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Panevska A, Čegovnik N, Fortuna K, Vukovič A, Grundner M, Modic Š, Bajc G, Skočaj M, Mravinec Bohte M, Popošek LL, Žigon P, Razinger J, Veranič P, Resnik N, Sepčić K. A single point mutation expands the applicability of ostreolysin A6 in biomedicine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2149. [PMID: 36750638 PMCID: PMC9905591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An aegerolysin protein ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6) binds to cholesterol-complexed sphingomyelin and can be used for specific labelling of lipid rafts. In addition, OlyA6 interacts with even higher affinity with ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), a sphingolipid that dominates in invertebrate cell membranes. In the presence of pleurotolysin B, a protein bearing the membrane-attack complex/perforin domain, OlyA6 forms pores in insect midgut cell membranes and acts as a potent bioinsecticide. It has been shown that a point mutation of glutamate 69 to alanine (E69A) allows OlyA6 to bind to cholesterol-free sphingomyelin. Using artificial lipid membranes and mammalian MDCK cells, we show that this mutation significantly enhances the interaction of OlyA6 with sphingomyelin and CPE, and allows recognition of these sphingolipids even in the absence of cholesterol. Our results suggest that OlyA6 mutant E69A could serve as complementary tool to detect and study cholesterol-associated and free sphingomyelin or CPE in membranes. However, the mutation does not improve the membrane-permeabilizing activity after addition of pleurotolysin B, which was confirmed in toxicity tests on insect and mammalian cell lines, and on Colorado potato beetle larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nastja Čegovnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klavdija Fortuna
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Vukovič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Grundner
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Modic
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Mravinec Bohte
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lara Larisa Popošek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Žigon
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Kepczynski M, Róg T. Functionalized lipids and surfactants for specific applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2362-2379. [PMID: 26946243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipids and surfactants that do not exist in biological systems have been used for the last few decades in both basic and applied science. The most notable applications for synthetic lipids and surfactants are drug delivery, gene transfection, as reporting molecules, and as support for structural lipid biology. In this review, we describe the potential of the synergistic combination of computational and experimental methodologies to study the behavior of synthetic lipids and surfactants embedded in lipid membranes and liposomes. We focused on select cases in which molecular dynamics simulations were used to complement experimental studies aiming to understand the structure and properties of new compounds at the atomistic level. We also describe cases in which molecular dynamics simulations were used to design new synthetic lipids and surfactants, as well as emerging fields for the application of these compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biosimulations edited by Ilpo Vattulainen and Tomasz Róg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 64, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Róg T, Vattulainen I. Cholesterol, sphingolipids, and glycolipids: what do we know about their role in raft-like membranes? Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 184:82-104. [PMID: 25444976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipids rafts are considered to be functional nanoscale membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, characteristic in particular of the external leaflet of cell membranes. Lipids, together with membrane-associated proteins, are therefore considered to form nanoscale units with potential specific functions. Although the understanding of the structure of rafts in living cells is quite limited, the possible functions of rafts are widely discussed in the literature, highlighting their importance in cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the understanding of rafts that has emerged based on recent atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation studies on the key lipid raft components, which include cholesterol, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and the proteins interacting with these classes of lipids. The simulation results are compared to experiments when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Biological functions of sphingomyelins. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:424-37. [PMID: 23684760 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a dominant sphingolipid in membranes of mammalian cells and this lipid class is specifically enriched in the plasma membrane, the endocytic recycling compartment, and the trans Golgi network. The distribution of SM and cholesterol among cellular compartments correlate. Sphingolipids have extensive hydrogen-bonding capabilities which together with their saturated nature facilitate the formation of sphingolipid and SM-enriched lateral domains in membranes. Cholesterol prefers to interact with SMs and this interaction has many important functional consequences. In this review, the synthesis, regulation, and intracellular distribution of SMs are discussed. The many direct roles played by membrane SM in various cellular functions and processes will also be discussed. These include involvement in the regulation of endocytosis and receptor-mediated ligand uptake, in ion channel and G-protein coupled receptor function, in protein sorting, and functioning as receptor molecules for various bacterial toxins, and for non-bacterial pore-forming toxins. SM is also an important constituent of the eye lens membrane, and is believed to participate in the regulation of various nuclear functions. SM is an independent risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, and new studies have shed light on possible mechanism behind its role in atherogenesis.
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Maula T, Isaksson YJE, García-Linares S, Niinivehmas S, Pentikäinen OT, Kurita M, Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto T, Katsumura S, Gavilanes JG, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, Slotte JP. 2NH and 3OH are crucial structural requirements in sphingomyelin for sticholysin II binding and pore formation in bilayer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1390-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Peter Slotte J. Molecular properties of various structurally defined sphingomyelins -- correlation of structure with function. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:206-19. [PMID: 23295259 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins are important phospholipids in plasma membranes of most cells. Because of their dominantly saturated nature, they affect the lateral structure of membranes, and contribute to the regulation of cholesterol distribution within membranes, and in cells. However, the abundance of molecular species present in cells also implies that sphingomyelins have other, more specific functions. Many of these functions are currently unknown, but are under extensive study. Mostly model membrane studies have shown that sphingomyelins (and other sphingolipids), in contrast to glycerophospholipids, have important hydrogen bonding properties which in several important ways confer specific functional properties to this abundant class of membrane phospholipids. The often very asymmetric nature of sphingomyelins, arising from mismatch in length between the long chain base and N-acyl chains, also impose specific properties (e.g., interdigitation) to sphingomyelins not seen with glycerophospholipids. In this review, the latest sphingomyelin literature will be scrutinized, and an effort will be made to correlate the molecular structure of sphingomyelin with functional properties. In particular, the effects of head group properties, interfacial hydrogen bonding, long chain base hydroxylation, N-acyl chain hydroxylation, and N-acyl chain methyl-branching will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Slotte
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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