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Darwish RM, Salama AH. Developing antibacterial peptides as a promising therapy for combating antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Vet World 2024; 17:1259-1264. [PMID: 39077460 PMCID: PMC11283607 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1259-1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a serious health threat. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of peptide KW-23 against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa and its potential for enhancing the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. Materials and Methods KW-23 was synthesized from nine amino acids, specifically three tryptophans and three lysines. The purity of the substance was analyzed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The peptide was identified through mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of KW-23 in combination with conventional antibiotics against control and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa were determined utilizing broth microdilution. The erythrocyte hemolytic assay was used to measure toxicity. The KW-23 effect was analyzed using the time-kill curve. Results The peptide exhibited strong antibacterial activity against control and multidrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, with MICs of 4.5 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL, respectively. At higher concentration of 100 μg/mL, KW-23 exhibited a low hemolytic impact, causing no more than 3% damage to red blood. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrates KW-23's safety, while the time-kill curve highlights its rapid and sustained antibacterial activity. The combination of KW-23 and gentamicin exhibited synergistic activity against both susceptible and resistant P. aeruginosa, with fractional inhibitory concentration index values of 0.07 and 0.27, respectively. Conclusion The KW-23 synthesized in the laboratory significantly combats antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa. Due to its strong antibacterial properties and low toxicity to cells, KW-23 is a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula M. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, the University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Ali H. Salama
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
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2
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Ramesh S, Roy U, Roy S. The elucidation of the multimodal action of the investigational anti- Candida lipopeptide (AF 4) lead from Bacillus subtilis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1248444. [PMID: 38131013 PMCID: PMC10736182 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1248444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Candida species are the main etiological agents for candidiasis, and Candida albicans are the most common infectious species. Candida species' growing resistance to conventional therapies necessitates more research into novel antifungal agents. Antifungal peptides isolated from microorganisms have potential applications as novel therapeutics. AF4 a Bacillus-derived lipopeptide demonstrating broad-spectrum antifungal activity has been investigated for its ability to cause cell death in Candida species via membrane damage and oxidative stress. Methods: Using biophysical techniques, the secondary structure of the AF4 lipopeptide was identified. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy with fluorescent dyes were performed to visualise the effect of the lipopeptide. The membrane disruption and permeabilization were assessed using the 1,6-diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence assay and flow cytometric (FC) assessment of propidium iodide (PI) uptake, respectively. The reactive oxygen species levels were estimated using the FC assessment. The induction of apoptosis and DNA damage were studied using Annexin V-FITC/PI and DAPI. Results: Bacillus-derived antifungal variant AF4 was found to have structural features typical of lipopeptides. Microscopy imaging revealed that AF4 damages the surface of treated cells and results in membrane permeabilization, facilitating the uptake of the fluorescent dyes. A loss of membrane integrity was observed in cells treated with AF4 due to a decrease in DPH fluorescence and a dose-dependent increase in PI uptake. Cell damage was also determined from the log reduction of viable cells treated with AF4. AF4 treatment also caused elevated ROS levels, induced phosphatidylserine externalisation, late-stage apoptosis, and alterations to nuclear morphology revealed by DAPI fluorescence. Conclusion: Collectively, the mode of action studies revealed that AF4 acts primarily on the cell membrane of C. albicans and has the potential to act as an antifungal drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Subhashis Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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Darwish RM, Salama AH. A pilot study on ultrashort peptide with fluconazole: A promising novel anticandidal combination. Vet World 2023; 16:1284-1288. [PMID: 37577210 PMCID: PMC10421555 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1284-1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Human infections caused by Candida albicans are common and range in severity from relatively treatable skin and mucosal conditions to systemic, fatal invasive candidiasis. The treatment of fungal infections is challenged by major obstacles, including the scarcity of effective therapeutic options, the toxicity of available medications, and the escalating antifungal resistance. Hence, there exists an urgent need to develop new classes of antimicrobial agents. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of KW-23 peptide against standard and resistant strains of C. albicans alone and in combination with fluconazole. Materials and Methods A conjugated ultrashort antimicrobial peptide (KW-23) was designed and synthesized. KW-23 was challenged against standard and multidrug-resistant C. albicans alone and in combination with fluconazole using standard antimicrobial and checkerboard assays. The toxicity of the peptide was examined using hemolytic assays. Results KW-23 positively affected the standard and resistant Candidal strains (at 5 and 15 μg/mL respectively), exhibiting potent synergistic antimicrobial activity against the standard strain when combined with fluconazole. The effect of the combination was additive against the resistant strain (0.6 μg/mL). Furthermore, the peptide exhibited negligible toxicity on human erythrocytes. Conclusion KW-23 and its combination with fluconazole could be a promising candidate for developing anticandidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula M. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ali H. Salama
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
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4
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Memariani M, Memariani H, Poursafavi Z, Baseri Z. Anti-fungal Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Wasp Venom-Derived Peptide Mastoparan-VT1 Against Candida albicans. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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V V, Achar RR, M.U H, N A, T YS, Kameshwar VH, Byrappa K, Ramadas D. Venom peptides - A comprehensive translational perspective in pain management. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:329-340. [PMID: 34604795 PMCID: PMC8473576 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom peptides have been evolving complex therapeutic interventions that potently and selectively modulate a range of targets such as ion channels, receptors, and signaling pathways of physiological processes making it potential therapeutic. Several venom peptides were deduced in vivo for clinical development targeting pain management, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, antimicrobial activity. Several contributions have been detailed for a clear perspective for a better understanding of venomous animals, their venom, and their pharmacological effects. Here we unravel and summarize the recent advances in wide venom peptides across varieties of species for their therapeutics prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya V
- K. S Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be) University, Mangalore 575015, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, S.S. Nagar, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Himathi M.U
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, S.S. Nagar, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshita N
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, S.S. Nagar, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogish Somayaji T
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biochemistry, St. Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore 575003, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Hamse Kameshwar
- School of Natural Science, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nangamangala, Mandya, India
- School of Natural Sciences, ACU-CRI, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT Campus, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nagamangala, Mandya, India
| | - K. Byrappa
- School of Natural Sciences, ACU-CRI, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT Campus, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nagamangala, Mandya, India
- Center for Material Science and Technology, Vijnana Bhavan, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesha Ramadas
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, AIMS, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nagamangala, Mandya, India
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Anti-fungal properties and mechanisms of melittin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6513-6526. [PMID: 32500268 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many fungal diseases remain poorly addressed by public health authorities, despite posing a substantial threat to humans, animals, and plants. More worryingly, few classes of anti-fungals have been developed to combat fungal infections thus far. These medications also have certain drawbacks in terms of toxicity, spectrum of activity, and pharmacokinetic properties. Hence, there is a dire need for discovery of novel anti-fungal agents. Melittin, the main constituent in the venom of European honeybee Apis mellifera, has attracted considerable attention among researchers owing to its potential therapeutic applications. To our knowledge, there has been no review pertinent to anti-fungal properties of melittin, prompting us to synopsize the results of experimental investigations with a special emphasis upon underlying mechanisms. In this respect, melittin inhibits a broad spectrum of fungal genera including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Candida, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Malassezia, Neurospora, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, and Trichosporon. Melittin hinders fungal growth by several mechanisms such as membrane permeabilization, apoptosis induction by reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondria/caspase-dependent pathway, inhibition of (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase, and alterations in fungal gene expression. Overall, melittin will definitely open up new avenues for various biomedical applications, from medicine to agriculture. KEYPOINTS: • Venom-derived peptides have potential for development of anti-microbial agents. • Many fungal pathogens are susceptible to melittin at micromolar concentrations. • Melittin possesses multi-target mechanism of action against fungal cells.
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Vaňková E, Kašparová P, Dulíčková N, Čeřovský V. Combined effect of lasioglossin LL-III derivative with azoles against Candida albicans virulence factors: biofilm formation, phospholipases, proteases and hemolytic activity. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5824167. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Candida albicans has several virulence factors at its disposal, including yeast–hyphal transition associated with biofilm formation, phospholipases, proteases and hemolytic activity, all of which contribute to its pathogenesis. We used synthetic derivative LL-III/43 of antimicrobial peptide lasioglossin LL-III to enhance effect of azoles on attenuation of C. albicans virulence factors. LL-III/43 was able to inhibit initial adhesion or biofilm formation of C. albicans strains at 50 µM. Azoles, however, were ineffective at this concentration. Using fluorescently labeled LL-III/43, we observed that peptide covered C. albicans cells, partially penetrated through their membranes and then accumulated inside cells. LL-III/43 (25 µM) in combination with clotrimazole prevented biofilm formation already at 3.1 µM clotrimazole. Neither LL-III/43 nor azoles were able to significantly inhibit phospholipases, proteases, or hemolytic activity of C. albicans. LL-III/43 (25 µM) and clotrimazole (50 µM) in combination decreased production of these virulence factors, and it completely attenuated its hemolytic activity. Scanning electron microscopy showed that LL-III/43 (50 µM) prevented C. albicans biofilm formation on Ti-6Al-4 V alloy used in orthopedic surgeries and combination of LL-III/43 (25 µM) with clotrimazole (3.1 µM) prevented biofilm formation on urinary catheters. Therefore, mixture of LL-III/43 and clotrimazole is suitable candidate for future pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaňková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kašparová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Dulíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Čeřovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Bruno R, Maresca M, Canaan S, Cavalier JF, Mabrouk K, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Olleik H, Zeppilli D, Brodin P, Massol F, Jollivet D, Jung S, Tasiemski A. Worms' Antimicrobial Peptides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090512. [PMID: 31470685 PMCID: PMC6780910 DOI: 10.3390/md17090512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural antibiotics produced by all living organisms. In metazoans, they act as host defense factors by eliminating microbial pathogens. But they also help to select the colonizing bacterial symbionts while coping with specific environmental challenges. Although many AMPs share common structural characteristics, for example having an overall size between 10-100 amino acids, a net positive charge, a γ-core motif, or a high content of cysteines, they greatly differ in coding sequences as a consequence of multiple parallel evolution in the face of pathogens. The majority of AMPs is specific of certain taxa or even typifying species. This is especially the case of annelids (ringed worms). Even in regions with extreme environmental conditions (polar, hydrothermal, abyssal, polluted, etc.), worms have colonized all habitats on Earth and dominated in biomass most of them while co-occurring with a large number and variety of bacteria. This review surveys the different structures and functions of AMPs that have been so far encountered in annelids and nematodes. It highlights the wide diversity of AMP primary structures and their originality that presumably mimics the highly diverse life styles and ecology of worms. From the unique system that represents marine annelids, we have studied the effect of abiotic pressures on the selection of AMPs and demonstrated the promising sources of antibiotics that they could constitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Bruno
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Kamel Mabrouk
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7273, ICR, F-13013Marseille, France
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hamza Olleik
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Daniela Zeppilli
- IFREMER Centre Brest REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS10070, F-29280Plouzané, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Massol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier CS90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Sascha Jung
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Been Koo
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
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10
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The effect of released new synthetic peptide from nanofibrous scaffold of peptide/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly l-Lactic Acid on expression of Secretory aspartyl proteinases 4 to 6 genes of Candida albicans. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Labrière C, Kondori N, Caous JS, Boomgaren M, Sandholm K, Ekdahl KN, Hansen JH, Svenson J. Development and evaluation of cationic amphiphilic antimicrobial 2,5-diketopiperazines. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3090. [PMID: 29845683 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Labrière
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nahid Kondori
- Department of Infectious diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Seth Caous
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | - Marc Boomgaren
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kerstin Sandholm
- Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kristina N Ekdahl
- Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
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12
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Recent Advances in Antibacterial and Antiendotoxic Peptides or Proteins from Marine Resources. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16020057. [PMID: 29439417 PMCID: PMC5852485 DOI: 10.3390/md16020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria and sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pose a major threat to humans and animals and cause millions of deaths each year. Marine organisms are a valuable resource library of bioactive products with huge medicinal potential. Among them, antibacterial and antiendotoxic peptides or proteins, which are composed of metabolically tolerable residues, are present in many marine species, including marine vertebrates, invertebrates and microorganisms. A lot of studies have reported that these marine peptides and proteins or their derivatives exhibit potent antibacterial activity and antiendotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo. However, their categories, heterologous expression in microorganisms, physicochemical factors affecting peptide or protein interactions with bacterial LPS and LPS-neutralizing mechanism are not well known. In this review, we highlight the characteristics and anti-infective activity of bifunctional peptides or proteins from marine resources as well as the challenges and strategies for further study.
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Sychev SV, Sukhanov SV, Panteleev PV, Shenkarev ZO, Ovchinnikova TV. Marine antimicrobial peptide arenicin adopts a monomeric twisted β-hairpin structure and forms low conductivity pores in zwitterionic lipid bilayers. Biopolymers 2017; 110. [PMID: 29266227 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Arenicins are 21-residue β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) isolated from the marine lugworm Arenicola marina [Ovchinnikova et al., FEBS Lett. 2004;577:209-214]. The peptides have a high positive charge (+6) and display a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Arenicins adopt the monomeric highly twisted β-hairpin in water or planar β-structural dimers in anionic liposomes and detergent micelles. Until now, the interaction of cationic β-structural AMPs with zwitterionic phospholipid bilayers mimicking eukaryotic membranes is not well understood. To study the structural basis of arenicins activity against eukaryotic cells, we investigated arenicin-2 in the solvents of low polarity (ethanol, 4% dioxane) and in zwitterionic soybean PC and PC/PE liposomes by CD and FTIR spectroscopy. It was shown that arenicin-2 adopted the twisted β-hairpin structure in all the environments studied. Measurements of the Trp fluorescence and H→D exchange in soybean PC liposomes and boundary potential in the planar DPhPC bilayers confirmed the partitioning of the arenicin-2 monomers into interfacial region of the zwitterionic membranes. The low-conductivity (0.12 nS) arenicin-2 pores were detected in the DPhPC bilayers. The lifetime of the open state (up to 260 ms) was significantly longer than lifetime of low-conductivity (0.23 nS) pores previously described in partially anionic membranes (44 ms). The formation of narrow arenicin-2 pores without disruption of the membrane was discussed in the light of the disordered toroidal pore model previously proposed for β-structural AMPs [Jean - Francois et al. Biophys. J. 2008;95:5748 - 5756]. A novel non-lytic mechanism of the arenicin-2 action was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Sychev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Stanislav V Sukhanov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Pavel V Panteleev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Zakhar O Shenkarev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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14
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Taniguchi M, Saito K, Nomoto T, Namae T, Ochiai A, Saitoh E, Tanaka T. Identification and characterization of multifunctional cationic and amphipathic peptides from soybean proteins. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [PMID: 28459130 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified and chemically synthesized three cationic and amphipathic peptides (Glycinin-17, BCAS-16, and BCBS-11) from soybean proteins. These peptides had high isoelectric points, high positive net charges, and included multiple hydrophobic amino acids. Subsequently, we identified multiple functions of these peptides, including antimicrobial, lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing, and angiogenic activities, and examined their cytotoxic activities against mammalian red blood cells. Glycinin-17, BCAS-16, and BCBS-11 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans whereas Glycinin-17 did not possess antimicrobial effects on Propionibacterium acnes and Streptococcus mutans. Membrane-depolarization assays and flow cytometric analyses showed that the antimicrobial properties of Glycinin-17, BCAS-16, and BCBS-11 against P. gingivalis, P. acnes, and S. mutans were dependent on membrane-disrupting potential. In contrast, major antimicrobial activities of these peptides against C. albicans were dependent on interactions with targets other than cell membranes. Furthermore, chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assays showed that 50% effective concentrations (EC50 , 0.12-0.31 μM) of these three peptides neutralize LPS with similar potency (EC50 : 0.11 μM) to that of polymyxin B. Moreover, tube-formation assays in human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed similar angiogenic activities of the three peptides as that following treatment with LL-37. Although BCAS-16 exhibited hemolytic activity, the rate of hemolysis for Glycinin-17 and BCBS-11 in the presence of 500-μM Glycinin-17 and BCBS-11 was less than 2%. These results demonstrate that cationic and amphipathic peptides from soybean proteins, particularly Glycinin-17 and BCBS-11, have potential as multifunctional ingredients for healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nomoto
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshiki Namae
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Akihito Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eiichi Saitoh
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Niigata, 945-1195, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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16
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Taniguchi M, Ochiai A. Characterization and production of multifunctional cationic peptides derived from rice proteins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:634-650. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1277944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Food proteins have been identified as a source of bioactive peptides. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and must be released during gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation, or food processing. Of bioactive peptides, multifunctional cationic peptides are more useful than other peptides that have specific activity in promotion of health and/or the treatment of diseases. We have identified and characterized cationic peptides from rice enzymes and proteins that possess multiple functions, including antimicrobial, endotoxin-neutralizing, arginine gingipain-inhibitory, and/or angiogenic activities. In particular, we have elucidated the contribution of cationic amino acids (arginine and lysine) in the peptides to their bioactivities. Further, we have discussed the critical parameters, particularly proteinase preparations and fractionation or purification, in the enzymatic hydrolysis process for producing bioactive peptides from food proteins. Using an ampholyte-free isoelectric focusing (autofocusing) technique as a tool for fractionation, we successfully prepared fractions containing cationic peptides with multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihito Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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17
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Balandin SV, Ovchinnikova TV. Antimicrobial peptides of invertebrates. Part 2. biological functions and mechanisms of action. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201604004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rautenbach M, Troskie AM, Vosloo JA. Antifungal peptides: To be or not to be membrane active. Biochimie 2016; 130:132-145. [PMID: 27234616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most antifungal peptides (AFPs), if not all, have membrane activity, while some also have alternative targets. Fungal membranes share many characteristics with mammalian membranes with only a few differences, such as differences in sphingolipids, phosphatidylinositol (PI) content and the main sterol is ergosterol. Fungal membranes are also more negative and a better target for cationic AFPs. Targeting just the fungal membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol and/or ergosterol by AFPs often translates into mammalian cell toxicity. Conversely, a specific AFP target in the fungal pathogen, such as glucosylceramide, mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide or a fungal protein target translates into high pathogen selectivity. However, a lower target concentration, absence or change in the specific fungal target can naturally lead to resistance, although such resistance in turn could result in reduced pathogen virulence. The question is then to be or not to be membrane active - what is the best choice for a successful AFP? In this review we deliberate on this question by focusing on the recent advances in our knowledge on how natural AFPs target fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rautenbach
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Anscha M Troskie
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - J Arnold Vosloo
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Taniguchi M, Ochiai A, Takahashi K, Nakamichi SI, Nomoto T, Saitoh E, Kato T, Tanaka T. Effect of alanine, leucine, and arginine substitution on antimicrobial activity against candida albicans and action mechanism of a cationic octadecapeptide derived from α-amylase of rice. Biopolymers 2016; 106:219-229. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Akihito Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Nakamichi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takafumi Nomoto
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Eiichi Saitoh
- Graduate School of Technology; Niigata Institute of Technology; Niigata 945-1195 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Dental College; Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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Carvalho LAC, Remuzgo C, Perez KR, Machini MT. Hb40-61a: Novel analogues help expanding the knowledge on chemistry, properties and candidacidal action of this bovine α-hemoglobin-derived peptide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:3140-9. [PMID: 26367061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study expands the knowledge on chemical synthesis and properties of Hb40-61a as well as provides results of the first steps given towards knowing how it kills Candida cells. For the first time, this peptide, its all-D analogue (D-Hb40-61a) and its fluorescently labeled analogue (FAM-Hb40-61a) were successfully assembled on resin at 60°C using conventional heating in all steps. Purified and characterized, these peptides exhibited very low toxicity on human erythrocytes. Hb40-61a and D-Hb40-61a were equally active against Candida strains, ruling out sterically specific interactions on their working mechanism. Cell permeabilization assays confirmed progressive damage of the yeast plasma membrane with increasing concentrations of Hb40-61a. While experiment using the fluorescent probe DiBAC4(5) revealed that this synthetic hemocidin alters the yeast plasma membrane potential, test employing DPH indicated that Hb40-61a might affect its dynamics. Exposure of the yeast cells to FAM-Hb40-61a showed that the peptide accumulates in the cell membrane at the ½ MIC, but stains about 97% of the cells at the MIC. Such effect is salt-dependent and partially energy-dependent. These new findings indicate that the central target of Hb40-61a in Candida cells is the plasma membrane and that this synthetic hemocidin should be considered as a potential candidacidal for topic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A C Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Remuzgo
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K R Perez
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M T Machini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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The Potential Use of Natural and Structural Analogues of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Fight against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:15392-433. [PMID: 26305243 PMCID: PMC6332049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200815392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research into the development of new antimicrobial agents has been driven by the increase in resistance to traditional antibiotics and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates as alternatives to current antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of microbial infections. AMPs are produced by all known living species, displaying direct antimicrobial killing activity and playing an important role in innate immunity. To date, more than 2000 AMPs have been discovered and many of these exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral and anti-parasitic activity. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are caused by a variety of pathogens and are particularly wide-spread in low-income and developing regions of the world. Alternative, cost effective treatments are desperately needed to effectively battle these medically diverse diseases. AMPs have been shown to be effective against a variety of NTDs, including African trypanosomes, leishmaniosis and Chagas disease, trachoma and leprosy. In this review, the potential of selected AMPs to successfully treat a variety of NTD infections will be critically evaluated.
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22
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Amphiphilic Tobramycin Analogues as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4861-9. [PMID: 26033722 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00229-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the in vitro antifungal activities, cytotoxicities, and membrane-disruptive actions of amphiphilic tobramycin (TOB) analogues. The antifungal activities were established by determination of MIC values and in time-kill studies. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mammalian cell lines. The fungal membrane-disruptive action of these analogues was studied by using the membrane-impermeable dye propidium iodide. TOB analogues bearing a linear alkyl chain at their 6″-position in a thioether linkage exhibited chain length-dependent antifungal activities. Analogues with C12 and C14 chains showed promising antifungal activities against tested fungal strains, with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 mg/liter and 1.95 to 7.8 mg/liter, respectively. However, C4, C6, and C8 TOB analogues and TOB itself exhibited little to no antifungal activity. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for the most potent TOB analogues (C12 and C14) against A549 and Beas 2B cells were 4- to 64-fold and 32- to 64-fold higher, respectively, than their antifungal MIC values against various fungi. Unlike conventional aminoglycoside antibiotics, TOB analogues with alkyl chain lengths of C12 and C14 appear to inhibit fungi by inducing apoptosis and disrupting the fungal membrane as a novel mechanism of action. Amphiphilic TOB analogues showed broad-spectrum antifungal activities with minimal mammalian cell cytotoxicity. This study provides novel lead compounds for the development of antifungal drugs.
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Taniguchi M, Ochiai A, Takahashi K, Nakamichi SI, Nomoto T, Saitoh E, Kato T, Tanaka T. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of a novel cationic α-helical octadecapeptide derived from α-amylase of rice. Biopolymers 2015; 104:73-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research; Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Akihito Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Nakamichi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takafumi Nomoto
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Eiichi Saitoh
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology; Niigata 945-1195 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Dental College; Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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Maltseva AL, Kotenko ON, Kokryakov VN, Starunov VV, Krasnodembskaya AD. Expression pattern of arenicins-the antimicrobial peptides of polychaete Arenicola marina. Front Physiol 2014; 5:497. [PMID: 25566093 PMCID: PMC4271772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses of invertebrate animals are mediated through innate mechanisms, among which production of antimicrobial peptides play an important role. Although evolutionary Polychaetes represent an interesting group closely related to a putative common ancestor of other coelomates, their immune mechanisms still remain scarcely investigated. Previously our group has identified arenicins-new antimicrobial peptides of the lugworm Arenicola marina, since then these peptides were thoroughly characterized in terms of their structure and inhibitory potential. In the present study we addressed the question of the physiological functions of arenicins in the lugworm body. Using molecular and immunocytochemical methods we demonstrated that arencins are expressed in the wide range of the lugworm tissues-coelomocytes, body wall, extravasal tissue and the gut. The expression of arenicins is constitutive and does not depend on stimulation of various infectious stimuli. Most intensively arenicins are produced by mature coelomocytes where they function as killing agents inside the phagolysosome. In the gut and the body wall epithelia arenicins are released from producing cells via secretion as they are found both inside the epithelial cells and in the contents of the cuticle. Collectively our study showed that arenicins are found in different body compartments responsible for providing a first line of defense against infections, which implies their important role as key components of both epithelial and systemic branches of host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina L. Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga N. Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Kokryakov
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor V. Starunov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna D. Krasnodembskaya
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University BelfastUK
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Choi H, Lee DG. Antifungal activity and pore-forming mechanism of astacidin 1 against Candida albicans. Biochimie 2014; 105:58-63. [PMID: 24955933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, a novel antibacterial peptide astacidin 1 (FKVQNQHGQVVKIFHH) was isolated from hemocyanin of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. In this study, the antifungal activity and mechanism of astacidin 1 were evaluated. Astacidin 1 exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Trichosporon beigelii, Malassezia furfur, and Trichophyton rubrum. Also, astacidin 1 had fungal cell selectivity in human erythrocytes without causing hemolysis. To understand the antifungal mechanism, membrane studies were done against C. albicans and T. beigelii. Flow cytometric analysis and K(+) measurement showed membrane damage, resulting in membrane permeabilization and K(+) release-induced membrane depolarization. Furthermore, the calcein leakage from liposomes mimicking C. albicans membrane demonstrated that the membrane-active action was driven by pore-forming mechanism. Live cell imaging using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans of various sizes suggested that the radii of pores formed in the C. albicans membrane were 1.4-2.3 nm. Therefore, the present study suggests that astacidin 1 exerts its antifungal effect by damaging the fungal membrane via pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Candidacidal mechanism of the arenicin-3-derived peptide NZ17074 from Arenicola marina. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7387-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Taniguchi M, Ikeda A, Nakamichi SI, Ishiyama Y, Saitoh E, Kato T, Ochiai A, Tanaka T. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of a novel cationic α-helical octadecapeptide derived from heat shock protein 70 of rice. Peptides 2013; 48:147-55. [PMID: 23973864 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70(241-258), an octadecapeptide derived from the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) of rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica), is a novel cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that contains four lysine, two arginine, and two histidine residues. The antimicrobial activity of Hsp70(241-258) against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, and Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, was quantitatively evaluated using a chemiluminescence method that measures ATP derived from viable cells. The 50% growth-inhibitory concentrations of Hsp70(241-258) against P. gingivalis and C. albicans cells were 63 μM and 70 μM, respectively. Hsp70(241-258) had little or no hemolytic activity even at 1mM, and showed negligible cytotoxicity up to 300 μM. The degrees of calcein leakage from large unilamellar vesicles, which mimic the membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, and 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide release from P. gingivalis cells induced by the addition of Hsp70(241-258) increased in a concentration-dependent manner. When Hsp70(241-258) was added to calcein-acetoxymethyl ester-loaded C. albicans cells, calcein release from the cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis also showed that the percentages of C. albicans cells stained with propidium iodide, a DNA-intercalating dye, increased as the concentration of Hsp70(241-258) added was increased. Therefore, Hsp70(241-258) appears to exhibit antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and C. albicans through membrane disruption. These results suggest that Hsp70(241-258) could be useful as a safe and potent AMP against P. gingivalis and C. albicans in many fields of health care, especially in the control of oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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Travkova OG, Andrä J, Möhwald H, Brezesinski G. Influence of arenicin on phase transitions and ordering of lipids in 2D model membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12203-12211. [PMID: 24050708 DOI: 10.1021/la402340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of all species. AMPs are highly selective and can be used as lead structures for the development of new drugs complementing standard antibiotic therapies. Understanding the crucial parameters of peptide-membrane interactions is necessary for elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action. Phospholipid monolayers, as simple 2D models of the membrane surface, can be effectively used for studies of peptide-membrane interactions. The present study is focused on the recently discovered peptide arenicin-1 (Ar-1), which possesses antibacterial and antifungal activities. A linear derivative with serine residues instead of cysteines (C/S-Ar-1) was additionally used to investigate the influence of the AMP on the phase behavior of lipid monolayers at the air/liquid interface. Using the Langmuir balance technique and IRRAS allows us to conclude that both original and modified arenicins reveal a strong influence on the phase transition of anionic phospholipids (fluidization of the lipid hydrocarbon chains), whereas the thermodynamic properties of the zwitterionic phospholipid layers are not affected. A strong effect of the modified peptide on the ordering of negatively charged phospholipids at the air-water interface compared to zwitterionic phospholipids has been observed using GIXD measurements, supported by IRRAS simulations for the spectral range corresponding to the lipid hydrocarbon chains. At lateral pressures above 30 mN/m, both peptides are squeezed out from zwitterionic lipid monolayers, but remains attached to and partly incorporated in anionic lipid monolayers. This study points at the importance of the interplay between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions for the membrane disruption by AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana G Travkova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Potsdam-Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Antifungal effect of CopA3 monomer peptide via membrane-active mechanism and stability to proteolysis of enantiomeric D-CopA3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:94-8. [PMID: 24041699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, coprisin, a 43-mer defensin-like peptide, was derived from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, and a 9-mer CopA3 (monomer), truncated coprisin analog peptide, was designed. However, the antifungal effects of CopA3 are not known yet. In this study, the antifungal activity and mechanism of CopA3 were investigated and to develop a more effective antimicrobial peptide under physiological conditions, the enantiomeric d-CopA3 was designed. l- and d-CopA3 had a similar antifungal activity without chiral selectivity, and their activity was more potent than that of melittin used as a positive control. Furthermore, l- and d-CopA3 did not even show any hemolysis against human erythrocytes. Membrane studies using propidium iodide and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)], suggested that the antifungal effect of l- and d-CopA3 was due to the membrane-active mechanism, by contrast with coprisin possessing apoptotic mechanism without membrane permeabilization. Finally, the proteolytic resistance and antifungal activity of l- and d-CopA3 against trypsin was analyzed by HPLC and colony count assay. The results showed that only d-CopA3 maintained a potent antifungal activity despite the proteolytic condition. Therefore, this study suggests that d-CopA3 has potential as a novel antimicrobial agent.
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Abstract
Synthesis and large-scale manufacturing technologies are now available for the commercial production of even the most complex peptide anti-infectives. Married with the potential of this class of molecule as the next generation of effective, resistance-free and safe antimicrobials, and a much better understanding of their biology, pharmacology and pharmacodynamics, the first regulatory approvals and introduction into clinical practice of these promising drug candidates will likely be soon. This is a key juncture in the history/life cycle of peptide anti-infectives and, perhaps, their commercial and therapeutic potential is about to be realized. This review highlights the promise of these agents as the next generation of therapeutics and summarizes the challenges faced in, and lessons learned from, the past.
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31
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Cho J, Choi H, Lee J, Kim MS, Sohn HY, Lee DG. The antifungal activity and membrane-disruptive action of dioscin extracted from Dioscorea nipponica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Travkova OG, Brezesinski G. Adsorption of the antimicrobial peptide arenicin and its linear derivative to model membranes – A maximum insertion pressure study. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 167-168:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Dannehl C, Travkova OG, Brezesinski G. Effect of SDS and CTAB on Derivatives of Antimicrobial Peptides Arenicin and LL-37. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Choi H, Lee DG. Synergistic effect of antimicrobial peptide arenicin-1 in combination with antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. Res Microbiol 2012; 163:479-86. [PMID: 22705395 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arenicin-1, a 21-mer antimicrobial peptide, has been known to exert broad bactericidal activity. In this study, the combination effect of arenicin-1 with conventional antibiotics was investigated and all combinations showed synergistic effects against bacterial strains (fractional inhibitory concentration index ≤ 0.75). In an assay using fluorescent dye 3'-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF) and hydroxyl radical scavenger thiourea, we demonstrated that combined treatments of arenicin-1 and antibiotics caused synergistic effects by producing hydroxyl radicals, particularly in bacterial strains treated with the peptide and ampicillin. The oxidative stress induced by arenicin-1 was stimulated by transient depletion of NADH. Flow cytometric analysis with propidium iodide (PI) indicated that MIC of arenicin-1 for combination continued to increase the permeability of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, enhancing the entry of erythromycin and chloramphenicol which act as protein synthesis inhibitors. Therefore, arenicin-1 synergizes with antibiotics by means of hydroxyl radical formation or membrane-active mechanisms. This combination therapy allows the use of lower concentrations of arenicin-1 and restores the effectiveness of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Choi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Shi X, Shao M, Zhang L, Ma Y, Zhang Z. Screening of genes related to sulfide metabolism in Urechis unicinctus (Echiura, Urechidae) using suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray analysis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:254-9. [PMID: 22591583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous sulfide can generally induce metabolic injuries in most organisms and even cause death. However, organisms inhabiting intertidal zones, hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps, can tolerate, metabolize, and utilize sulfide. In this study, both suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray analysis were employed to screen sulfide metabolism-related genes from the body wall in echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus, a marine sediment species. A total of 3456 monoclones were isolated and 82 were identified as differentially expressed genes in worms exposed to 50 μM sulfide for 24 h, compared to controls. The identified genes encoded proteins with multiple processes, including metabolism, cellular process, biological regulation, response to stimulus, multicellular organismal process, localization, development, and cellular component organization. Eight genes, serase, vacuolar protein, src tyrosine kinase, sulfide oxidase-like oxidoreductase, aprataxin, SN-RNP, aminopeptidase, and predicted protein, were selected to verify expression in the worm using qRT-PCR. The agreement of gene expression evaluation was 62.5% between the results of microarray analysis and qRT-PCR. These new data will provide clues for further probing of the molecular mechanism of sulfide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
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The antimicrobial peptide arenicin-1 promotes generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1246-51. [PMID: 21875650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arenicin-1, a 21-residue antimicrobial peptide, is known to exert significant broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity in mammalian cells except at high concentration. However, the mechanism of fungal cell death by arenicin-1 is weakly understood. METHODS We confirmed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Candida albicans exposed to arenicin-1 and investigated the apoptotic response to ROS accumulation using apoptosis detecting methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Cells exposed to arenicin-1 showed an increase in the production of ROS and cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals, which are the major factors of apoptosis. The increase in ROS was due to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by arenicin-1. We confirmed that arenicin-1 induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and also triggered release of activated metacaspases. Further, it initiated an apoptotic mechanism acting on the plasma membrane, including plasma membrane depolarization and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface. Cells finally died, showing morphological changes in the nucleus and DNA structure. Based on these apoptotic phenomena induced by arenicin-1, we concluded that arenicin-1 exerts antifungal activity by inducing apoptosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that the antimicrobial peptide arenicin-1 induces apoptosis in C. albicans via intracellular ROS accumulation and mitochondrial damage, resulting in fungal cell death.
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Endocytosis-mediated vacuolar accumulation of the human ApoE apolipoprotein-derived ApoEdpL-W antimicrobial peptide contributes to its antifungal activity in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4670-81. [PMID: 21807970 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00319-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-amino-acid cationic, tryptophan-rich ApoEdpL-W peptide derived from human ApoE apolipoprotein was shown to have antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts of the Candida genus (except C. glabrata). ApoEdpL-W was active against planktonic cells and early-stage biofilms but less active against mature biofilms, possibly because of its affinity for extracellular matrix beta-glucans. Moreover, ApoEdpL-W absorbed to medically relevant materials partially prevented the formation of biofilms on these materials. The exposure of C. albicans cells to sublethal doses of ApoEdpL-W triggered a transcriptional response reminiscent of that associated with the inactivation of the MYO5 gene required for endocytosis as well as the upregulation of amino acid transporter genes. A fluorescent derivative of ApoEdpL-W accumulated at the cytoplasmic membrane and subsequently was translocated to the vacuole. Strikingly, the inactivation of MYO5 or addition of latrunculin, an inhibitor of endocytosis, prevented the vacuolar accumulation of fluorescein-labeled ApoEdpL-W and reduced the antifungal activity of ApoEdpL-W. This, together with the insensitivity of ApoEdpL-W to alterations in membrane fluidity and high salt, suggested that the ApoEdpL-W mode of action was dependent upon vacuolar targeting and differed significantly from that of other antifungal peptides, such as Histatin-5 and Magainin 2.
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Sperstad SV, Haug T, Blencke HM, Styrvold OB, Li C, Stensvåg K. Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates: challenges and perspectives in marine antimicrobial peptide discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:519-30. [PMID: 21683779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic bacteria resistance to conventional antibiotics calls for an increased focus on the purification and characterization of antimicrobials with new mechanisms of actions. Antimicrobial peptides are promising candidates, because their initial interaction with microbes is through binding to lipids. The interference with such a fundamental cell structure is assumed to hamper resistance development. In the present review we discuss antimicrobial peptides isolated from marine invertebrates, emphasizing the isolation and activity of these natural antibiotics. The marine environment is relatively poorly explored in terms of potential pharmaceuticals, and it contains a tremendous species diversity which evolved in close proximity to microorganisms. As invertebrates rely purely on innate immunity, including antimicrobial peptides, to combat infectious agents, it is believed that immune effectors from these animals are efficient and rapid inhibitors of microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund V Sperstad
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Macháň R, Hof M, Chernovets T, Zhmak MN, Ovchinnikova TV, Sýkora J. Formation of arenicin-1 microdomains in bilayers and their specific lipid interaction revealed by Z-scan FCS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:3547-54. [PMID: 21293959 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Z-scan fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is employed to characterize the interaction between arenicin-1 and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) of different compositions. Lipid analogue C8-BODIPY 500/510C5-HPC and ATTO 465 labelled arenicin-1 are used to detect changes in lipid and peptide diffusion upon addition of unlabelled arenicin-1 to SLBs. Arenicin-1 decreases lipid mobility in negatively charged SLBs. According to diffusion law analysis, microdomains of significantly lower lipid mobility are formed. The analysis of peptide FCS data confirms the presence of microdomains for anionic SLBs. No indications of microdomain formation are detected in SLBs composed purely of zwitterionic lipids. Additionally, our FCS results imply that arenicin-1 exists in the form of oligomers and/or aggregates when interacting with membranes of both compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Macháň
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Membranolytic antifungal activity of arenicin-1 requires the N-terminal tryptophan and the beta-turn arginine. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:185-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Travkova OG, Andrä J, Möhwald H, Brezesinski G. Conformational Properties of Arenicins: From the Bulk to the Air-Water Interface. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3262-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hwang B, Hwang JS, Lee J, Lee DG. Antifungal properties and mode of action of psacotheasin, a novel knottin-type peptide derived from Psacothea hilaris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:352-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lee J, Hwang JS, Hwang B, Kim JK, Kim SR, Kim Y, Lee DG. Influence of the papiliocin peptide derived from Papilio xuthus on the perturbation of fungal cell membranes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 311:70-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Park C, Woo ER, Lee DG. Anti-Candida property of a lignan glycoside derived from Styrax japonica S. et Z. via membrane-active mechanisms. Mol Cells 2010; 29:581-4. [PMID: 20496119 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Styraxjaponoside C was investigated with respect to its antifungal activity and mechanisms of action. Devoid of hemolytic activity, Styraxjaponoside C demonstrated an antifungal effect against the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans in an energy-independent manner. To characterize the mechanisms of the antifungal activity of Styraxjaponoside C, fluorescence analysis with membrane probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, and flow cytometric analysis on C. albicans were conducted. The results showed that Styraxjaponosdie C induced cytoplasmic membrane perturbation. The current study suggested that Styraxjaponoside C was active against C. albicans with membrane-active mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cana Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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Park C, Lee DG. Melittin induces apoptotic features in Candida albicans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:170-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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