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Howlett LA, Stevenson-Cocks H, Colman MA, Lancaster MK, Benson AP. Ionic current changes underlying action potential repolarization responses to physiological pacing and adrenergic stimulation in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15766. [PMID: 37495507 PMCID: PMC10371833 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to simulate ventricular responses to elevations in myocyte pacing and adrenergic stimulation using a novel electrophysiological rat model and investigate ion channel responses underlying action potential (AP) modulations. Peak ion currents and AP repolarization to 50% and 90% of full repolarization (APD50-90 ) were recorded during simulations at 1-10 Hz pacing under control and adrenergic stimulation conditions. Further simulations were performed with incremental ion current block (L-type calcium current, ICa ; transient outward current, Ito ; slow delayed rectifier potassium current, IKs ; rapid delayed rectifier potassium current, IKr ; inward rectifier potassium current, IK1 ) to identify current influence on AP response to exercise. Simulated APD50-90 closely resembled experimental findings. Rate-dependent increases in IKs (6%-101%), IKr (141%-1339%), and ICa (0%-15%) and reductions in Ito (11%-57%) and IK1 (1%-9%) were observed. Meanwhile, adrenergic stimulation triggered moderate increases in all currents (23%-67%) except IK1 . Further analyses suggest AP plateau is most sensitive to modulations in Ito and ICa while late repolarization is most sensitive to IK1 , ICa , and IKs , with alterations in IKs predominantly stimulating the greatest magnitude of influence on late repolarization (35%-846% APD90 prolongation). The modified Leeds rat model (mLR) is capable of accurately modeling APs during physiological stress. This study highlights the importance of ICa , Ito , IK1, and IKs in controlling electrophysiological responses to exercise. This work will benefit the study of cardiac dysfunction, arrythmia, and disease, though future physiologically relevant experimental studies and model development are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Howlett
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alan P Benson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ivanova AD, Filatova TS, Abramochkin DV, Atkinson A, Dobrzynski H, Kokaeva ZG, Merzlyak EM, Pustovit KB, Kuzmin VS. Attenuation of inward rectifier potassium current contributes to the α1-adrenergic receptor-induced proarrhythmicity in the caval vein myocardium. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13597. [PMID: 33306261 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study is aimed at investigation of electrophysiological effects of α1-adrenoreceptor (α1-AR) stimulation in the rat superior vena cava (SVC) myocardium, which is one of the sources of proarrhythmic activity. METHODS α1-ARs agonists (phenylephrine-PHE or norepinephrine in presence of atenolol-NE + ATL) were applied to SVC and atrial tissue preparations or isolated cardiomyocytes, which were examined using optical mapping, glass microelectrodes or whole-cell patch clamp. α1-ARs distribution was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Kir2.X mRNA and protein level were estimated using RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS PHE or NE + ATL application caused a significant suppression of the conduction velocity (CV) of excitation and inexcitability in SVC, an increase in the duration of electrically evoked action potentials (APs), a decrease in the maximum upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax ) and depolarization of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in SVC to a greater extent than in atria. The effects induced by α1-ARs activation in SVC were attenuated by protein kinase C inhibition (PKC). The whole-cell patch clamp revealed PHE-induced suppression of outward component of IK1 inward rectifier current in isolated SVC, but not atrial myocytes. These effects can be mediated by α1A subtype of α-ARs found in abundance in rat SVC. The basal IK1 level in SVC was much lower than in atria as a result of the weaker expression of Kir2.2 channels. CONCLUSION Therefore, the reduced density of IK1 in rat SVC cardiomyocytes and sensitivity of this current to α1A-AR stimulation via PKC-dependent pathways might lead to proarrhythmic conduction in SVC myocardium by inducing RMP depolarization, AP prolongation, CV and dV/dtmax decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Ivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Department of Physiology Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
| | - Denis V. Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Department of Physiology Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology National Medical Research Center for Cardiology Moscow Russia
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Halina Dobrzynski
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow Poland
| | - Zarema G. Kokaeva
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Merzlyak
- Shemiakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science Moscow Russia
| | - Ksenia B. Pustovit
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Vladislav S. Kuzmin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Department of Physiology Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
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Tapa S, Wang L, Francis Stuart SD, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Habecker BA, Ripplinger CM. Adrenergic supersensitivity and impaired neural control of cardiac electrophysiology following regional cardiac sympathetic nerve loss. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18801. [PMID: 33139790 PMCID: PMC7608682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) can result in sympathetic nerve loss in the infarct region. However, the contribution of hypo-innervation to electrophysiological remodeling, independent from MI-induced ischemia and fibrosis, has not been comprehensively investigated. We present a novel mouse model of regional cardiac sympathetic hypo-innervation utilizing a targeted-toxin (dopamine beta-hydroxylase antibody conjugated to saporin, DBH-Sap), and measure resulting electrophysiological and Ca2+ handling dynamics. Five days post-surgery, sympathetic nerve density was reduced in the anterior left ventricular epicardium of DBH-Sap hearts compared to control. In Langendorff-perfused hearts, there were no differences in mean action potential duration (APD80) between groups; however, isoproterenol (ISO) significantly shortened APD80 in DBH-Sap but not control hearts, resulting in a significant increase in APD80 dispersion in the DBH-Sap group. ISO also produced spontaneous diastolic Ca2+ elevation in DBH-Sap but not control hearts. In innervated hearts, sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) increased heart rate to a lesser degree in DBH-Sap hearts compared to control. Additionally, SNS produced APD80 prolongation in the apex of control but not DBH-Sap hearts. These results suggest that hypo-innervated hearts have regional super-sensitivity to circulating adrenergic stimulation (ISO), while having blunted responses to SNS, providing important insight into the mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis following sympathetic nerve loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Tapa
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2419B Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lianguo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2419B Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha D Francis Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2419B Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2419B Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2419B Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2419B Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Saadeh K, Shivkumar K, Jeevaratnam K. Targeting the β-adrenergic receptor in the clinical management of congenital long QT syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1474:27-46. [PMID: 32901453 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The long QT syndrome (LQTS) is largely treated pharmacologically with β-blockers, despite the role of sympathetic activity in LQTS being poorly understood. Using the trigger-substrate model of cardiac arrhythmias in this review, we amalgamate current experimental and clinical data from both animal and human studies to explain the mechanism of adrenergic stimulation and blockade on LQT arrhythmic risk and hence assess the efficacy of β-adrenoceptor blockade in the management of LQTS. In LQTS1 and LQTS2, sympathetic stimulation increases arrhythmic risk by enhancing early afterdepolarizations and transmural dispersion of repolarization. β-Blockers successfully reduce cardiac events by reducing these triggers and substrates; however, these effects are less marked in LQTS2 compared with LQTS1. In LQTS3, clinical and experimental investigations of the effects of sympathetic stimulation and β-blocker use have produced contradictory findings, resulting in significant clinical uncertainty. We offer explanations for these contradicting results relating to study sample size, the dose of the β-blocker administered associated with its off-target Na+ channel effects, as well as the type of β-blocker used. We conclude that the antiarrhythmic efficacy of β-blockers is a genotype-specific phenomenon, and hence the use of β-blockers in clinical practice should be genotype dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saadeh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Centre, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Watson SA, Duff J, Bardi I, Zabielska M, Atanur SS, Jabbour RJ, Simon A, Tomas A, Smolenski RT, Harding SE, Perbellini F, Terracciano CM. Biomimetic electromechanical stimulation to maintain adult myocardial slices in vitro. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2168. [PMID: 31092830 PMCID: PMC6520377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult cardiac tissue undergoes a rapid process of dedifferentiation when cultured outside the body. The in vivo environment, particularly constant electromechanical stimulation, is fundamental to the regulation of cardiac structure and function. We investigated the role of electromechanical stimulation in preventing culture-induced dedifferentiation of adult cardiac tissue using rat, rabbit and human heart failure myocardial slices. Here we report that the application of a preload equivalent to sarcomere length (SL) = 2.2 μm is optimal for the maintenance of rat myocardial slice structural, functional and transcriptional properties at 24 h. Gene sets associated with the preservation of structure and function are activated, while gene sets involved in dedifferentiation are suppressed. The maximum contractility of human heart failure myocardial slices at 24 h is also optimally maintained at SL = 2.2 μm. Rabbit myocardial slices cultured at SL = 2.2 μm remain stable for 5 days. This approach substantially prolongs the culture of adult cardiac tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Watson
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James Duff
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ifigeneia Bardi
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Magdalena Zabielska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-210, Poland
| | - Santosh S Atanur
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard J Jabbour
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - André Simon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation & Mechanical Circulatory Support, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ryszard T Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-210, Poland
| | - Sian E Harding
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Wang L, Sun L, Wang K, Jin Y, Liu Q, Xia Z, Liu X, Zhang J, Li J. Stimulation of Epicardial Sympathetic Nerves at Different Sites Induces Cardiac Electrical Instability to Various Degrees. Sci Rep 2018; 8:994. [PMID: 29343857 PMCID: PMC5772557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac sympathetic nerves distribute across cardiac tissues with uneven density. Yet, to what extent this anatomical heterogeneity affects electrical activity of the left ventricle is largely unknown. Dogs were randomized into non-stimulation control (NC), posterior basal-stimulation (PB), anterior superior-stimulation (AS), apical part-stimulation (AP) group. The epicardial sympathetic nerves at different sites along their distribution were with electrical stimulation (ES) for 4 hours except in the NC group. The myocardial effective refractory period (ERP), ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and density of sympathetic nerves were recorded. Compared with ES at other places, the stimulation at PB site significantly shortened ERP (left ventricular anterior and posterior walls; PB group, 118 ± 4 ms, 106 ± 2 ms; Versus NC group, 155 ± 3.5 ms, 160 ± 3 ms; p < 0.01) and VFT (PB group, 11.5 ± 1.5 V; Versus NC group, 20.5 ± 0.9 V; p < 0.01), and induced remarkable regeneration of the cardiac sympathetic nerves, hence influencing electrical activity of the left ventricle to the most extent. Our study demonstrates that the degree of induced ventricular electrical instability is correlated tightly with the density of sympathetic nerves around ES site, and PB site is a potential target for modulating ventricular electrical activity to the maximal extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongnan Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiakun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Modulation of Ether-à-Go-Go Related Gene (ERG) Current Governs Intrinsic Persistent Activity in Rodent Neocortical Pyramidal Cells. J Neurosci 2017; 38:423-440. [PMID: 29175952 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1774-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While cholinergic receptor activation has long been known to dramatically enhance the excitability of cortical neurons, the cellular mechanisms responsible for this effect are not well understood. We used intracellular recordings in rat (both sexes) neocortical brain slices to assess the ionic mechanisms supporting persistent firing modes triggered by depolarizing stimuli following cholinergic receptor activation. We found multiple lines of evidence suggesting that a component of the underlying hyperexcitability associated with persistent firing reflects a reduction in the standing (leak) K+ current mediated by Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene (ERG) channels. Three chemically diverse ERG channel blockers (terfenadine, ErgToxin-1, and E-4031) abolished persistent firing and the underlying increase in input resistance in deep pyramidal cells in temporal and prefrontal association neocortex. Calcium accumulation during triggering stimuli appears to attenuate ERG currents, leading to membrane potential depolarization and increased input resistance, two critical elements generating persistent firing. Our results also suggest that ERG current normally governs cortical neuron responses to depolarizing stimuli by opposing prolonged discharges and by enhancing the poststimulus repolarization. The broad expression of ERG channels and the ability of ERG blocks to abolish persistent firing evoked by both synaptic and intracellular step stimuli suggest that modulation of ERG channels may underlie many forms of persistent activity observed in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Persistent activity, where spiking continues beyond the triggering stimulus, is a common phenomenon observed in many types of neurons. Identifying the mechanism underlying this elementary process of memory is a step forward in understanding higher cognitive function including short-term memory. Our results suggest that a reduction in the currents normally mediated by Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene (ERG) K+ channels contributes to persistent firing in neocortical pyramidal cells. ERG currents have been previously studied primarily in the heart; relatively little is known about ERG function in the brain, although mutations in ERG channels have recently been linked to schizophrenia. The present study is among the first to describe its role in neocortex in relation to biophysical correlates of memory function.
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Gardner RT, Ripplinger CM, Myles RC, Habecker BA. Molecular Mechanisms of Sympathetic Remodeling and Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9:e001359. [PMID: 26810594 DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Gardner
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.)
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.)
| | - Rachel C Myles
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.)
| | - Beth A Habecker
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.).
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Ripplinger CM, Noujaim SF, Linz D. The nervous heart. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 120:199-209. [PMID: 26780507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities are accompanied by autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Here, we review mechanisms by which the cardiac nervous system controls normal and abnormal excitability and may contribute to atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Moreover, we explore the potential antiarrhythmic and/or arrhythmogenic effects of modulating the autonomic nervous system by several strategies, including ganglionated plexi ablation, vagal and spinal cord stimulations, and renal sympathetic denervation as therapies for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Sami F Noujaim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Dominik Linz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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Hervé JC. Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:511-3. [PMID: 24373689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Hervé
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, FRE 3511, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, PBS, Bât: B36 - 1 rue Georges Bonnet, 86022 POITIERS Cédex, France
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