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Vélez M. How Does the Spatial Confinement of FtsZ to a Membrane Surface Affect Its Polymerization Properties and Function? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:757711. [PMID: 35592002 PMCID: PMC9111741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.757711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is the cytoskeletal protein that organizes the formation of the septal ring and orchestrates bacterial cell division. Its association to the membrane is essential for its function. In this mini-review I will address the question of how this association can interfere with the structure and dynamic properties of the filaments and argue that its dynamics could also remodel the underlying lipid membrane through its activity. Thus, lipid rearrangement might need to be considered when trying to understand FtsZ’s function. This new element could help understand how FtsZ assembly coordinates positioning and recruitment of the proteins forming the septal ring inside the cell with the activity of the machinery involved in peptidoglycan synthesis located in the periplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) have gained great popularity as mimicries for cellular membranes. As their sizes are comfortably above the optical resolution limit, and their lipid composition is easily controlled, they are ideal for quantitative light microscopic investigation of dynamic processes in and on membranes. However, reconstitution of functional proteins into the lumen or the GUV membrane itself has proven technically challenging. In recent years, a selection of techniques has been introduced that tremendously improve GUV-assay development and enable the precise investigation of protein-membrane interactions under well-controlled conditions. Moreover, due to these methodological advances, GUVs are considered important candidates as protocells in bottom-up synthetic biology. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of the most important vesicle production and protein encapsulation methods and highlight some key protein systems whose functional reconstitution has advanced the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; ,
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; ,
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3
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Araújo GRDS, Viana NB, Gómez F, Pontes B, Frases S. The mechanical properties of microbial surfaces and biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100028. [PMID: 32743144 PMCID: PMC7389442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbes can modify their surface structure as an adaptive mechanism for survival and dissemination in the environment or inside the host. Altering their ability to respond to mechanical stimuli is part of this adaptive process. Since the 1990s, powerful micromanipulation tools have been developed that allow mechanical studies of microbial cell surfaces, exploring little known aspects of their dynamic behavior. This review concentrates on the study of mechanical and rheological properties of bacteria and fungi, focusing on their cell surface dynamics and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber R de S Araújo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathan B Viana
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas (LPO-COPEA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fran Gómez
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas (LPO-COPEA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pontes
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas (LPO-COPEA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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4
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Doumith M, Mushtaq S, Livermore DM, Woodford N. New insights into the regulatory pathways associated with the activation of the stringent response in bacterial resistance to the PBP2-targeted antibiotics, mecillinam and OP0595/RG6080. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2810-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Thomas FA, Visco I, Petrášek Z, Heinemann F, Schwille P. Diffusion coefficients and dissociation constants of enhanced green fluorescent protein binding to free standing membranes. Data Brief 2015; 5:537-41. [PMID: 26587560 PMCID: PMC4625048 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new and versatile assay to determine the partitioning coefficient [Formula: see text] as a measure for the affinity of peripheral membrane proteins for lipid bilayers was presented in the research article entitled, "Introducing a fluorescence-based standard to quantify protein partitioning into membranes" [1]. Here, the well-characterized binding of hexahistidine-tag (His6) to NTA(Ni) was utilized. Complementarily, this data article reports the average diffusion coefficient [Formula: see text] of His6-tagged enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP-His6) and the fluorescent lipid analog ATTO-647N-DOPE in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) containing different amounts of NTA(Ni) lipids. In addition, dissociation constants [Formula: see text] of the NTA(Ni)/eGFP-His6 system are reported. Further, a conversion between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Thomas
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ilaria Visco
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Petrášek
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany ; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Petersgasse 10-12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabian Heinemann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany ; Roche Diagnostics, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Thomas FA, Visco I, Petrášek Z, Heinemann F, Schwille P. Introducing a fluorescence-based standard to quantify protein partitioning into membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2932-41. [PMID: 26342678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The affinity of peripheral membrane proteins for a lipid bilayer can be described using the partition coefficient (KP). Although several methods to determine KP are known, all possess limitations. To address some of these issues, we developed both: a versatile method based on single molecule detection and fluorescence imaging for determining KP, and a simple measurement standard employing hexahistidine-tagged enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP-His6) and free standing membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) functionalized with NTA(Ni) lipids as binding sites. To ensure intrinsic control, our method features two measurement modes. In the single molecule mode, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is applied to quantify free and membrane associated protein concentrations at equilibrium and calculate KP. In the imaging mode, confocal fluorescence images of GUVs are recorded and analyzed with semi-automated software to extract protein mean concentrations used to derive KP. Both modes were compared by determining the affinity of our standard, resulting in equivalent KP values. As observed in other systems, eGFP-His6 affinity for membranes containing increasing amounts of NTA(Ni) lipids rises in a stronger-than-linear fashion. We compared our dual approach with a FCS-based assay that uses large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), which however fails to capture the stronger-than-linear trend for our NTA(Ni)-His6 standard. Hence, we determined the KP of the MARCKS effector domain with our FCS approach on GUVs, whose results are consistent with previously published data using LUVs. We finally provide a practical manual on how to measure KP and understand it in terms of molecules per lipid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Thomas
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ilaria Visco
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Petrášek
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fabian Heinemann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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7
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Rivas G, Vogel SK, Schwille P. Reconstitution of cytoskeletal protein assemblies for large-scale membrane transformation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Form and function of the bacterial cytokinetic ring. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 26:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Almendro-Vedia VG, Monroy F, Cao FJ. Mechanics of constriction during cell division: a variational approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69750. [PMID: 23990888 PMCID: PMC3749217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During symmetric division cells undergo large constriction deformations at a stable midcell site. Using a variational approach, we investigate the mechanical route for symmetric constriction by computing the bending energy of deformed vesicles with rotational symmetry. Forces required for constriction are explicitly computed at constant area and constant volume, and their values are found to be determined by cell size and bending modulus. For cell-sized vesicles, considering typical bending modulus of [Formula: see text], we calculate constriction forces in the range [Formula: see text]. The instability of symmetrical constriction is shown and quantified with a characteristic coefficient of the order of [Formula: see text], thus evidencing that cells need a robust mechanism to stabilize constriction at midcell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G. Almendro-Vedia
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de Química Física I, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física I, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Cao
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Jiménez M, Martos A, Cabré EJ, Raso A, Rivas G. Giant vesicles: a powerful tool to reconstruct bacterial division assemblies in cell-like compartments. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:3158-68. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; CSIC; c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ariadna Martos
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 D-82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Elisa J. Cabré
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; CSIC; c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Raso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; CSIC; c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 D-82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; CSIC; c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
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11
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Cabré EJ, Sánchez-Gorostiaga A, Carrara P, Ropero N, Casanova M, Palacios P, Stano P, Jiménez M, Rivas G, Vicente M. Bacterial division proteins FtsZ and ZipA induce vesicle shrinkage and cell membrane invagination. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26625-34. [PMID: 23921390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeable vesicles containing the proto-ring anchoring ZipA protein shrink when FtsZ, the main cell division protein, polymerizes in the presence of GTP. Shrinkage, resembling the constriction of the cytoplasmic membrane, occurs at ZipA densities higher than those found in the cell and is modulated by the dynamics of the FtsZ polymer. In vivo, an excess of ZipA generates multilayered membrane inclusions within the cytoplasm and causes the loss of the membrane function as a permeability barrier. Overproduction of ZipA at levels that block septation is accompanied by the displacement of FtsZ and two additional division proteins, FtsA and FtsN, from potential septation sites to clusters that colocalize with ZipA near the membrane. The results show that elementary constriction events mediated by defined elements involved in cell division can be evidenced both in bacteria and in vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J Cabré
- From the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Rico AI, Krupka M, Vicente M. In the beginning, Escherichia coli assembled the proto-ring: an initial phase of division. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20830-20836. [PMID: 23740256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.479519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in Escherichia coli begins by assembling three proteins, FtsZ, FtsA, and ZipA, to form a proto-ring at midcell. These proteins nucleate an assembly of at least 35 components, the divisome. The structuring of FtsZ to form a ring and the processes that effect constriction have been explained by alternative but not mutually exclusive mechanisms. We discuss how FtsA and ZipA provide anchoring of the cytoplasmic FtsZ to the membrane and how a temporal sequence of alternative protein interactions may operate in the maturation and stability of the proto-ring. How the force needed for constriction is generated and how the proto-ring proteins relate to peptidoglycan synthesis remain as the main challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Rico
- From the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcin Krupka
- From the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente
- From the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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López‐Montero I, López‐Navajas P, Mingorance J, Rivas G, Vélez M, Vicente M, Monroy F. Intrinsic disorder of the bacterial cell division protein ZipA: coil‐to‐brush conformational transition. FASEB J 2013; 27:3363-75. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar López‐Navajas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | | | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y PetroleoquímicaCSICCampus de CantoblancoMadridSpain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA‐Nanociencia)Facultad de CienciasCampus de CantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - Miguel Vicente
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)CSICCampus de CantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física IUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
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14
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Rivas G, Alfonso C, Jiménez M, Monterroso B, Zorrilla S. Macromolecular interactions of the bacterial division FtsZ protein: from quantitative biochemistry and crowding to reconstructing minimal divisomes in the test tube. Biophys Rev 2013; 5:63-77. [PMID: 28510160 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of Escherichia coli is an essential process strictly regulated in time and space. It requires the association of FtsZ with other proteins to assemble a dynamic ring during septation, forming part of the functionally active division machinery, the divisome. FtsZ reversibly interacts with FtsA and ZipA at the cytoplasmic membrane to form a proto-ring, the first molecular assembly of the divisome, which is ultimately joined by the rest of the division-specific proteins. In this review we summarize the quantitative approaches used to study the activity, interactions, and assembly properties of FtsZ under well-defined solution conditions, with the aim of furthering our understanding of how the behavior of FtsZ is controlled by nucleotides and physiological ligands. The modulation of the association and assembly properties of FtsZ by excluded-volume effects, reproducing in part the natural crowded environment in which this protein has evolved to function, will be described. The subsequent studies on the reactivity of FtsZ in membrane-like systems using biochemical, biophysical, and imaging technologies are reported. Finally, we discuss the experimental challenges to be met to achieve construction of the minimum protein set needed to initiate bacterial division, without cells, in a cell-like compartment. This integrated approach, combining quantitative and synthetic strategies, will help to support (or dismiss) conclusions already derived from cellular and molecular analysis and to complete our understanding on how bacterial division works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alfonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Monterroso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Zorrilla
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano" (CSIC), c/Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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