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Rohou A, Morris EP, Makarova J, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA. α-Latrotoxin Tetramers Spontaneously Form Two-Dimensional Crystals in Solution and Coordinated Multi-Pore Assemblies in Biological Membranes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:248. [PMID: 38922143 PMCID: PMC11209280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Latrotoxin (α-LTX) was found to form two-dimensional (2D) monolayer arrays in solution at relatively low concentrations (0.1 mg/mL), with the toxin tetramer constituting a unit cell. The crystals were imaged using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), and image analysis yielded a ~12 Å projection map. At this resolution, no major conformational changes between the crystalline and solution states of α-LTX tetramers were observed. Electrophysiological studies showed that, under the conditions of crystallization, α-LTX simultaneously formed multiple channels in biological membranes that displayed coordinated gating. Two types of channels with conductance levels of 120 and 208 pS were identified. Furthermore, we observed two distinct tetramer conformations of tetramers both when observed as monodisperse single particles and within the 2D crystals, with pore diameters of 11 and 13.5 Å, suggestive of a flickering pore in the middle of the tetramer, which may correspond to the two states of toxin channels with different conductance levels. We discuss the structural changes that occur in α-LTX tetramers in solution and propose a mechanism of α-LTX insertion into the membrane. The propensity of α-LTX tetramers to form 2D crystals may explain many features of α-LTX toxicology and suggest that other pore-forming toxins may also form arrays of channels to exert maximal toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rohou
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Edward P. Morris
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London SW7 3RP, UK;
| | - Julia Makarova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Yuri A. Ushkaryov
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
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Shatursky OY, Manoilov KY, Gorbatiuk OB, Usenko MO, Zhukova DA, Vovk AI, Kobzar OL, Trikash IO, Borisova TA, Kolibo DV, Komisarenko SV. The geometry of diphtheria toxoid CRM197 channel assessed by thiazolium salts and nonelectrolytes. Biophys J 2021; 120:2577-2591. [PMID: 33940022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometry of the channel formed by nontoxic derivative of diphtheria toxin CRM197 in lipid bilayer was determined using the dependence of single-channel conductance upon the hydrodynamic radii of different nonelectrolytes. It was found that the cis entrance of CRM197 channel on the side of membrane to which the toxoid was added at pH 4.8 and the trans entrance on the opposite side at pH 6.0 had effective radii of 3.90 and 3.48 Å, respectively. The 3-alkyloxycarbonylmethyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium salts reversibly reduced current via CRM197 channels. The potency of the blockers increased with increasing length of alkyl chain at symmetric pH 6.0 and remained high and stable at pH 4.8 on the cis side. Comparative analysis of CRM197 and amphotericin B pore size with the inhibitory action of thiazolium salts revealed a significant increase in CRM197 pore dimension at pH 6.0. Addition of thiazolium salt with nine carbons alkyl tail increased by ∼30% the viability of human carcinoma cells A431 treated with diphtheria toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Ya Shatursky
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine.
| | - Kyrylo Yu Manoilov
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Oksana B Gorbatiuk
- Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NAS of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine; State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, NAMS of Ukraine, Andriivsky ds. 28 A, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mariya O Usenko
- Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NAS of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo Str. 150, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine; State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, NAMS of Ukraine, Andriivsky ds. 28 A, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariia A Zhukova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Andriy I Vovk
- Department of Bioorganic Mechanisms, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr L Kobzar
- Department of Bioorganic Mechanisms, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Irene O Trikash
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana A Borisova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Denys V Kolibo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Serhiy V Komisarenko
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
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Stöckl M, Herrmann A. Detection of lipid domains in model and cell membranes by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1444-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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