dynamics in fast-tumbling bicelles with varying bilayer thickness: Effect of model transmembrane peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2526-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bhattacharya S, Bajaj A. Fluorescence and thermotropic studies of the interactions of PEI-cholesterol based PEI-chol lipopolymers with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aichinger MC, Ortbauer M, Reipert S, Zauner W, Bogner P, Froschauer E, Nowikovsky K, Lingnau K, von Gabain A, Schweyen R, Henics T. Unique membrane-interacting properties of the immunostimulatory cationic peptide KLKL(5)KLK (KLK). Cell Biol Int 2008; 32:1449-58. [PMID: 18771740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have monitored the effects of KLKL(5)KLK (KLK), a derivative of a natural cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAP) on isolated membrane vesicles, and investigated the partition of the peptide within these structures. KLK readily interacted with fluorescent dyes entrapped in the vesicles without apparent pore formation. Fractionation of vesicles revealed KLK predominantly in the membrane. Peptide-treated vesicles appeared with generally disorganized bilayers. While KLK showed no effect on osmotic resistance of human erythrocytes, dramatic decrease in core and surface membrane fluidity was observed in peptide-treated erythrocyte ghosts as measured by fluorescence anisotropy. Finally, CD spectroscopy revealed lipid-induced random coil to beta-sheet and beta-sheet to alpha-helix conformational transitions of KLK. Together with the oligonucleotide oligo-d(IC)(13) [ODN1a], KLK functions as a novel adjuvant, termed IC31. Among other immunological effects, KLK appears to facilitate the uptake and delivery of ODN1a into cellular compartments, but the nature of KLK's interaction with the cell surface and other membrane-bordered compartments remains unknown. Our results suggest a profound membrane interacting property of KLK that might contribute to the immunostimulatory activities of IC31.
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Gayen A, Mukhopadhyay C. Evidence for effect of GM1 on opioid peptide conformation: NMR study on leucine enkephalin in ganglioside-containing isotropic phospholipid bicelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5422-5432. [PMID: 18412380 DOI: 10.1021/la704056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enkephalins are endogenous neuropeptides that have opioid-like activities and compete with morphines for the receptor binding. The binding of these neuropeptides to membrane appears crucial since enkephalins interact with the nerve cell membranes to achieve bioactive conformations that fit onto multiple receptor sites (micro, delta, and kappa). Using NMR spectroscopy, we have determined the solution structure of the small opiate pentapeptide leucine enkephalin in the presence of isotropic phospholipid bicelles: phosphocholine bicelles (DMPC:CHAPS 1:4) and phosphocholine bicelles doped with ganglioside GM1 (DMPC:CHAPS:GM1 1:4:0.3). Bicelles containing GM1 were found to interact strongly with leucine enkephalin, whereas a somewhat weaker interaction was observed in the case of bicelles without GM1. Structure calculation from torsion angles, chemical shifts, and NOE-based distance constraints explored that the peptide could flexibly switch between several mu- and delta-selective conformations in both the bicelles though micro-selective conformations turned out to be geometrically preferred in each bicellar system. A detailed analysis of the structures presented supports the variance over the singly associated conformation of enkephalin in nerve cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Gayen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 009, India
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Hoskin DW, Ramamoorthy A. Studies on anticancer activities of antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1778:357-75. [PMID: 18078805 PMCID: PMC2238813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of great advances in cancer therapy, there is considerable current interest in developing anticancer agents with a new mode of action because of the development of resistance by cancer cells towards current anticancer drugs. A growing number of studies have shown that some of the cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are toxic to bacteria but not to normal mammalian cells, exhibit a broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Such studies have considerably enhanced the significance of AMPs, both synthetic and from natural sources, which have been of importance both for an increased understanding of the immune system and for their potential as clinical antibiotics. The electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged components of bacterial and cancer cells and the positively charged AMPs is believed to play a major role in the strong binding and selective disruption of bacterial and cancer cell membranes, respectively. However, it is unclear why some host defense peptides are able to kill cancer cells when others do not. In addition, it is not clear whether the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the antibacterial and anticancer activities of AMPs are the same or different. In this article, we review various studies on different AMPs that exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. The suitability of cancer cell-targeting AMPs as cancer therapeutics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Hoskin
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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Song C, Nerdal W. Olanzapine interaction with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylserine (POPS) bilayer: a (13)C and (31)P solid-state NMR study. Biophys Chem 2008; 134:47-55. [PMID: 18241977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid bilayer interaction of olanzapine (OLZ), a thienobenzodiazepine derivative and an antipsychotic agent, has been studied with (13)C and (31)P solid-state NMR. A dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (60%)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylserine (40%) bilayer (DPPC(60%)/POPS(40%)) with 50 wt.% H(2)O, with and without 10 mol% OLZ have been investigated. The results reveal that both the serine and the choline head groups are affected by OLZ interaction with the bilayer. The OLZ interaction with the serine and the choline head groups appears to be caused by electrostatic attraction to the serine head group carboxyl and repulsion of the choline head group positively charged nitrogen. (31)P MAS NMR experiments show the appearance of two new (31)P resonances both for the PS and the PC phosphorous in the presence of OLZ. Static (31)P NMR spectra demonstrate a decrease in chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) of the OLZ containing bilayer when in the liquid-crystalline phase and an increase in CSA when in the gel state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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Cruzeiro-Silva C, Gomes-Neto F, Tinoco LW, Cilli EM, Barros PVR, Lapido-Loureiro PA, Bisch PM, Almeida FCL, Valente AP. Structural biology of membrane-acting peptides: conformational plasticity of anticoccidial peptide PW2 probed by solution NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:3182-92. [PMID: 17927950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The bottleneck for the complete understanding of the structure-function relationship of flexible membrane-acting peptides is its dynamics. At the same time, not only the structure but also the dynamics are the key points for their mechanism of action. Our model is PW2, a TRP-rich, cationic peptide selected from phage display libraries that shows anticoccidial activity against Eimeria acervulina. In this manuscript we used a combination of several NMR techniques to tackle these difficulties. The structural features of the membrane-acting peptide PW2 was studied in several membrane mimetic environments: we compared the structural features of PW2 in SDS and DPC micelles, that were reported earlier, with the structure properties in different lipid vesicles and the peptide free in water. We were able to unify the structural information obtained in each of these systems. The structural constraints of the peptide free in water were fundamental for the understanding of plasticity necessary for the membrane interaction. Our data suggested that the WWR sequence is the region responsible for anchoring the peptide to the interfaces, and that this same region displays some degree of conformational order in solution. For PW2, we found that affinity is related to the aromatic region, by anchoring the peptide to the membrane, and specificity is related to the N- and C-termini, which are able to accommodate in the membrane due to its plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cruzeiro-Silva
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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49
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Lin KF, Lee TR, Tsai PH, Hsu MP, Chen CS, Lyu PC. Structure-based protein engineering for alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of plant defensin. Proteins 2007; 68:530-40. [PMID: 17444520 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a novel plant defensin isolated from the seeds of the mung bean, Vigna radiate, has been determined by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The three-dimensional structure of VrD2, the V. radiate plant defensin 2 protein, comprises an alpha-helix and one triple-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet stabilized by four disulfide bonds. This protein exhibits neither insecticidal activity nor alpha-amylase inhibitory activity in spite of showing a similar global fold to that of VrD1, an insecticidal plant defensin that has been suggested to function by inhibiting insect alpha-amylase. Our previous study proposed that loop L3 of plant defensins is important for this inhibition. Structural analyses and surface charge comparisons of VrD1 and VrD2 revealed that the charged residues of L3 correlate with the observed difference in inhibitory activities of these proteins. A VrD2 chimera that was produced by transferring the proposed functional loop of VrD1 onto the structurally equivalent loop of VrD2 supported this hypothesis. The VrD2 chimera, which differs by only five residues compared with VrD2, showed obvious activity against Tenebrio molitor alpha-amylase. These results clarify the mode of alpha-amylase inhibition of plant defensins and also represent a possible approach for engineering novel alpha-amylase inhibitors. Plant defensins are important constituents of the innate immune system of plants, and thus the application of protein engineering to this protein family may provide an efficient method for protecting against crop losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Feng Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,Taiwan
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Mason AJ, Marquette A, Bechinger B. Zwitterionic phospholipids and sterols modulate antimicrobial peptide-induced membrane destabilization. Biophys J 2007; 93:4289-99. [PMID: 17766347 PMCID: PMC2098721 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic amphipathic alpha-helical peptides preferentially disrupt anionic lipids in mixed model membranes, potentially causing a catastrophic release of the cell contents or attenuation of the membrane potential. The effective role of such peptides requires considerable discrimination between target and host cells, which is likely to occur at the level of the cell membrane. Here, we explore the roles of a variety of common membrane constituents in mediating the interaction between the antimicrobial peptide pleurocidin and model membranes. We employ intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism to observe the effect of increasing concentrations of sterol in the membrane on peptide binding, using (2)H solid-state NMR of chain deuterated lipids simultaneously to probe the effective chain disruption of the anionic phospholipid component of the membrane. We show that the degree of ordering of the lipid acyl chains in the membrane is dependent on the nature of the zwitterionic phospholipid headgroup in mixed anionic membranes. Furthermore, the presence of cholesterol and ergosterol increases acyl chain order in the liquid crystalline model membranes, but to differing degrees. Our results show how sterols can protect even negatively charged membranes from the disruptive effects of antimicrobial peptides, thereby providing a molecular view of the differences in sensitivity of various target membranes to linear cationic antibiotic peptides where bacteria (no sterols) are most susceptible, lower eukaryotes including fungi (containing ergosterol) exhibit an intermediate degree of sensitivity, and higher organisms (containing cholesterol) are largely resistant to antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Mason
- Faculté de chimie, Université Louis Pasteur/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France.
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