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Jiao Q, Liu Z, Li B, Tian B, Zhang N, Liu C, Feng Z, Jiang B. Development of Antioxidant and Stable Conjugated Linoleic Acid Pickering Emulsion with Protein Nanofibers by Microwave-Assisted Self-Assembly. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081892. [PMID: 34441669 PMCID: PMC8391289 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein isolate nanofibrils (WPNFs) can be used as a novel stabilizer in the Pickering emulsion system to improve the water solubility, stability and bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive ingredients. In this study, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and WPNFs were used to prepare a stable Pickering emulsion. We used a transmission electron microscope, low-temperature scanning electron micrographs and other methods to evaluate the micromorphology, surface hydrophobicity and structural units of the obtained WPNFs. Compared with whey protein isolate/CLA Pickering emulsion, the WPNFs/CLA Pickering emulsion has greater ability to remove 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-amino-di(2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6) ammonium salt free radicals. Furthermore, the WPNFs/CLA Pickering emulsion has a more stable effect in terms of droplet size and zeta potential over a wider range of ionic strength and temperature conditions. These findings indicate that Pickering emulsion stabilized by WPNFs is more suitable as a carrier of CLA, as it increases the solubility of CLA and has better active applications in biology and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Q.J.); (Z.L.); (B.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Q.J.); (Z.L.); (B.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Baoyun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Q.J.); (Z.L.); (B.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Bo Tian
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Ecological Environment Monitoring, Baoding 071051, China;
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Q.J.); (Z.L.); (B.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhibiao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Q.J.); (Z.L.); (B.L.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (B.J.)
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Q.J.); (Z.L.); (B.L.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (B.J.)
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2
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Warepam M, Mishra AK, Sharma GS, Kumari K, Krishna S, Khan MSA, Rahman H, Singh LR. Brain Metabolite, N-Acetylaspartate Is a Potent Protein Aggregation Inhibitor. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:617308. [PMID: 33613199 PMCID: PMC7894078 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.617308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of toxic protein inclusions is a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease etc. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is an important brain metabolite whose levels got altered under various neurodegenerative conditions. Indeed, NAA has been a widely accepted biological marker for various neurological disorders. We have also reported that NAA is a protein stabilizer. In the present communication, we investigated the role of NAA in modulating the aggregation propensity on two model proteins (carbonic anhydrase and catalase). We discovered that NAA suppresses protein aggregation and could solubilize preformed aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Warepam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Manipur, India
| | | | - Gurumayum Suraj Sharma
- Department of Botany, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kritika Kumari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Snigdha Krishna
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamidur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Manipur, India
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3
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Rodriguez-Navarro C, Cizer Ö, Kudłacz K, Ibañez-Velasco A, Ruiz-Agudo C, Elert K, Burgos-Cara A, Ruiz-Agudo E. The multiple roles of carbonic anhydrase in calcium carbonate mineralization. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) accelerates, templates and arrests calcium carbonate mineralization by playing both enzymatic and structural protein roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Özlem Cizer
- Department of Civil Engineering
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Kerstin Elert
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology
- University of Granada
- 18002 Granada
- Spain
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4
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Charlton T, Shah V, Lynch T, Candreva J, Chau E, Yang Y, Kim H, Wood A, Kim JR. Amyloid Aggregation of Bacillus circulans Xylanase under Native Conditions and its Modulation by β-Amyloid-Derived Peptide Fragments. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2566-2574. [PMID: 30332530 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of intrinsically disordered proteins into fibrils is implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. Amyloid aggregation is a generic property of proteins as evidenced by globular proteins that often form amyloid aggregates under partially denaturing conditions. Recently, multiple lines of evidence have suggested that the amyloid aggregation of globular proteins can also occur under native conditions. Unfortunately, amyloid aggregation under native conditions has been demonstrated in only a handful of cases. Engineering a globular protein's amyloid aggregation might benefit from its fusion to an amyloid-derived fragment with reduced aggregation propensity. Unfortunately, the impacts of such fragments on the amyloid aggregation under native conditions have yet to be examined. In this study, we show that a globular protein, Bacillus circulans xylanase (BCX), can aggregate to form amyloid fibrils under native conditions. When BCX was mixed with or fused to the non-self-aggregating fragments, KLVFWAK and ELVFWAE-which were derived from β-amyloid (Aβ)-they modulated the BCX amyloid aggregation to differing extents. This study also provides insight into a correlation between the kinetic stability and amyloid aggregation of BCX, and supports a view that Aβ-derived fragments can be useful for the modulating amyloid aggregation of some, though not all, proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Charlton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Vandan Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Tonianna Lynch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Jason Candreva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Edward Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - YanXi Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Hyunjoo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Amy Wood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
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5
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Sequestration of Ribosome during Protein Aggregate Formation: Contribution of ribosomal RNA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42017. [PMID: 28169307 PMCID: PMC5294636 DOI: 10.1038/srep42017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the mechanisms underlying protein aggregation and cytotoxicity of the protein aggregates is crucial in the prevention of several diseases in humans. Ribosome, the cellular protein synthesis machine is capable of acting as a protein folding modulator. The peptidyltransferase center residing in the domain V of large ribosomal subunit 23S rRNA is the centre for the protein folding ability of the ribosome and is also the cellular target of several antiprion compounds. Our in vitro studies unexpectedly reveal that the partial unfolding or aggregation of lysozyme under reducing conditions in presence of the ribosome can induce aggregation of ribosomal components. Electrostatic interactions complemented by specific rRNA-protein interaction drive the ribosome-protein aggregation process. Under similar conditions the rRNA, especially the large subunit rRNA and in vitro transcribed RNA corresponding to domain V of 23S rRNA (bDV RNA) stimulates lysozyme aggregation leading to RNA-protein aggregate formation. Protein aggregation during the refolding of non-disulfide containing protein BCAII at high concentrations also induces ribosome aggregation. BCAII aggregation was also stimulated in presence of the large subunit rRNA. Our observations imply that the specific sequestration of the translation machine by aggregating proteins might contribute to their cytotoxicity.
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Ayyadevara S, Balasubramaniam M, Suri P, Mackintosh SG, Tackett AJ, Sullivan DH, Shmookler Reis RJ, Dennis RA. Proteins that accumulate with age in human skeletal-muscle aggregates contribute to declines in muscle mass and function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:3486-3497. [PMID: 27992858 PMCID: PMC5270681 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation increases with age in normal tissues, and with pathology and age in Alzheimer's hippocampus and mouse cardiac muscle. We now ask whether human skeletal muscle accumulates aggregates with age. Detergent-insoluble protein aggregates were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from 5 young (23–27 years of age) and 5 older (64-80 years) adults. Aggregates, quantified after gel electrophoresis, contain 2.1-fold more protein (P<0.0001) when isolated from older subjects relative to young. Of 515 proteins identified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, 56 (11%) were significantly more abundant in older muscle, while 21 (4%) were depleted with age (each P<0.05). Orthologs to seven of these proteins were then targeted in C. elegans by RNA interference. Six of the seven knockdown treatments decreased protein aggregation (range 6-45%, P<0.01 to <0.0001) and increased muscle mass (range 1.5- to 1.85-fold, P<0.01 to <0.0001) in aged nematodes, and rescued mobility (range 1.4 to 1.65-fold, P≤0.0005 each) in a nematode amyloidopathy model. We conclude that specific aggregate proteins, discovered as differentially abundant in aging human muscle, have orthologs that contribute functionally to aggregation and age-associated muscle loss in nematodes, and thus can be considered potential drug targets for sarcopenia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ayyadevara
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Dept. of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Balasubramaniam
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Dept. of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- BioInformatics Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Pooja Suri
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Dept. of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Samuel G. Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Dennis H. Sullivan
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Dept. of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Dept. of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- BioInformatics Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Richard A. Dennis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Reynolds Institute on Aging, Dept. of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Garg DK, Kundu B. Clues for divergent, polymorphic amyloidogenesis through dissection of amyloid forming steps of bovine carbonic anhydrase and its critical amyloid forming stretch. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:794-804. [PMID: 27045222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Certain amino acid stretches are considered 'critical' to trigger amyloidogenesis in a protein. Synthetic peptides corresponding to these stretches are often used as experimental mimics for studying the amyloidogenesis of their parent protein. Here we provide evidence that such simple extrapolation is misleading. We scrutinized each step of amyloid progression of full length bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and compared it with the amyloidogenic process of its critical peptide stretch 201-227 (PepB). We found that under similar solution conditions amyloidogenesis of BCA followed surface-catalyzed secondary nucleation, whereas, that of PepB followed classical nucleation-dependent pathway. AFM images showed that while BCA formed short, thick and branched fibrils, PepB formed thin, long and unbranched fibrils. Structural information obtained by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy suggested parallel arrangement of intermolecular β-sheet in BCA amyloids in contrast to PepB amyloids which arranged into antiparallel β sheets. Amyloids formed by BCA were unable to seed the fibrillation of PepB and vice versa. Even the intermediates formed during lag phase revealed contrasting FTIR and far UV CD signature, hydrophobicity, morphology and cell cytotoxicity. Thus, we propose that sequences other than critical amyloidogenic stretches may significantly influence the initiation, polymerization and final fibrillar morphology of amyloid forming protein. The results have been discussed in light of primary sequence mediated amyloid polymorphism and its importance in the rational design of amyloid nanomaterials possessing desired physico-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Kumar Garg
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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8
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Yousefi R, Taheri B, Alavi P, Shahsavani MB, Asadi Z, Ghahramani M, Niazi A, Alavianmehr MM, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Aspirin-mediated acetylation induces structural alteration and aggregation of bovine pancreatic insulin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:362-75. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1039584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Effect of heat-induced formation of rice bran protein fibrils on morphological structure and physicochemical properties in solutions and gels. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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10
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Arya P, Srivastava A, Vasaikar SV, Mukherjee G, Mishra P, Kundu B. Selective interception of gelsolin amyloidogenic stretch results in conformationally distinct aggregates with reduced toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:982-92. [PMID: 25118567 DOI: 10.1021/cn500002v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of protein misfolding diseases is attributed to the cytotoxicity caused by amyloidogenic prefibrillar aggregates, rather than mature fibrils. The presence of one or more amyloidogenic stretches in different proteins has been proven critical for initiating fibril formation. In the present study, we show that two natural compounds, curcumin and emetine, bind tightly (Kd < 1.6 μM) to the core amyloidogenic stretch (182-192) of gelsolin (AGel). Binding happens in different structural orientations, distinctly modulating the amyloidogenic pathway of AGel. While AGel alone undergoes sigmoidal transition to thioflavin T (ThT)-responsive fibrillar aggregates with clear lag phase, the presence of curcumin or emetine abolishes the lag phase and produces starkly different, noncytotoxic end products. Atomic force microscopy revealed that while curcumin augments fibril formation, emetine arrests it at an intermediate aggregated stage with no fibrillar morphology. FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and ANS fluorescence experiments also suggest that these two species are distinct. Curcumin and emetine also differentially affect the preformed amyloids with the former thickening the fibrils and the latter releasing reclusive oligomers. MD simulations further provided mechanistic insights of differential interaction by the two compounds modulating amyloid formation. The results were also confirmed on the disease-associated amyloidogenic fragment of gelsolin (fAGel). Thus, our findings suggest that targeting amyloidogenic stretches in proteins could be useful in designing novel molecules against protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Arya
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Suhas V. Vasaikar
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Goutam Mukherjee
- Supercomputing
Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, IIT Delhi, New
Delhi 110016, India
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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11
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Es-Haghi A, Shariatizi S, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Nemat-Gorgani M. Amyloid fibrillation in native and chemically-modified forms of carbonic anhydrase II: role of surface hydrophobicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:468-77. [PMID: 22251892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification or mutation of proteins may bring about significant changes in the net charge or surface hydrophobicity of a protein structure. Such events may be of major physiological significance and may provide important insights into the genetics of amyloid diseases. In the present study, fibrillation potential of native and chemically-modified forms of bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA II) were investigated. Initially, various denaturing conditions including low pH and high temperatures were tested to induce fibrillation. At a low pH of around 2.4, where the protein is totally dissociated, the apo form was found to take up a pre-molten globular (PMG) conformation with the capacity for fibril formation. Upon increasing the pH to around 3.6, a molten globular (MG) form became abundant, forming amorphous aggregates. Charge neutralization and enhancement of hydrophobicity by methylation, acetylation and propionylation of lysine residues appeared very effective in promoting fibrillation of both the apo and holo forms under native conditions, the rates and extents of which were directly proportional to surface hydrophobicity, and influenced by salt concentration and temperature. These modified structures underwent more pronounced fibrillation under native conditions, than the PMG intermediate form, observed under denaturing conditions. The nature of the fibrillation products obtained from intermediate and modified structures were characterized and compared and their possible cytotoxicity determined. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of surface net charge and hydrophobicity in controlling protein aggregation. A discussion on the physiological significance of the observations is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Es-Haghi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Makwana PK, Jethva PN, Roy I. Coumarin 6 and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as fluorescent probes to monitor protein aggregation. Analyst 2011; 136:2161-7. [PMID: 21445407 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00829j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of Coumarin 6 and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) for the identification of protein aggregates for the first time. The two dyes can be used at very low (nanomolar) concentrations and do not interfere with the aggregation process, as is reported for other commonly used fluorescent protein probes. In the presence of protein aggregates, their quantum yields are significantly high. DPH is able to recognize both amorphous and fibrillar aggregates but cannot distinguish between them. Coumarin 6 can distinguish between both types of aggregates. It also exhibits the characteristic sigmoidal curve of amyloid formation, with higher sensitivity for detection of fibrillation than the conventionally used Thioflavin T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin K Makwana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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