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Zaatouf L, Kumar K, Marcotte I, Warschawski DE. Assessment of membrane labelling mechanisms with exogenous fatty acids and detergents in bacteria. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00134-2. [PMID: 38825063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Labelling of bacterial membranes using exogenous fatty acids has proven to be a valuable tool to investigate molecular interactions by in-cell solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy, notably with antimicrobial peptides. However, the mechanism by which this labelling takes place in non-mutated bacteria has not yet been investigated. In this work, we propose a rapid method to assess the fate of the fatty acids during the labelling of bacteria, involving two different methylation schemes and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. We applied this approach to Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria grown with deuterated palmitic acid under different conditions. We assessed the extent of labelling, then the resulting membrane rigidity by 2H ssNMR. Our results reveal that the labelling mechanism depends on the detergent used to micellize the fatty acids. This labelling can be either active or passive, whether the fatty acids are metabolized and used in the phospholipids biosynthesis, or remain unmodified in the membrane. We discuss the best labelling protocol for studying peptide-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Zaatouf
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, CNRS UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Departement of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Departement of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Dror E Warschawski
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, CNRS UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
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Ma R, Ji C, Shen M, Xu S, Fan G, Wu C, Yu Q, Yin L. Development of Small HN Linked Radionuclide Iodine-125 for Nanocarrier Image Tracing in Mouse Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1909-1922. [PMID: 38414522 PMCID: PMC10898482 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s446564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Radionuclides have important roles in clinical tumor radiotherapy as they are used to kill tumor cells or as imaging agents for drug tracing. The application of radionuclides has been developing as an increasing number of nanomaterials are used to deliver radionuclides to tumor areas to kill tumor cells. However, promoting the efficient combination of radionuclides and nanocarriers (NCs), enhancing radionuclide loading efficiency, and avoiding environmental pollution caused by radionuclide overuse are important challenges that hinder their further development. Methods In the present study, a new small molecule compound (3-[[(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-carbonyl] amino]-alanine, abbreviation: HN, molecular formula: C12H16N2O5) was synthesized as a linker between radionuclide iodine-125 (125I) and NCs to enable a more efficient binding between NCs and radionuclides. Results In vitro evidence indicated that the linker was able to bind 125I with higher efficiency (labeling efficiency >80%) than that of tyrosine, as well as various NCs, such as cellulose nanofibers, metal oxide NCs, and graphene oxide. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging demonstrated the biological distribution of 125I-labeled NCs in different organs/tissues after administration in mice. Conclusion These results showed an improvement in radionuclide labeling efficiency for nanocarriers and provided an approach for nanocarrier image tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Ma
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunya Ji
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengdan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojia Fan
- Center for Cytotoxicity Testing, Sanitation & Environment Technology Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linliang Yin
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215002, People’s Republic of China
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Slimestad R, Johny A, Thomsen MG, Karlsen CR, Rosnes JT. Chemical Profiling and Biological Activity of Extracts from Nine Norwegian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217335. [PMID: 36364156 PMCID: PMC9656764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increased interest in identifying beneficial compounds of plant origin that can be added to animal diets to improve animal performance and have a health-promoting effect. In the present study, nine herb species of the Norwegian wild flora or which can be cultivated in Norway were selected for phytogenic evaluation (hops, maral root, mint, oregano, purslane, rosemary, roseroot, sweet wormwood, yarrow). Dried herbs were sequentially extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol (EtOH) and finally water (H2O) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The UAE protocol was found to be more rational than conventional Soxhlet with respect to DCM extraction. Total extraction yield was found to be highest for oregano (Origanum vulgare) with 34.4 g 100−1 g dry matter (DM). H2O-extracts gave the highest yields of the three solvents, with up to 25 g 100−1 g DM for purslane (Portulaca oleracea ssp. sativa) and mint (Mentha piperita). EtOH- and H2O-extracts were the most efficient extracts with respect to free radical scavenging capacity (ABTS (=2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and oregano, mint, hops (Humulus lupulus) and maral root-leaves (Leuzea carthamoides) were found to be the most efficient antioxidant sources. Hops (EtOH-extract) contained α- and β-acids, xanthohumols, chlorogenic acid and the hitherto unreported 3-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Maral root-leaves contained among other compounds hexosides of the 6-hydroxy- and 6-methoxy-kaempferol and -quercetin, whereas roseroot (Rosea rhodiola) revealed contents of rosavin, rhodiosin and rhodionin. Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) contained chlorogenic acid and several derivatives thereof, scopoletin and poly-methylated flavones (eupatin, casticin, chrysoplenetin). Antimicrobial potential of different plant extracts was demonstrated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the indicator organisms Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, and the Atlantic salmon bacterial pathogens Moritella viscosa, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense and Aliivibrio wodanis. DCM extracts possessed the highest activities. Data demonstrate the potential ability of herb extracts as natural antimicrobials. However, future safety studies should be performed to elucidate any compromising effect on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Slimestad
- PlantChem AS, Eikenveien 334, N-4596 Eiken, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Amritha Johny
- Department of Fish Health, Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Mette Goul Thomsen
- Division of Food Production and Society, Nibio, Nylinna 226, N-2849 Kapp, Norway
| | | | - Jan Thomas Rosnes
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima AS, Richard Johnsens gate 4, N-4021 Stavanger, Norway
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Kumar K, Sebastiao M, Arnold AA, Bourgault S, Warschawski DE, Marcotte I. IN SITU SOLID-STATE NMR STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE INTERACTIONs WITH ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES. Biophys J 2022; 121:1512-1524. [PMID: 35278426 PMCID: PMC9072582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are promising therapeutic agents to mitigate the global rise of antibiotic resistance. They generally act by perturbing the bacterial cell membrane and are thus less likely to induce resistance. Because they are membrane-active molecules, it is critical to verify and understand their potential action toward eukaryotic cells to help design effective and safe drugs. In this work, we studied the interaction of two antimicrobial peptides, aurein 1.2 and caerin 1.1, with red blood cell (RBC) membranes using in situ 31P and 2H solid-state NMR (SS-NMR). We established a protocol to integrate up to 25% of deuterated fatty acids in the membranes of ghosts, which are obtained when hemoglobin is removed from RBCs. Fatty acid incorporation and the integrity of the lipid bilayer were confirmed by SS-NMR and fluorescence confocal microscopy. Leakage assays were performed to assess the lytic power of the antimicrobial peptides. The in situ perturbation of the ghost membranes by aurein 1.2 and caerin 1.1 revealed by 31P and 2H SS-NMR is consistent with membrane perturbation through a carpet mechanism for aurein 1.2, whereas caerin 1.1 acts on RBCs via pore formation. These results are compatible with fluorescence microscopy images of the ghosts. The peptides interact with eukaryotic membranes following similar mechanisms that take place in bacteria, highlighting the importance of hydrophobicity when determining such interactions. Our work bridges model membranes and in vitro studies and provides an analytical toolbox to assess drug toxicity toward eukaryotic cells.
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Booth V. Deuterium Solid State NMR Studies of Intact Bacteria Treated With Antimicrobial Peptides. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 2:621572. [PMID: 35047897 PMCID: PMC8757836 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.621572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid state NMR has been tremendously useful in characterizing the structure and dynamics of model membranes composed of simple lipid mixtures. Model lipid studies employing solid state NMR have included important work revealing how membrane bilayer structure and dynamics are affected by molecules such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, solid state NMR need not be applied only to model membranes, but can also be used with living, intact cells. NMR of whole cells holds promise for helping resolve some unsolved mysteries about how bacteria interact with AMPs. This mini-review will focus on recent studies using 2H NMR to study how treatment with AMPs affect membranes in intact bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physics and Physical Oceanograpy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Laydevant F, Mahabadi M, Llido P, Bourgouin JP, Caron L, Arnold AA, Marcotte I, Warschawski DE. Growth-phase dependence of bacterial membrane lipid profile and labeling for in-cell solid-state NMR applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1864:183819. [PMID: 34800428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell labeling is a preliminary step in multiple biophysical approaches, including the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of bacteria in vivo. Deuterium solid-state NMR has been used in the past years to probe bacterial membranes and their interactions with antimicrobial peptides, following a standard labeling protocol. Recent results from our laboratory on a slow-growing bacterium has shown the need to optimize this protocol, especially the bacterial growth time before harvest and the concentration of exogenous labeled fatty acids to be used for both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. It is also essential for the protocol to remain harmless to cells while providing optimal labeling. We have therefore developed a fast and facile approach to monitor the lipid composition of bacterial membranes under various growth conditions, combining solution 31P NMR and GCMS. Using this approach, the optimized labeling conditions of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with deuterated palmitic acid were determined. Our results show a modification of B. subtilis phospholipid profile as a function of the growth stage, as opposed to E. coli. Our protocol recommends low concentrations of exogenous palmitic acid in the growth medium, and bacteria harvest after the exponential phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Laydevant
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mahsa Mahabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Pierre Llido
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bourgouin
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Laurence Caron
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Alexandre A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Dror E Warschawski
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada; Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, CNRS UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France.
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Okotrub KA, Okotrub SV, Mokrousova VI, Amstislavsky SY, Surovtsev NV. Lipid phase transitions in cat oocytes supplemented with deuterated fatty acids. Biophys J 2021; 120:5619-5630. [PMID: 34767788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of oocytes has already been used to preserve genetic resources, but this technology faces limitations when applied to the species whose oocytes contain large amounts of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Although cryoinjuries in such oocytes are usually associated with the lipid phase transition in lipid droplets, this phenomenon is still poorly understood. We applied Raman spectroscopy of deuterium-labeled lipids to investigate the freezing of lipid droplets inside cat oocytes. Lipid phase separation was detected in oocytes cryopreserved by slow-freezing protocol. For oocytes supplemented with stearic acid, we found that saturated lipids form the ordered phase being distributed at the periphery of lipid droplets. When an oocyte is warmed to physiological temperatures after cooling, a fraction of saturated lipids may remain in the ordered conformational state. The fractions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids redistribute to the core of lipid droplets. Monounsaturated lipids undergo the transition to the ordered conformational state below -10°C. Using deuterated fatty acids with a different number of double bonds, we reveal how different lipid fractions are involved in the lipid phase transition of a cytoplasmic lipid droplet and how they can affect cell survival. Raman spectroscopy of deuterated lipids has proven to be a promising tool for studying the lipid phase transitions and lipid redistributions inside single organelles within living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Okotrub
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Svetlana V Okotrub
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina I Mokrousova
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergei Y Amstislavsky
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Surovtsev
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Investigating the action of the microalgal pigment marennine on Vibrio splendidus by in vivo 2H and 31P solid-state NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183642. [PMID: 34000261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the potential probiotic effect of marennine - a natural pigment produced by the diatom Haslea ostrearia - on Vibrio splendidus. These marine bacteria are often considered a threat for aquaculture; therefore, chemical antibiotics can be required to reduce bacterial outbreaks. In vivo2H solid-state NMR was used to probe the effects of marennine on the bacterial membrane in the exponential and stationary phases. Comparisons were made with polymyxin B (PxB) - an antibiotic used in aquaculture and known to interact with Gram(-) bacteria membranes. We also investigated the effect of marennine using 31P solid-state NMR on model membranes. Our results show that marennine has little effect on phospholipid headgroups dynamics, but reduces the acyl chain fluidity. Our data suggest that the two antimicrobial agents perturb V. splendidus membranes through different mechanisms. While PxB would alter the bacterial outer and inner membranes, marennine would act through a membrane stiffening mechanism, without affecting the bilayer integrity. Our study proposes this microalgal pigment, which is harmless for humans, as a potential treatment against vibriosis.
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Estupiñán M, Hernández I, Saitua E, Bilbao ME, Mendibil I, Ferrer J, Alonso-Sáez L. Novel Vibrio spp. Strains Producing Omega-3 Fatty Acids Isolated from Coastal Seawater. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E99. [PMID: 32024040 PMCID: PMC7074563 DOI: 10.3390/md18020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3), are considered essential for human health. Microorganisms are the primary producers of omega-3 fatty acids in marine ecosystems, representing a sustainable source of these lipids, as an alternative to the fish industry. Some marine bacteria can produce LC-PUFAs de novo via the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Pfa) synthase/ Polyketide Synthase (PKS) pathway, which does not require desaturation and elongation of saturated fatty acids. Cultivation-independent surveys have revealed that the diversity of microorganisms harboring a molecular marker of the pfa gene cluster (i.e., pfaA-KS domain) is high and their potential distribution in marine systems is widespread, from surface seawater to sediments. However, the isolation of PUFA producers from marine waters has been typically restricted to deep or cold environments. Here, we report a phenotypic and genotypic screening for the identification of omega-3 fatty acid producers in free-living bacterial strains isolated from 5, 500, and 1000 m deep coastal seawater from the Bay of Biscay (Spain). We further measured EPA production in pelagic Vibrio sp. strains collected at the three different depths. Vibrio sp. EPA-producers and non-producers were simultaneously isolated from the same water samples and shared a high percentage of identity in their 16S rRNA genes, supporting the view that the pfa gene cluster can be horizontally transferred. Within a cluster of EPA-producers, we found intraspecific variation in the levels of EPA synthesis for isolates harboring different genetic variants of the pfaA-KS domain. The maximum production of EPA was found in a Vibrio sp. strain isolated from a 1000 m depth (average 4.29% ± 1.07 of total fatty acids at 10 °C, without any optimization of culturing conditions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Estupiñán
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi Irla s/n, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain; (M.E.); (M.E.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Igor Hernández
- AZTI, Food Research Division, Astondo Bidea, Building 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.H.); (E.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Eduardo Saitua
- AZTI, Food Research Division, Astondo Bidea, Building 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.H.); (E.S.); (J.F.)
| | - M. Elisabete Bilbao
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi Irla s/n, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain; (M.E.); (M.E.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Iñaki Mendibil
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi Irla s/n, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain; (M.E.); (M.E.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- AZTI, Food Research Division, Astondo Bidea, Building 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.H.); (E.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Laura Alonso-Sáez
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi Irla s/n, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain; (M.E.); (M.E.B.); (I.M.)
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