Folding studies of two hydrostatic pressure sensitive proteins

Structural and functional stabilization of protein entities: state-of-the-art

Within the context of biomedicine and pharmaceutical sciences, the issue of (therapeutic) protein stabilization assumes particular relevance. Stabilization of protein and protein-like molecules translates into preservation of both structure and functionality during storage and/or targeting, and such stabilization is mostly attained through establishment of a thermodynamic equilibrium with the (micro)environment. The basic thermodynamic principles that govern protein structural transitions and the interactions of the protein molecule with its (micro)environment are, therefore, tackled in a systematic fashion. Highlights are given to the major classes of (bio)therapeutic molecules, viz. enzymes, recombinant proteins, (macro)peptides, (monoclonal) antibodies and bacteriophages. Modification of the microenvironment of the biomolecule via multipoint covalent attachment onto a solid surface followed by hydrophilic polymer co-immobilization, or physical containment within nanocarriers, are some of the (latest) strategies discussed aiming at full structural and functional stabilization of said biomolecules.

Reactions of dipolar bio-molecules in nano-capsules--example of folding-unfolding process

The confinement of chemical reactions in nano-capsules can lead to a dramatic effect on the equilibrium constant of these latter. Indeed, capillary effects due to the curvature and surface energy of nano-capsules can alter in a noticeable way the evolution of reactions occurring within. Nano-encapsulation of bio-materials has attracted lately wide interest from the scientific community because of the great potential of its applications in biomedical areas and targeted therapies. The present paper focuses one's attention on alterations of conformation mechanisms due to extremely confining and interacting solvated dipolar macromolecules at their isoelectric point. As a specific example studied here, the folding-unfolding reaction of proteins (particularly RNase A and creatine kinase CK) is drastically changed when encapsulated in solid inorganic hollow nano-capsules. The effects demonstrated in this work can be extended to a wide variety of nano-encapsulation situations. The design and sizing of nano-capsules can even make use of the effects shown in the present study to achieve better and more effective encapsulation.