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Li X, Huang Y, Zheng K, Yu G, Wang Q, Gu L, Li J, Wang H, Zhang W, Sun Y, Li C. Integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic data-independent acquisition data evaluate the personalized drug responses of primary and metastatic tumors in colorectal cancer. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2023; 9:67-81. [PMID: 37753059 PMCID: PMC10518519 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2022.210048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics are powerful methods to study the biological mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic analysis, and drug therapy of tumors. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode is considered to perform better than data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode in terms of quantitative reproducibility, specificity, accuracy, and identification of low-abundance proteins. Mini patient derived xenograft (MiniPDX) model is an effective model to assess the response to antineoplastic drugs in vivo and is helpful for the precise treatment of cancer patients. Kinases are favorable spots for tumor-targeted drugs, and their functional completion relies on signaling pathways through phosphorylating downstream substrates. Kinase-phosphorylation networks or edge interactions are considered more credible and permanent for characterizing complex diseases. Here, we provide a workflow for personalized drug response assessment in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors using DIA proteomic data, DIA phosphoproteomic data, and MiniPDX models. Three kinase inhibitors, afatinib, gefitinib, and regorafenib, are tested pharmacologically. The process mainly includes the following steps: clinical tissue collection, sample preparation, hybrid spectral libraries establishment, MS data acquisition, kinase-substrate network construction, in vivo drug test, and elastic regression modeling. Our protocol gives a more direct data basis for individual drug responses, and will improve the selection of treatment strategies for patients without the druggable mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumiao Li
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kuo Zheng
- Colorectal Surgery Department, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanyu Yu
- Colorectal Surgery Department, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingquan Li
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Colorectal Surgery Department, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yidi Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chen Li
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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2
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Zayed MF. Medicinal Chemistry of Quinazolines as Anticancer Agents Targeting Tyrosine Kinases. Sci Pharm 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a large group of diseases that can affect any organ or body tissue due to the abnormal cellular growth with the unknown reasons. Many of the existing chemotherapeutic agents are highly toxic with a low level of selectivity. Additionally, they lead to development of therapeutic resistance. Hence, the development of targeted chemotherapeutic agents with low side effects and high selectivity is required for cancer treatment. Quinazoline is a vital scaffold well-known to be linked with several biological activities. The anticancer activity is one of the prominent biological activities of this scaffold. Several established anticancer quinazolines work by different mechanisms on the various molecular targets. The aim of this review is to present different features of medicinal chemistry as drug design, structure activity relationship, and mode of action of some targeted anticancer quinazoline derivatives. It gives comprehensive attention on the chemotherapeutic activity of quinazolines in the viewpoint of drug discovery and its development. This review provides panoramic view to the medicinal chemists for supporting their efforts to design and synthesize novel quinazolines as targeted chemotherapeutic agents.
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Shiri P, Ramezanpour S, Amani AM, Dehaen W. A patent review on efficient strategies for the total synthesis of pazopanib, regorafenib and lenvatinib as novel anti-angiogenesis receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2981-3002. [PMID: 35235141 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important and interesting scientific subject in the area of malignant tumours. Current research importance and interest are directed in connection to blood microvessels in cancer cell proliferation, tumour growth, and metastasis. Tyrosine kinases have been intensely implicated as therapeutic targets that affect the angiogenic process in tumour growth. In the last decades, targeting angiogenesis has led to achievements in the therapy of different carcinomas by different mechanisms, such as the utilization of anti-angiogenic small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the current review, we aim to track the advancements in the total synthesis of three receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (pazopanib, regorafenib and lenvatinib). This review surveys different synthetic routes for these three approved drugs (pazopanib, regorafenib and lenvatinib) which were previously published as patents (2014-2021). The purity of medicines is a very important factor during manufacturing so we have decided to review the purification process of these anticancer medicines as well. It should be noted that the different patents may have reported some procedures with different yields and purities for the synthesis of desired drug and their intermediates. In order to simplify the understanding of the contents of this review article, only the best results reported in each of these patents are reported for the synthesis of desired drug and their intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Shiri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sorour Ramezanpour
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Das SK, Deka SJ, Paul D, Gupta DD, Das TJ, Maravi DK, Tag H, Hui PK. In-silico based identification of phytochemicals from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. as potential inhibitors for overexpressed HER2 and VEGFR2 cancer genes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6857-6867. [PMID: 33625319 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1891136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2) and Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor2 (VEGFR2) - a tyrosine kinase receptors play a key role in breast and stomach cancers. The overexpression of HER2 and VEGFR2 genes increases the number of HER2 and VEGFR2 in the cell which initiates breast and stomach cancer respectively. The phytochemicals from traditional medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. are reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential. However, isolation of phytochemicals from this herb is fraught with uncertainly and time-consuming. Here, a molecular docking approach provides probable binding affinities between the receptors and phytochemicals (ligands) which initiate the first step of anticancer drug discovery and development. In the present study, In-silico docking approaches were used to identify the top-hit phytochemicals from H. cordata as potential inhibitors for overexpressed HER2 (breast) and VEGFR2 (stomach) cancer genes. A total of 100 biologically active phytochemicals from H. cordata were screened and docked against the ligand-binding pocket of HER2 and VEGFR2 kinase domains. Docking results revealed only a few phytochemicals (molecules) which appropriately fit into the ligand-binding pocket with higher binding affinity than the natural ATP ligand. A competitive docking was used to ascertain the top-hit phytochemicals that bind perfectly to the ATP ligand-binding pocket. Among the top-hit phytochemicals docked from H. cordata, the β-sitosterol and Quercetin showed highest binding affinity towards HER2 and VEGFR2 receptors using both hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. This study confirmed β-sitosterol and Quercetin as potential drug candidates against breast and stomach cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Jyoti Deka
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Debmalya Das Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tridip Jyoti Das
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Maravi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Hui Tag
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pallabi Kalita Hui
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
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Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Barbarossa A, Caruso A, Grande F, Bonomo MG, Mariconda A, Longo P, Carmela S, Sinicropi MS. Carbazole Derivatives as Kinase-Targeting Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:444-465. [PMID: 31951166 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200117144701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinases (PKs) are a heterogeneous family of enzymes that modulate several biological pathways, including cell division, cytoskeletal rearrangement, differentiation and apoptosis. In particular, due to their crucial role during human tumorigenesis and cancer progression, PKs are ideal targets for the design and development of effective and low toxic chemotherapeutics and represent the second group of drug targets after G-protein-coupled receptors. Nowadays, several compounds have been claimed to be PKs inhibitors, and some of them, such as imatinib, erlotinib and gefitinib, have already been approved for clinical use, whereas more than 30 others are in various phases of clinical trials. Among them, some natural or synthetic carbazole-based molecules represent promising PKs inhibitors due to their capability to interfere with PK activity by different mechanisms of action including the ability to act as DNA intercalating agents, interfere with the activity of enzymes involved in DNA duplication, such as topoisomerases and telomerases, and inhibit other proteins such as cyclindependent kinases or antagonize estrogen receptors. Thus, carbazoles can be considered a promising this class of compounds to be adopted in targeted therapy of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Anna Caruso
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS), Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Saturnino Carmela
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS), Italy
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6
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Bansal R, Malhotra A. Therapeutic progression of quinazolines as targeted chemotherapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113016. [PMID: 33243532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Presently cancer is a grave health issue with predominance beyond restrictions. It can affect any organ of the body. Most of the available chemotherapeutic drugs are highly toxic, not much selective and eventually lead to the development of resistance. Therefore, a target specific palliative approach for the treatment of cancer is required. Remarkable advancements in science have illuminated various molecular pathways responsible for cancer. This has resulted in abundant opportunities to develop targeted anticancer agents. Quinazoline nucleus is a privileged scaffold with significant diversified pharmacological activities. Numerous established anticancer quinazoline derivatives constitute a new class of chemotherapeutic agents which are found to act by inhibiting various protein kinases as well as other molecular targets. A recent update on various quinazoline derivatives acting on different types of molecular targets for the treatment of cancer has been compiled in this review. Brief SAR studies of quinazoline derivatives acting through different mechanisms of action have been highlighted. The comprehensive medicinal chemistry aspects of these agents in this review provide a panoramic view to the biologists as well as medicinal chemists working in this area and would assist them in their efforts to design and synthesize novel quinazoline based anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju Bansal
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sector-14, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Anjleena Malhotra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sector-14, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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7
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Sun Y, Li C, Pang S, Yao Q, Chen L, Li Y, Zeng R. Kinase-substrate Edge Biomarkers Provide a More Accurate Prognostic Prediction in ER-negative Breast Cancer. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:525-538. [PMID: 33450402 PMCID: PMC8377385 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer subtype is aggressive with few treatment options available. To identify specific prognostic factors for ER-negative breast cancer, this study included 705,729 and 1034 breast invasive cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, respectively. To identify key differential kinase-substrate node and edge biomarkers between ER-negative and ER-positive breast cancer patients, we adopted a network-based method using correlation coefficients between molecular pairs in the kinase regulatory network. Integrated analysis of the clinical and molecular data revealed the significant prognostic power of kinase-substrate node and edge features for both subtypes of breast cancer. Two promising kinase-substrate edge features, CSNK1A1-NFATC3 and SRC-OCLN, were identified for more accurate prognostic prediction in ER-negative breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shichao Pang
- Deptartment of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qianlan Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Life Sciences, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yixue Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Life Sciences, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science & Technology, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Life Sciences, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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8
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Pauli FP, Martins JR, Paschoalin T, Ionta M, Barbosa MLC, Barreiro EJ. Novel VEGFR‐2 inhibitors with an
N
‐acylhydrazone scaffold. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000130. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P. Pauli
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Martins
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| | - Thaysa Paschoalin
- Department of Biophysics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| | - Maria Leticia C. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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9
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Sanabria MN, Hornink MM, Correia VG, Andrade LH. Nontraditional Application of the Photo-Fenton Process: A Novel Strategy for Molecular Construction Using Formamide and Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marialy N. Sanabria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Milene M. Hornink
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Valquíria G. Correia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro H. Andrade
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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10
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Elsayed NM, Serya RA, Tolba MF, Ahmed M, Barakat K, Abou El Ella DA, Abouzid KA. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and dynamics simulation of indazole derivatives with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative anticancer activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:340-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Rathinavelu A, Alhazzani K, Dhandayuthapani S, Kanagasabai T. Anti-cancer effects of F16: A novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-specific inhibitor. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317726841. [PMID: 29130389 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317726841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 is a dynamic target for therapeutic intervention in various types of cancers. This study was aimed to explore the anti-angiogenic activity of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-specific inhibitor named F16 in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. This compound effectively reduced cell proliferation, tube formation, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner by directly inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor binding and subsequent vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 phosphorylation. The F16 was also able to inhibit the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B-mediated survival and migration pathways in cancer in addition to inhibiting the focal adhesion kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases-mediated signaling in GI-101A cancer cells. The chorioallantoic membrane assay followed by tumor growth inhibition measurements with GI-101A breast cancer xenograft implanted athymic nude mice confirmed the in vivo tumor reductive effects of F16. It was interesting to observe a decrease in tumor burden after F16 treatment which correlated very well with the decrease in the plasma levels of mucin-1 (MUC-1). Our studies so far have confirmed that F16 is a specific inhibitor of angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo models. The F16 also works very efficiently with Taxol in combination by limiting the tumor growth that is better than the monotherapy with any one of the drugs that were tested individually. Thus, F16 offers a promising anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects with better specificity than some of the existing multi-kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appu Rathinavelu
- 1 Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,2 College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- 1 Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,2 College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Sivanesan Dhandayuthapani
- 1 Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- 1 Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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12
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David A. Peptide ligand-modified nanomedicines for targeting cells at the tumor microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 119:120-142. [PMID: 28506743 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their initial discovery more than 30years ago, tumor-homing peptides have become an increasingly useful tool for targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents into tumors. Today, it is well accepted that cells at the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute in many ways to cancer development and progression. Tumor-homing peptide-decorated nanomedicines can interact specifically with surface receptors expressed on cells in the TME, improve cellular uptake of nanomedicines by target cells, and impair tumor growth and progression. Moreover, peptide ligand-modified nanomedicines can potentially accumulate in the target tissue at higher concentrations than would small conjugates, thus increasing overall target tissue exposure to the therapeutic agent, enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. This review describes the most studied peptide ligands aimed at targeting cells in the TME, discusses major obstacles and principles in the design of ligands for drug targeting and provides an overview of homing peptides in ligand-targeted nanomedicines that are currently in development for cancer therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet David
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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13
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Zhou Y, Shan S, Li ZB, Xin LJ, Pan DS, Yang QJ, Liu YP, Yue XP, Liu XR, Gao JZ, Zhang JW, Ning ZQ, Lu XP. CS2164, a novel multi-target inhibitor against tumor angiogenesis, mitosis and chronic inflammation with anti-tumor potency. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:469-477. [PMID: 28004478 PMCID: PMC5378272 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although inhibitors targeting tumor angiogenic pathway have provided improvement for clinical treatment in patients with various solid tumors, the still very limited anti-cancer efficacy and acquired drug resistance demand new agents that may offer better clinical benefits. In the effort to find a small molecule potentially targeting several key pathways for tumor development, we designed, discovered and evaluated a novel multi-kinase inhibitor, CS2164. CS2164 inhibited the angiogenesis-related kinases (VEGFR2, VEGFR1, VEGFR3, PDGFRα and c-Kit), mitosis-related kinase Aurora B and chronic inflammation-related kinase CSF-1R in a high potency manner with the IC50 at a single-digit nanomolar range. Consequently, CS2164 displayed anti-angiogenic activities through suppression of VEGFR/PDGFR phosphorylation, inhibition of ligand-dependent cell proliferation and capillary tube formation, and prevention of vasculature formation in tumor tissues. CS2164 also showed induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and suppression of cell proliferation in tumor tissues through the inhibition of Aurora B-mediated H3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, CS2164 demonstrated the inhibitory effect on CSF-1R phosphorylation that led to the suppression of ligand-stimulated monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and reduced CSF-1R+ cells in tumor tissues. The in vivo animal efficacy studies revealed that CS2164 induced remarkable regression or complete inhibition of tumor growth at well-tolerated oral doses in several human tumor xenograft models. Collectively, these results indicate that CS2164 is a highly selective multi-kinase inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activities against tumor angiogenesis, mitosis and chronic inflammation, which may provide the rationale for further clinical assessment of CS2164 as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Shan
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Li
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Jun Xin
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Si Pan
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian-Jiao Yang
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying-Ping Liu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu-Peng Yue
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Zhou Gao
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Wen Zhang
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ning
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Ping Lu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Gande SL, Saxena K, Sreeramulu S, Linhard V, Kudlinzki D, Heinzlmeir S, Reichert AJ, Skerra A, Kuster B, Schwalbe H. Expression and Purification of EPHA2 Tyrosine Kinase Domain for Crystallographic and NMR Studies. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2257-2263. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh L. Gande
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Verena Linhard
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Denis Kudlinzki
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics; Technical University of Munich; Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Andreas J. Reichert
- Chair of Biological Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics; Technical University of Munich; Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
- Center for integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM); Technical University of Munich; Arcisstrasse 21 80333 München Germany
- Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center; Technical University of Munich; Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); In Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Kaur M, Singh M, Chadha N, Silakari O. Oxindole: A chemical prism carrying plethora of therapeutic benefits. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:858-894. [PMID: 27543880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxindole has emerged as a valuable scaffold in medicinal chemistry possessing diverse range of pharmacological activities. Its value has further been increased by its natural occurrence as alkaloids in variety of plants. It was first extracted from the cat claw's plant Uncaria tomentosa found in the Amazon rainforest and other tropical areas of South and Central America. Traditionally as well as present emerging therapeutic potential of oxindole nucleus has captured the interest of medicinal chemists to synthesize novel oxindole derivatives. In the present review the authors have integrated its chemistry and synthetic strategies developed after 1945. Also the information of naturally occurring oxindole alkaloids has been incorporated. The detailed pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, kinase inhibitory, AChE inhibitory, anti-leishmanial, β3 adrenergic receptor agonistic, phosphatase inhibitory, analgesic, spermicidal, vasopressin antagonists, progesterone antagonists, neuroprotection, and NMDA blocker activities of oxindole derivatives alongwith their SAR has also been discussed in detail. Additionally, information regarding the oxindole derivatives in clinical trials has been incorporated. Thus, this review will provide insights for the synthetic as well as medicinal chemist for the designing and synthesis of novel oxindole derivatives with novel improved range of pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Kaur
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Navriti Chadha
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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16
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Elsayed NMY, Abou El Ella DA, Serya RAT, Tolba MF, Shalaby R, Abouzid KAM. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indazole–pyrimidine based derivatives as anticancer agents with anti-angiogenic and antiproliferative activities. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00602c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three series of novel indazole–pyrimidine based compounds were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated as VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevine M. Y. Elsayed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Abbassia
- Egypt
| | - Dalal A. Abou El Ella
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Abbassia
- Egypt
| | - Rabah A. T. Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Abbassia
- Egypt
| | - Mai F. Tolba
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Abbassia
- Egypt
| | - Raed Shalaby
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Abbassia
- Egypt
| | - Khaled A. M. Abouzid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Abbassia
- Egypt
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Bold G, Schnell C, Furet P, McSheehy P, Brüggen J, Mestan J, Manley PW, Drückes P, Burglin M, Dürler U, Loretan J, Reuter R, Wartmann M, Theuer A, Bauer-Probst B, Martiny-Baron G, Allegrini P, Goepfert A, Wood J, Littlewood-Evans A. A Novel Potent Oral Series of VEGFR2 Inhibitors Abrogate Tumor Growth by Inhibiting Angiogenesis. J Med Chem 2015; 59:132-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Bold
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schnell
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul McSheehy
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Brüggen
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Mestan
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul W. Manley
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Drückes
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Burglin
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Dürler
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Loretan
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Reuter
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wartmann
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Theuer
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Bauer-Probst
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Martiny-Baron
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Allegrini
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Goepfert
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeanette Wood
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Diaz R, Nguewa PA, Redrado M, Manrique I, Calvo A. Sunitinib reduces tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis, and radiosensitizes prostate cancer stem-like cells. Prostate 2015; 75:1137-49. [PMID: 25893276 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need for new treatments for advanced prostate cancer has fostered the experimental use of targeted therapies. Sunitinib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that mainly targets membrane-bound receptors of cells within the tumor microenvironment, such as endothelial cells and pericytes. However, recent studies suggest a direct effect on tumor cells. In the present study, we have evaluated both direct and indirect effects of Sunitinib in prostate cancer and how this drug regulates hypoxia, using in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS We have used both in vitro (PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP cells) and in vivo (PC-3 xenografts) models to study the effect of Sunitinib in prostate cancer. Analysis of hypoxia based on HIF-1α expression and FMISO uptake was conducted. ALDH activity was used to analyze cancer stem cells (CSC). RESULTS Sunitinib strongly reduced proliferation of PC-3 and DU-145 cells in a dose dependent manner, and decreased levels of p-Akt, p-Erk1/2, and Id-1, compared to untreated cells. A 3-fold reduction in tumor growth was also observed (P < 0.001 with respect to controls). Depletion of Hif-1α levels in vitro and a decrease in FMISO uptake in vivo showed that Sunitinib inhibits tumor hypoxia. When combined with radiotherapy, this drug enhanced cell death in vitro and in vivo, and significantly decreased CD-31, PDGFRβ, Hif-1α, Id1, and PCNA protein levels (whereas apoptosis was increased) in tumors as compared to controls or single-therapy treated mice. Moreover, Sunitinib reduced the number of ALDH + cancer stem-like cells and sensitized these cells to radiation-mediated loss of clonogenicity. DISCUSION Our results support the use of Sunitinib in prostate cancer and shows that both hypoxia and cancer stem cells are involved in the effect elicited by this drug. Combination of Sunitinib with radiotherapy warrants further consideration to reduce prostate cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roque Diaz
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paul A Nguewa
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Redrado
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Manrique
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Kim EC, Kim SH, Piao SJ, Kim TJ, Bae K, Kim HS, Hong SS, Lee BI, Nam M. Antiangiogenic Activity of Acer tegmentosum Maxim Water Extract in Vitro and in Vivo. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:979-87. [PMID: 26130964 PMCID: PMC4479955 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, tumors themselves can lead to angiogenesis by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is one of the most potent angiogenic factors. Inhibition of angiogenesis is currently perceived as one of the most promising strategies for the blockage of tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the effects of Acer tegmentosum maxim water extract (ATME) on angiogenesis and its underlying signal mechanism. We studied the antiangiogenic activity of ATME by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ATME strongly inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation, as well as vessel sprouting in a rat aortic ring sprouting assay. Moreover, we found that the p44/42 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway is involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis by ATME. Moreover, when we performed the in vivo matrigel plug assay, VEGF-induced angiogenesis was potently reduced when compared to that for the control group. Taken together, these results suggest that ATME exhibits potent antiangiogenic activity in vivo and in vitro and that these effects are regulated by the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eok-Cheon Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology and Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab., College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - So Hun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Shan-Ji Piao
- Qingdao Endocrine & Diabetes Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Tack-Joong Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology and Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab., College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kiho Bae
- Division of Biological Science and Technology and Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab., College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Engineering and Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Laboratory, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byoung Ick Lee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Moonsuk Nam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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20
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Hecht JR, Mitchell EP, Yoshino T, Welslau M, Lin X, Chow Maneval E, Paolini J, Lechuga MJ, Kretzschmar A. 5-Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) plus sunitinib or bevacizumab as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized Phase IIb study. Cancer Manag Res 2015; 7:165-73. [PMID: 26109878 PMCID: PMC4474399 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s61408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sunitinib is an oral inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors implicated in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this randomized, multicenter, open-label Phase IIb study, sunitinib plus mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin plus leucovorin plus 5-fluorouracil) was compared with bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods Patients were stratified by performance status, baseline lactate dehydrogenase level, and prior adjuvant treatment, and randomized 1:1 to receive sunitinib 37.5 mg/day for 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off plus mFOLFOX6 every 2 weeks or bevacizumab 5 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus mFOLFOX6 every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate, overall survival, safety, and quality of life. Results Enrollment was closed early following accrual of 191 patients, based on an interim analysis showing an inferior trend in the primary progression-free survival efficacy endpoint for sunitinib. Ninety-six patients were randomized to sunitinib plus mFOLFOX6 and 95 to bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6. Median progression-free survival was 9.3 months and 15.4 months, respectively, but the objective response rate was similar between the study arms. Median overall survival was 23.7 months and 34.1 months, respectively. Dose reductions and interruptions were more common with sunitinib. Hematologic toxicity was more common in the sunitinib arm. Conclusion While the results of the sunitinib arm are comparable with those of previously reported FOLFOX combinations, the sunitinib-based combination was associated with more toxicity than that observed with bevacizumab and mFOLFOX6. The bevacizumab arm had an unexpectedly good outcome, and was much better than that seen in the Phase III trials. Combination therapy with sunitinib plus mFOLFOX6 is not recommended for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edith P Mitchell
- Kimmel Cancer Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Manfred Welslau
- Onkologische Praxis Klausmann/Welslau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Xun Lin
- Pfizer Oncology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Maroof H, Salajegheh A, Smith RA, Lam AKY. Role of microRNA-34 family in cancer with particular reference to cancer angiogenesis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:298-304. [PMID: 25102298 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-34 is involved in pathogenesis in cancer by targeting different tumor-related genes. It could be a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with cancer. In addition, miR-34 is involved in the tumor angiogenesis. Understanding the mechanism of the miR-34 in cancer and tumor angiogenesis will open horizons for development of anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Maroof
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali Salajegheh
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Anthony Smith
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Allostery is the most direct and efficient way for regulation of biological macromolecule function, ranging from the control of metabolic mechanisms to signal transduction pathways. Allosteric modulators target to allosteric sites, offering distinct advantages compared to orthosteric ligands that target to active sites, such as greater specificity, reduced side effects, and lower toxicity. Allosteric modulators have therefore drawn increasing attention as potential therapeutic drugs in the design and development of new drugs. In recent years, advancements in our understanding of the fundamental principles underlying allostery, coupled with the exploitation of powerful techniques and methods in the field of allostery, provide unprecedented opportunities to discover allosteric proteins, detect and characterize allosteric sites, design and develop novel efficient allosteric drugs, and recapitulate the universal features of allosteric proteins and allosteric modulators. In the present review, we summarize the recent advances in the repertoire of allostery, with a particular focus on the aforementioned allosteric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
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Carrato A, Gallego-Plazas J, Guillen-Ponce C. Anti-VEGF therapy: a new approach to colorectal cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1385-96. [PMID: 17069524 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.10.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor as a treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. The review will begin by summarizing the theory behind vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition and how this affects tumor angiogenesis. The major clinical trials that have examined antivascular endothelial growth factor agents to treat patients with advanced colorectal cancer will then be described. Finally, there is a commentary regarding the status of targeted agents currently in development for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer and a discussion of the potential future considerations for the use of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Service, Elche University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, Camino de la Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain.
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Backes A, Zech B, Felber B, Klebl B, Müller G. Small-molecule inhibitors binding to protein kinase. Part II: the novel pharmacophore approach of type II and type III inhibition. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:1427-49. [PMID: 23506107 DOI: 10.1517/17460440802580106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinases are essential enzymes propagating cellular signal transduction processes and consequently emerged as central targets for drug discovery against a wide range of diseases with a strong historical focus on oncological disorders. Several high-resolution crystal structures of various ATP-competitive inhibitors in complex with their target protein kinases have been determined and represent a wealth of detailed information about binding modes, inhibition mechanisms, and associated structure- activity relationships of target-bound small molecules. OBJECTIVE In this second part of a two-part review, we discuss the binding mode of inhibitors that target protein kinases in their inactive state. METHODS The scope of this review covers inhibitors for which crystal structures in complex with their respective kinases in the inactive state are available. RESULTS Structural parameters of both inhibitors and kinases contribute to the complexity of designing kinase inhibitors. Kinase inhibitors that target the inactive state of a kinase have become a novel rule in the design of highly active and selective compounds. The combination of high-resolution structures of ligand-enzyme complexes with especially detailed kinetic studies will in the long-term help to develop new low-molecular weight type II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ac Backes
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria +43 5338 200 5235 ; +43 5338 200 460 ;
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25
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Abstract
VEGF is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As an essential receptor protein tyrosine kinase propagating cellular signal transduction processes, VEGFR-2 is a central target for drug discovery against tumor-associated angiogenesis. Since the autophosphorylation of VEGFR-2 represents a key step in this signal pathway that contributes to angiogenesis, the discovery of small molecule inhibitors that block this reaction has attracted great interest for novel drugs research and development. Advances in the understanding of catalytic cleft and the conformational changes of DFG motif have resulted in the development of small molecule inhibitors known as type I and type II. High-resolution crystal structures of various inhibitors in complex with the receptor offer an insight into the relationship among binding modes, inhibition mechanisms, activity, selectivity and resistance. To control selectivity, improve activity and introduce intellectual property novelty, the strategies for the further development are discussed through structural and conformational analysis in this review.
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives having a benzamide unit as novel VEGFR2 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7051-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Musumeci F, Radi M, Brullo C, Schenone S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: drugs and new inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10797-822. [PMID: 23098265 DOI: 10.1021/jm301085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent launch onto the market of five VEGFR inhibitors indicates the therapeutic value of these agents and the importance of the research in the field of angiogenesis inhibitors for future oncologic therapy. In this Perspective we briefly report the inhibitors that are in clinical use, while we dedicate two wider sections to the compounds that are in clinical trials and to the new derivatives appearing in the literature. We especially consider the medicinal chemistry aspect of the topic and report the structure-activity relationship studies and the binding mode of some inhibitors as well as the biological data of the compounds discovered in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Saylor PJ, Mahmood U, Kunawudhi A, Smith MR, Palmer EL, Michaelson MD. Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibition produces discordant changes between 99mTc-MDP bone scans and other disease biomarkers: analysis of a phase II study of sunitinib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1670-5. [PMID: 22984218 PMCID: PMC3755364 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED One of the central unanswered questions in prostate cancer research is the significance of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-induced improvements in (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate ((99m)Tc-MDP) bone scans. Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibition has recently shown promise in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In some cases, TKI inhibition has produced unprecedented improvements in bone metastases as detected by (99m)Tc-MDP bone scans. The significance of these improvements is not known. In order to gain insight about the effects of TKIs on bone scans in prostate cancer, we systematically evaluated images from a phase II study of sunitinib, a multitargeted TKI. METHODS We analyzed images and data from a previously reported open-label phase II study that enrolled 34 men with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Participants received sunitinib in 6-wk cycles (50 mg daily; 4 wk on, 2 wk off). We examined baseline and 12-wk bone scan images. Partial response was defined as an improvement of at least 50% in previous metastatic lesions subjectively or a change from prior diffuse skeletal metastases (superscan) to recognizable individual metastatic lesions. Our primary objective was to define the incidence of at least partial bone scan response. We also examined concomitant changes in CT and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) evidence of disease. RESULTS Analysis at 12 wk revealed 1 partial response by the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) and 2 confirmed PSA responses. There were 25 subjects who underwent bone scans at both time points (baseline and week 12) and who had bone metastases detectable at baseline. Within that group of 25, we found 5 bone scan partial responses and 1 complete response. None of those 6 subjects exhibited a PSA response (≥50% decline from baseline) or RECIST response. CONCLUSION We found a relatively high rate of (99m)Tc-MDP bone scan response to sunitinib among men with metastatic prostate cancer. Further, we found that none of the subjects exhibiting bone scan responses experienced concordant improvements in PSA or CT evidence of disease by accepted criteria. This discordance argues that osteoblastic assessment provides an incomplete assessment of treatment-induced changes. Rational development of multitargeted TKIs for prostate cancer requires improved understanding of treatment-induced bone scan changes. Optimal imaging strategies may include evaluation of perfusion or direct tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Saylor
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Boston, MA, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7E, Boston, MA 02114, Fax: 617-726-8685, Phone: 617-724-4000,
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, WHT-427, Boston, MA 02114,
| | - Anchisa Kunawudhi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,
| | | | - Edwin L. Palmer
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,
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Rajagopalan M, Balasubramanian S, Ramaswamy A, Mathur PP. Pharmacophore based 3D-QSAR modeling and free energy analysis of VEGFR-2 inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1236-46. [PMID: 23061928 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.729826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGFR-2, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor is responsible for angiogenesis and has been an attractive target in treating cancers. The inhibition mechanism of structurally diverse urea derivatives, reported as VEGFR-2 inhibitors, was explored by pharmacophore modeling, QSAR, and molecular dynamics based free energy analysis.The pharmacophore hypothesis AADRR, resulted in a highly significant atom based 3D-QSAR model (r(2) = 0.94 and q(2) = 0.84). Binding free energy analysis of the docked complexes of highly active and inactive compounds, after 7 ns MD simulation, revealed the importance of van der Waals interaction in VEGFR-2 inhibition. The decomposition of binding free energy on a per residue basis disclosed that the residues in hinge region and hydrophobic pocket play a role in discriminating the active and inactive inhibitors. Thus, the present study proposes a pharmacophore hypothesis representing the identified interactions pattern and its further application as a template in screening databases to identify novel VEGFR-2 inhibitor scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumaran Rajagopalan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University , R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry , India
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Aita Y, Ishii KA, Saito Y, Ikeda T, Kawakami Y, Shimano H, Hara H, Takekoshi K. Sunitinib inhibits catecholamine synthesis and secretion in pheochromocytoma tumor cells by blocking VEGF receptor 2 via PLC-γ-related pathways. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1006-14. [PMID: 22912364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sunitinib is an oral, small molecule multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity that primarily targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). Although sunitinib is an active agent for the treatment of malignant pheochromocytomas, it is unclear whether sunitinib acts through only antiangiogenic mechanisms or also directly targets tumor cells. We previously showed that sunitinib directly induced apoptosis of PC-12 cells. To further confirm these direct effects, we examined the effects of sunitinib on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis) activity and catecholamine secretion in PC-12 cells and the underlying mechanisms. Sunitinib inhibited TH activity in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased TH protein levels. Consistent with this finding, sunitinib decreased TH phosphorylation at Ser(31) and Ser(40) and significantly decreased catecholamine secretion. VEGFR-2 knockdown attenuated these effects, including inhibition of TH activity and catecholamine secretion, suggesting that they were mediated by VEGFR-2. Sunitinib significantly decreased phospholipase C (PLC)-γ phosphorylation and subsequent protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Because Ser(40) phosphorylation significantly affects TH activity and is known to be regulated by PKC, sunitinib may inhibit Ser(40) phosphorylation via the VEGFR-2/PLC-γ/PKC pathway. Additionally, sunitinib markedly decreased the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Therefore, sunitinib may reduce TH Ser(31) phosphorylation through inhibition of the VEGFR-2/PLC-γ/PKC/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/ERK pathway. Sunitinib also significantly reduced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. However, because PC-12 cells do not precisely reflect the pathogenesis of malignant cells, we confirmed the key findings in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH. In conclusion, sunitinib directly inhibits catecholamine synthesis and secretion in pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Aita
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Zygmunt T, Trzaska S, Edelstein L, Walls J, Rajamani S, Gale N, Daroles L, Ramírez C, Ulrich F, Torres-Vázquez J. 'In parallel' interconnectivity of the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessels requires both VEGF signaling and circulatory flow. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5159-67. [PMID: 22899709 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones and immunity factors throughout the body. To perform these vital functions, vascular cords branch, lumenize and interconnect. Yet, little is known about the cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms that control how circulatory networks form and interconnect. Specifically, how circulatory networks merge by interconnecting 'in parallel' along their boundaries remains unexplored. To examine this process we studied the formation and functional maturation of the plexus that forms between the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessels (DLAVs) in the zebrafish. We find that the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells within the DLAVs and their segmental (Se) vessel precursors drives DLAV plexus formation. Remarkably, the presence of Se vessels containing only endothelial cells of the arterial lineage is sufficient for DLAV plexus morphogenesis, suggesting that endothelial cells from the venous lineage make a dispensable or null contribution to this process. The discovery of a circuit that integrates the inputs of circulatory flow and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling to modulate aortic arch angiogenesis, together with the expression of components of this circuit in the trunk vasculature, prompted us to investigate the role of these inputs and their relationship during DLAV plexus formation. We find that circulatory flow and VEGF signaling make additive contributions to DLAV plexus morphogenesis, rather than acting as essential inputs with equivalent contributions as they do during aortic arch angiogenesis. Our observations underscore the existence of context-dependent differences in the integration of physiological stimuli and signaling cascades during vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Zygmunt
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Liang G, Liu Z, Wu J, Cai Y, Li X. Anticancer molecules targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:531-41. [PMID: 22884522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family includes four highly conserved receptor tyrosine kinases: FGFR1-4. Upon ligand binding, FGFRs activate an array of downstream signaling pathways, such as the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. These FGFR cascades play crucial roles in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and survival. The combination of knockdown studies and pharmaceutical inhibition in preclinical models demonstrates that FGFRs are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Multiple FGFR inhibitors with various structural skeletons have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Reviews on FGFRs have recently focused on FGFR signaling, pathophysiology, and functions in cancer or other diseases. In this article, we review recent advances in structure-activity relationships (SAR) of FGFR inhibitors, as well as the FGFR-targeting drug design strategies currently employed in targeting deregulated FGFRs by antibodies and small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Benedito R, Rocha SF, Woeste M, Zamykal M, Radtke F, Casanovas O, Duarte A, Pytowski B, Adams RH. Notch-dependent VEGFR3 upregulation allows angiogenesis without VEGF-VEGFR2 signalling. Nature 2012; 484:110-4. [PMID: 22426001 DOI: 10.1038/nature10908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing tissues and growing tumours produce vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), leading to the activation of the corresponding receptors in endothelial cells. The resultant angiogenic expansion of the local vasculature can promote physiological and pathological growth processes. Previous work has uncovered that the VEGF and Notch pathways are tightly linked. Signalling triggered by VEGF-A (also known as VEGF) has been shown to induce expression of the Notch ligand DLL4 in angiogenic vessels and, most prominently, in the tip of endothelial sprouts. DLL4 activates Notch in adjacent cells, which suppresses the expression of VEGF receptors and thereby restrains endothelial sprouting and proliferation. Here we show, by using inducible loss-of-function genetics in combination with inhibitors in vivo, that DLL4 protein expression in retinal tip cells is only weakly modulated by VEGFR2 signalling. Surprisingly, Notch inhibition also had no significant impact on VEGFR2 expression and induced deregulated endothelial sprouting and proliferation even in the absence of VEGFR2, which is the most important VEGF-A receptor and is considered to be indispensable for these processes. By contrast, VEGFR3, the main receptor for VEGF-C, was strongly modulated by Notch. VEGFR3 kinase-activity inhibitors but not ligand-blocking antibodies suppressed the sprouting of endothelial cells that had low Notch signalling activity. Our results establish that VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 are regulated in a highly differential manner by Notch. We propose that successful anti-angiogenic targeting of these receptors and their ligands will strongly depend on the status of endothelial Notch signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Benedito
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Chyou S, Tian S, Ekland EH, Lu TT. Normalization of the lymph node T cell stromal microenvironment in lpr/lpr mice is associated with SU5416-induced reduction in autoantibodies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32828. [PMID: 22412930 PMCID: PMC3295768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular-stromal elements of lymph nodes can play important roles in regulating the activities of the lymphocytes within. During model immune responses, the vascular-stromal compartment has been shown to undergo proliferative expansion and functional alterations. The state of the vascular-stromal compartment and the potential importance of this compartment in a spontaneous, chronic model of autoimmunity have not been well studied. Here, we characterize the vascular expansion in MRL-lpr/lpr lymph nodes and attempt to ask whether inhibiting this expansion can interfere with autoantibody generation. We show that characteristics of vascular expansion in enlarging MRL-lpr/lpr lymph nodes resemble that of the VEGF-dependent expansion that occurs in wild-type mice after model immunization. Surprisingly, treatment with SU5416, an inhibitor of VEGF and other receptor tyrosine kinases, did not have sustained effects in inhibiting vascular growth, but attenuated the anti-dsDNA response and altered the phenotype of the double negative T cells that are expanded in these mice. In examining for anatomic correlates of these immunologic changes, we found that the double negative T cells are localized within ectopic follicles around a central B cell patch and that these T cell-rich areas lack the T zone stromal protein ER-TR7 as well as other elements of a normal T zone microenvironment. SU5416 treatment disrupted these follicles and normalized the association between T zone microenvironmental elements and T cell-rich areas. Recent studies have shown a regulatory role for T zone stromal elements. Thus, our findings of the association of anti-dsDNA responses, double negative T cell phenotype, and altered lymphocyte microenvironment suggest the possibility that lymphocyte localization in ectopic follicles protects them from regulation by T zone stromal elements and functions to maintain autoimmune responses. Potentially, altering the lymphocyte microenvironment that is set up by the vascular-stromal compartment can be a means by which to control undesired autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sha Tian
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Ekland
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Theresa T. Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Pandey AK, Tanwar O, Deora GS, Karthikeyan C, Hari Narayana Moorthy NS, Trivedi P. Modeling VEGFR kinase inhibition of aminopyrazolopyridine urea derivatives using topological and physicochemical descriptors: a quantitative structure activity analysis study. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Advances in bio-optical imaging for the diagnosis of early oral cancer. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:354-78. [PMID: 24310585 PMCID: PMC3857071 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide, therefore early detection and treatment is imperative. The 5-year survival rate has remained at a dismal 50% for the past several decades. The main reason for the poor survival rate is the fact that most of the oral cancers, despite the general accessibility of the oral cavity, are not diagnosed until the advanced stage. Early detection of the oral tumors and its precursor lesions may be the most effective means to improve clinical outcome and cure most patients. One of the emerging technologies is the use of non-invasive in vivo tissue imaging to capture the molecular changes at high-resolution to improve the detection capability of early stage disease. This review will discuss the use of optical probes and highlight the role of optical imaging such as autofluorescence, fluorescence diagnosis (FD), laser confocal endomicroscopy (LCE), surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM) in early oral cancer detection. FD is a promising method to differentiate cancerous lesions from benign, thus helping in the determination of adequate resolution of surgical resection margin. LCE offers in vivo cellular imaging of tissue structures from surface to subsurface layers and has demonstrated the potential to be used as a minimally invasive optical biopsy technique for early diagnosis of oral cancer lesions. SERS was able to differentiate between normal and oral cancer patients based on the spectra acquired from saliva of patients. OCT has been used to visualize the detailed histological features of the oral lesions with an imaging depth down to 2–3 mm. CRM is an optical tool to noninvasively image tissue with near histological resolution. These comprehensive diagnostic modalities can also be used to define surgical margin and to provide a direct assessment of the therapeutic effectiveness.
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Backes AC, Müller G, Sennhenn PC. Design Principles of Deep Pocket-Targeting Protein Kinase Inhibitors. PROTEIN KINASES AS DRUG TARGETS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633470.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Discovery of LY2457546: a multi-targeted anti-angiogenic kinase inhibitor with a novel spectrum of activity and exquisite potency in the acute myelogenous leukemia-Flt-3-internal tandem duplication mutant human tumor xenograft model. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:936-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Schneider G, Geppert T, Hartenfeller M, Reisen F, Klenner A, Reutlinger M, Hähnke V, Hiss JA, Zettl H, Keppner S, Spänkuch B, Schneider P. Reaction-driven de novo design, synthesis and testing of potential type II kinase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:415-24. [PMID: 21452978 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo design of drug-like compounds with a desired pharmacological activity profile has become feasible through innovative computer algorithms. Fragment-based design and simulated chemical reactions allow for the rapid generation of candidate compounds as blueprints for organic synthesis. METHODS We used a combination of complementary virtual-screening tools for the analysis of de novo designed compounds that were generated with the aim to inhibit inactive polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a target for the development of cancer therapeutics. A homology model of the inactive state of Plk1 was constructed and the nucleotide binding pocket conformations in the DFG-in and DFG-out state were compared. The de novo-designed compounds were analyzed using pharmacophore matching, structure-activity landscape analysis, and automated ligand docking. One compound was synthesized and tested in vitro. RESULTS The majority of the designed compounds possess a generic architecture present in known kinase inhibitors. Predictions favor kinases as targets of these compounds but also suggest potential off-target effects. Several bioisosteric replacements were suggested, and de novo designed compounds were assessed by automated docking for potential binding preference toward the inactive (type II inhibitors) over the active conformation (type I inhibitors) of the kinase ATP binding site. One selected compound was successfully synthesized as suggested by the software. The de novo-designed compound exhibited inhibitory activity against inactive Plk1 in vitro, but did not show significant inhibition of active Plk1 and 38 other kinases tested. CONCLUSIONS Computer-based de novo design of screening candidates in combination with ligand- and receptor-based virtual screening generates motivated suggestions for focused library design in hit and lead discovery. Attractive, synthetically accessible compounds can be obtained together with predicted on- and off-target profiles and desired activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisbert Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Tajima H, Honda T, Kawashima K, Sasabuchi Y, Yamamoto M, Ban M, Okamoto K, Inoue K, Inaba T, Takeno Y, Tsuboi T, Tonouchi A, Aono H. Pyridylmethylthio derivatives as VEGF inhibitors: Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1232-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nguewa PA, Calvo A, Pullamsetti SS, Banat GA, Grimminger F, Savai R. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors with antiangiogenic properties for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 20:61-74. [PMID: 21142806 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.541153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The 5-year survival rate in NSCLC remains < 15% in spite of new chemotherapeutic regimens and targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with antiangiogenic properties show promise as a new therapeutic approach for NSCLC in recent studies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article reviews significant preclinical and clinical studies related to TKI therapy. Many drugs that target tyrosine kinases involved in tumor angiogenesis have recently been developed. Results of preclinical experiments and clinical trials for NSCLC are quite promising. However, response rates are low and the duration of therapeutic response is short. Mechanisms of resistance may reduce the efficacy of TKI therapy, and biomarkers of response are needed to select patients who are more likely to benefit from the therapy. Studies in mice have shown that antiangiogenic TKIs may increase metastasis, although no clear clinical evidence supports these results. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An understanding of the mechanisms of action, clinical trial results, biomarkers of response, adverse effects and possible mechanisms of resistance associated with novel TKI therapy in NSCLC. TAKE HOME MESSAGE More preclinical and clinical research on the efficacy of TKIs in treating NSCLC is needed, but present results offer great hope for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nguewa
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Division of Oncology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
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Badrinarayan P, Sastry GN. Sequence, Structure, and Active Site Analyses of p38 MAP Kinase: Exploiting DFG-out Conformation as a Strategy to Design New Type II Leads. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 51:115-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100340w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Badrinarayan
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad- 500 607, India
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad- 500 607, India
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Pyridylmethylthio derivatives as VEGF inhibitors. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7234-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kamal A, Vijaya Bharathi E, Janaki Ramaiah M, Surendranadha Reddy J, Dastagiri D, Viswanath A, Sultana F, Pushpavalli S, Pal-Bhadra M, Juvekar A, Sen S, Zingde S. Synthesis, anticancer activity and apoptosis inducing ability of anthranilamide-PBD conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3310-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Eder M, Krivoshein AV, Backer M, Backer JM, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M. ScVEGF-PEG-HBED-CC and scVEGF-PEG-NOTA conjugates: comparison of easy-to-label recombinant proteins for [68Ga]PET imaging of VEGF receptors in angiogenic vasculature. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:405-12. [PMID: 20447550 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION VEGF receptors play a key role in angiogenesis and are important targets for several approved and many experimental drugs. Imaging of VEGF receptor expression in malignant tumors would provide important information, which can influence patient management. The aim of this study was the development of an easy-to-label positron-emitting tracer for imaging VEGF receptors. The tracer is based on engineered single-chain VEGF (scVEGF), expressed with cysteine-containing fusion tag (Cys-tag) for site-specific conjugation of PEGylated bifunctional chelating agents, HBED-CC or NOTA, suitable for labeling with (68)Ga at ambient temperature. METHODS scVEGF-PEG-HBED-CC was synthesized by activating a single carboxyl group of the [Fe(HBED-CC)](-) complex with N-hydroxysuccinimide. Reaction of the activated complex with NH(2)-PEG-maleimide was followed by site-specific conjugation of PEGylated chelator to a thiol group in Cys-tag of scVEGF. The scVEGF-PEG-NOTA conjugate was synthesized using NHS-PEG-maleimide and p-NH(2)-Bn-NOTA. (68)Ga complexation was performed in HEPES buffer (pH 4.2) at room temperature. The functional activity after labeling was tested by radioligand cell binding assays. Biodistribution and PET studies in tumor-bearing mice were performed after 1, 2, 3 and 4 h postinjection. RESULTS The radiolabeling of scVEGF-PEG-HBED-CC proved more efficient than scVEGF-PEG-NOTA allowing to stop the reaction after 4 min (>97% radiochemical yield). Radioligand cell binding assays performed on HEK-293 cells overexpressing VEGFR-2 revealed no change in the binding properties of (68)Ga-radiolabeled scVEGF relative to other scVEGF-based tracers. Both tracers showed comparable results in biodistribution, such as tumor accumulation and low liver uptake. The tracers were stable in 50% human serum for at least 72 h. CONCLUSIONS The conjugates scVEGF-PEG-HBED-CC and scVEGF-PEG-NOTA revealed comparable in vivo characteristics and allowed easy-to-perform labeling with high stability for fast [(68)Ga]PET imaging of VEGF receptors in angiogenic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eder
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Papakyriakou A, Katsarou M, Belimezi M, Karpusas M, Vourloumis D. Discovery of Potent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:118-29. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gyurkovics M, Lohinai Z, Győrfi A, Iványi I, Süveges I, Kónya M, Bodor C, Székely AD, Dinya E, Fazekas Á, Rosivall L. Venodilatory Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Rat Gingiva. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1518-23. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ma J, Waxman DJ. Dominant effect of antiangiogenesis in combination therapy involving cyclophosphamide and axitinib. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:578-88. [PMID: 19147763 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiangiogenic drug treatment inhibits tumor growth by decreasing blood supply, which can also reduce the delivery of other therapeutic agents. Presently, we investigated the effect of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib (AG-013736) on tumor vascular patency and chemotherapeutic drug uptake. Furthermore, the effect of axitinib on the antitumor activity of combination treatments with cyclophosphamide was examined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Prostate cancer PC-3 xenografts were used to evaluate the effect of axitinib treatment on tumor vascular morphology, fluorescent dye perfusion, hypoxia, and uptake of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, the active metabolite of the chemotherapeutic prodrug cyclophosphamide. Sequential or simultaneous schedules for axitinib and cyclophosphamide administration were evaluated in both PC-3 tumors and 9L gliosarcoma xenograft models. RESULTS Axitinib monotherapy induced sustained growth stasis in PC-3 tumors in association with extensive apoptotic cell death. A substantial decrease in tumor vascular patency was observed, exemplified by a near complete loss of Hoechst 33342 perfusion and the absence of pimonidazole staining in the increasingly hypoxic tumors. Antitumor activity was significantly enhanced in both PC-3 and 9L tumors treated using an optimized schedule of sequential, intermittent axitinib-cyclophosphamide combination therapy despite a 40% to 70% decrease in tumor tissue uptake of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. CONCLUSIONS In axitinib-cyclophosphamide combination therapy, enhanced anticancer activity can be achieved when the reduced tumor cell exposure to the cancer chemotherapeutic agent is compensated by antiangiogenesis-induced tumor cell starvation. This intrinsic antitumor effect was particularly evident in PC-3 tumor xenografts, where tumor blood flow deprivation dominates the overall therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Eck MJ, Manley PW. The interplay of structural information and functional studies in kinase drug design: insights from BCR-Abl. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009; 21:288-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Han S, Mistry A, Chang JS, Cunningham D, Griffor M, Bonnette PC, Wang H, Chrunyk BA, Aspnes GE, Walker DP, Brosius AD, Buckbinder L. Structural characterization of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) reveals a unique (DFG-out) conformation and enables inhibitor design. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13193-201. [PMID: 19244237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in multiple signaling pathways. It is a negative regulator of osteogenesis and considered a viable drug target for osteoporosis treatment. The high-resolution structures of the human PYK2 kinase domain with different inhibitor complexes establish the conventional bilobal kinase architecture and show the conformational variability of the DFG loop. The basis for the lack of selectivity for the classical kinase inhibitor, PF-431396, within the FAK family is explained by our structural analyses. Importantly, the novel DFG-out conformation with two diarylurea inhibitors (BIRB796, PF-4618433) reveals a distinct subclass of non-receptor tyrosine kinases identifiable by the gatekeeper Met-502 and the unique hinge loop conformation of Leu-504. This is the first example of a leucine residue in the hinge loop that blocks the ATP binding site in the DFG-out conformation. Our structural, biophysical, and pharmacological studies suggest that the unique features of the DFG motif, including Leu-504 hinge-loop variability, can be exploited for the development of selective protein kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungil Han
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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