1
|
Mahindra A, Tejeda G, Rossi M, Janha O, Herbert I, Morris C, Morgan DC, Beattie W, Montezano AC, Hudson B, Tobin AB, Bhella D, Touyz RM, Jamieson AG, Baillie GS, Blair CM. Peptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding motif bind to ACE2 but do not block ACE2-mediated host cell entry or pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260283. [PMID: 34793553 PMCID: PMC8601423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and entry into host cells is mediated by a direct interaction between viral spike glycoproteins and membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The receptor binding motif (RBM), located within the S1 subunit of the spike protein, incorporates the majority of known ACE2 contact residues responsible for high affinity binding and associated virulence. Observation of existing crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (SRBD)-ACE2 interface, combined with peptide array screening, allowed us to define a series of linear native RBM-derived peptides that were selected as potential antiviral decoy sequences with the aim of directly binding ACE2 and attenuating viral cell entry. RBM1 (16mer): S443KVGGNYNYLYRLFRK458, RBM2A (25mer): E484GFNCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGYQPY508, RBM2B (20mer): F456NCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGY505 and RBM2A-Sc (25mer): NYGLQGSPFGYQETPYPFCNFVQYG. Data from fluorescence polarisation experiments suggested direct binding between RBM peptides and ACE2, with binding affinities ranging from the high nM to low μM range (Kd = 0.207-1.206 μM). However, the RBM peptides demonstrated only modest effects in preventing SRBD internalisation and showed no antiviral activity in a spike protein trimer neutralisation assay. The RBM peptides also failed to suppress S1-protein mediated inflammation in an endogenously expressing ACE2 human cell line. We conclude that linear native RBM-derived peptides are unable to outcompete viral spike protein for binding to ACE2 and therefore represent a suboptimal approach to inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral cell entry. These findings reinforce the notion that larger biologics (such as soluble ACE2, 'miniproteins', nanobodies and antibodies) are likely better suited as SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry inhibitors than short-sequence linear peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahindra
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Tejeda
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Omar Janha
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Herbert
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wendy Beattie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Bhella
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - George S. Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Connor M. Blair
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Intracellular Ionic Strength Sensing Using NanoLuc. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020677. [PMID: 33445497 PMCID: PMC7826950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular ionic strength regulates myriad cellular processes that are fundamental to cellular survival and proliferation, including protein activity, aggregation, phase separation, and cell volume. It could be altered by changes in the activity of cellular signaling pathways, such as those that impact the activity of membrane-localized ion channels or by alterations in the microenvironmental osmolarity. Therefore, there is a demand for the development of sensitive tools for real-time monitoring of intracellular ionic strength. Here, we developed a bioluminescence-based intracellular ionic strength sensing strategy using the Nano Luciferase (NanoLuc) protein that has gained tremendous utility due to its high, long-lived bioluminescence output and thermal stability. Biochemical experiments using a recombinantly purified protein showed that NanoLuc bioluminescence is dependent on the ionic strength of the reaction buffer for a wide range of ionic strength conditions. Importantly, the decrease in the NanoLuc activity observed at higher ionic strengths could be reversed by decreasing the ionic strength of the reaction, thus making it suitable for sensing intracellular ionic strength alterations. Finally, we used an mNeonGreen–NanoLuc fusion protein to successfully monitor ionic strength alterations in a ratiometric manner through independent fluorescence and bioluminescence measurements in cell lysates and live cells. We envisage that the biosensing strategy developed here for detecting alterations in intracellular ionic strength will be applicable in a wide range of experiments, including high throughput cellular signaling, ion channel functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Collapse
|
3
|
Advances in the strategies for designing receptor-targeted molecular imaging probes for cancer research. J Control Release 2019; 305:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
4
|
Kii I, Hirahara-Owada S, Yamaguchi M, Niwa T, Koike Y, Sonamoto R, Ito H, Takahashi K, Yokoyama C, Hayashi T, Hosoya T, Watanabe Y. Quantification of receptor activation by oxytocin and vasopressin in endocytosis-coupled bioluminescence reduction assay using nanoKAZ. Anal Biochem 2018; 549:174-183. [PMID: 29627593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are structurally similar neuropeptide hormones that function as neurotransmitters in the brain, and have opposite key roles in social behaviors. These peptides bind to their G protein-coupled receptors (OXTR and AVPRs), inducing calcium ion-dependent signaling pathways and endocytosis of these receptors. Because selective agonists and antagonists for these receptors have been developed as therapeutic and diagnostic agents for diseases such as psychiatric disorders, facile methods are in demand for the evaluation of selectivity between these receptors. In this study, we developed a quantitative assay for OXT- and AVP-induced endocytosis of their receptors. The mutated Oplophorus luciferase, nanoKAZ, was fused to OXTR and AVPRs to enable rapid quantification of agonist-induced endocytosis by bioluminescence reduction. Agonist stimulation significantly decreases bioluminescence of nanoKAZ-fused receptors in living cells. Using this system, we evaluated clinically used OXTR antagonist atosiban and a reported pyrazinyltriazole derivative, hereby designated as PF13. Atosiban acted as an antagonist of AVPR1a, as well as an agonist for AVPR1b, whereas PF13 antagonized OXTR more selectively than atosiban, as reported previously. This paper shows a strategy for quantification of agonist-induced endocytosis of OXTR and AVPRs, and confirms its potent utility in the evaluation of agonists and antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Kii
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Shino Hirahara-Owada
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masataka Yamaguchi
- Functional Architecture Imaging Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Niwa
- Chemical Biology Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuka Koike
- Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Rie Sonamoto
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Harumi Ito
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kayo Takahashi
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yokoyama
- Functional Architecture Imaging Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Functional Architecture Imaging Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Chemical Biology Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Walker JR, Hall MP, Zimprich CA, Robers MB, Duellman SJ, Machleidt T, Rodriguez J, Zhou W. Highly Potent Cell-Permeable and Impermeable NanoLuc Luciferase Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1028-1037. [PMID: 28195704 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel engineered NanoLuc (Nluc) luciferase being smaller, brighter, and superior to traditional firefly (Fluc) or Renilla (Rluc) provides a great opportunity for the development of numerous biological, biomedical, clinical, and food and environmental safety applications. This new platform created an urgent need for Nluc inhibitors that could allow selective bioluminescent suppression and multiplexing compatibility with existing luminescence or fluorescence assays. Starting from thienopyrrole carboxylate 1, a hit from a 42 000 PubChem compound library with a low micromolar IC50 against Nluc, we derivatized four different structural fragments to discover a family of potent, single digit nanomolar, cell permeable inhibitors. Further elaboration revealed a channel that allowed access to the external Nluc surface, resulting in a series of highly potent cell impermeable Nluc inhibitors with negatively charged groups likely extending to the protein surface. The permeability was evaluated by comparing EC50 shifts calculated from both live and lysed cells expressing Nluc cytosolically. Luminescence imaging further confirmed that cell permeable compounds inhibit both intracellular and extracellular Nluc, whereas less permeable compounds differentially inhibit extracellular Nluc and Nluc on the cell surface. The compounds displayed little to no toxicity to cells and high luciferase specificity, showing no activity against firefly luciferase or even the closely related NanoBit system. Looking forward, the structural motifs used to gain access to the Nluc surface can also be appended with other functional groups, and therefore interesting opportunities for developing assays based on relief-of-inhibition can be envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel R. Walker
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Mary P. Hall
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Chad A. Zimprich
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Matthew B. Robers
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Sarah J. Duellman
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Thomas Machleidt
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Jacquelynn Rodriguez
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A negatively charged transmembrane aspartate residue controls activation of the relaxin-3 receptor RXFP3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:113-20. [PMID: 27353281 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is an insulin/relaxin superfamily neuropeptide involved in the regulation of food intake and stress response via activation of its cognate receptor RXFP3, an A-class G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In recent studies, a highly conserved ExxxD motif essential for binding of relaxin-3 has been identified at extracellular end of the second transmembrane domain (TMD2) of RXFP3. For most of the A-class GPCRs, a highly conserved negatively charged Asp residue (Asp(2.50) using Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering and Asp128 in human RXFP3) is present at the middle of TMD2. To elucidate function of the conserved transmembrane Asp128, in the present work we replaced it with other residues and the resultant RXFP3 mutants all retained quite high ligand-binding potency, but their activation and agonist-induced internalization were abolished or drastically decreased. Thus, the negatively charged transmembrane Asp128 controlled transduction of agonist-binding information from the extracellular region to the intracellular region through maintaining RXFP3 in a metastable state for efficient conformational change induced by binding of an agonist.
Collapse
|
7
|
Identification of hydrophobic interactions between relaxin-3 and its receptor RXFP3: implication for a conformational change in the B-chain C-terminus during receptor binding. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2227-36. [PMID: 27193232 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is an insulin/relaxin superfamily neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of food intake and stress response via activation of the G protein-coupled receptor RXFP3. Their electrostatic interactions have been recently identified, and involves three positively charged B-chain residues (B12Arg, B16Arg, and B26Arg) of relaxin-3 and two negatively charged residues (Glu141 and Asp145) in a highly conserved ExxxD motif at the extracellular end of the second transmembrane domain of RXFP3. To investigate their hydrophobic interactions, in the present work we deleted the highly conserved B-chain C-terminal B27Trp residue of relaxin-3, and mutated four highly conserved aromatic residues (Phe137, Trp138, Phe146, and Trp148) around the ExxxD motif of RXFP3. The resultant [∆B27W]relaxin-3 exhibited approximately tenfold lower binding potency and ~1000-fold lower activation potency towards wild-type RXFP3, confirming its importance for relaxin-3 function. Although the RXFP3 mutants could be normally trafficked to cell membrane, they had quite different activities. [F137A]RXFP3 could normally distinguish wild-type relaxin-3 and [∆B27W]relaxin-3 in binding and activation assays, whereas [W138A]RXFP3 lost most of this capability, suggesting that the Trp138 residue of RXFP3 forms hydrophobic interactions with the B27Trp residue of relaxin-3. The hydrophobic Trp138 residue and the formerly identified negatively charged Glu141 and Asp145 residues in the highly conserved WxxExxxD motif may thus form a functional surface that is important for interaction with relaxin-3. We hypothesize that the relaxin-3 B-chain C-terminus changes from the original folding-back conformation to an extended conformation during binding with RXFP3, to allow its B27Trp and B26Arg residues to interact with the Trp138 and Glu141 residues of RXFP3, respectively.
Collapse
|
8
|
England CG, Ehlerding EB, Cai W. NanoLuc: A Small Luciferase Is Brightening Up the Field of Bioluminescence. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1175-1187. [PMID: 27045664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical field has greatly benefited from the discovery of bioluminescent proteins. Currently, scientists employ bioluminescent systems for numerous biomedical applications, ranging from highly sensitive cellular assays to bioluminescence-based molecular imaging. Traditionally, these systems are based on Firefly and Renilla luciferases; however, the applicability of these enzymes is limited by their size, stability, and luminescence efficiency. NanoLuc (NLuc), a novel bioluminescence platform, offers several advantages over established systems, including enhanced stability, smaller size, and >150-fold increase in luminescence. In addition, the substrate for NLuc displays enhanced stability and lower background activity, opening up new possibilities in the field of bioluminescence imaging. The NLuc system is incredibly versatile and may be utilized for a wide array of applications. The increased sensitivity, high stability, and small size of the NLuc system have the potential to drastically change the field of reporter assays in the future. However, as with all such technology, NLuc has limitations (including a nonideal emission for in vivo applications and its unique substrate) which may cause it to find restricted use in certain areas of molecular biology. As this unique technology continues to broaden, NLuc may have a significant impact in both preclinical and clinical fields, with potential roles in disease detection, molecular imaging, and therapeutic monitoring. This review will present the NLuc technology to the scientific community in a nonbiased manner, allowing the audience to adopt their own views of this novel system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G England
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Novel bioluminescent binding assays for interaction studies of protein/peptide hormones with their receptors. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Robers MB, Binkowski BF, Cong M, Zimprich C, Corona C, McDougall M, Otto G, Eggers CT, Hartnett J, Machleidt T, Fan F, Wood KV. A luminescent assay for real-time measurements of receptor endocytosis in living cells. Anal Biochem 2015; 489:1-8. [PMID: 26278171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-mediated endocytosis is a key autoregulatory mechanism governing the duration and intensity of signals emanating from cell surface receptors. Due to the mechanistic complexity of endocytosis and its emerging relevance in disease, simple methods capable of tracking this dynamic process in cells have become increasingly desirable. We have developed a bioluminescent reporter technology for real-time analysis of ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis using genetic fusions of NanoLuc luciferase with various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This method is compatible with standard microplate formats, which should decrease work flows for high-throughput screens. This article also describes the application of this technology to endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), demonstrating potential applicability of the method beyond GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | | | | | - George Otto
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | | | | | - Frank Fan
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|