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Rácz GA, Nagy N, Várady G, Tóvári J, Apáti Á, Vértessy BG. Discovery of two new isoforms of the human DUT gene. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7760. [PMID: 37173337 PMCID: PMC10181998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cells two dUTPase isoforms have been described: one nuclear (DUT-N) and one mitochondrial (DUT-M), with cognate localization signals. In contrast, here we identified two additional isoforms; DUT-3 without any localization signal and DUT-4 with the same nuclear localization signal as DUT-N. Based on an RT-qPCR method for simultaneous isoform-specific quantification we analysed the relative expression patterns in 20 human cell lines of highly different origins. We found that the DUT-N isoform is expressed by far at the highest level, followed by the DUT-M and the DUT-3 isoform. A strong correlation between expression levels of DUT-M and DUT-3 suggests that these two isoforms may share the same promoter. We analysed the effect of serum starvation on the expression of dUTPase isoforms compared to non-treated cells and found that the mRNA levels of DUT-N decreased in A-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, but not in HeLa cells. Surprisingly, upon serum starvation DUT-M and DUT-3 showed a significant increase in the expression, while the expression level of the DUT-4 isoform did not show any changes. Taken together our results indicate that the cellular dUTPase supply may also be provided in the cytoplasm and starvation stress induced expression changes are cell line dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Attila Rácz
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp. 3., Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nikolett Nagy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth Gy. U. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp. 3., Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
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Pálinkás HL, Rácz GA, Gál Z, Hoffmann OI, Tihanyi G, Róna G, Gócza E, Hiripi L, Vértessy BG. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knock-Out of dUTPase in Mice Leads to Early Embryonic Lethality. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040136. [PMID: 30987342 PMCID: PMC6523736 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanitization of nucleotide pools is essential for genome maintenance. Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) is a key enzyme in this pathway since it catalyzes the cleavage of 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate (dUTP) into 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (dUMP) and inorganic pyrophosphate. Through its action dUTPase efficiently prevents uracil misincorporation into DNA and at the same time provides dUMP, the substrate for de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. Despite its physiological significance, knock-out models of dUTPase have not yet been investigated in mammals, but only in unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and yeast. Here we generate CRISPR/Cas9-mediated dUTPase knock-out in mice. We find that heterozygous dut +/– animals are viable while having decreased dUTPase levels. Importantly, we show that dUTPase is essential for embryonic development since early dut −/− embryos reach the blastocyst stage, however, they die shortly after implantation. Analysis of pre-implantation embryos indicates perturbed growth of both inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). We conclude that dUTPase is indispensable for post-implantation development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Laura Pálinkás
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Attila Rácz
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Gál
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Tihanyi
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Róna
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Elen Gócza
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - László Hiripi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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Understanding DNA Repair in Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Persistent Gaps and Other Reasons to Focus on the Fork. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2015; 2015:942605. [PMID: 26146487 PMCID: PMC4471258 DOI: 10.1155/2015/942605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although hyperthermophilic archaea arguably have a great need for efficient DNA repair, they lack members of several DNA repair protein families broadly conserved among bacteria and eukaryotes. Conversely, the putative DNA repair genes that do occur in these archaea often do not generate the expected phenotype when deleted. The prospect that hyperthermophilic archaea have some unique strategies for coping with DNA damage and replication errors has intellectual and technological appeal, but resolving this question will require alternative coping mechanisms to be proposed and tested experimentally. This review evaluates a combination of four enigmatic properties that distinguishes the hyperthermophilic archaea from all other organisms: DNA polymerase stalling at dU, apparent lack of conventional NER, lack of MutSL homologs, and apparent essentiality of homologous recombination proteins. Hypothetical damage-coping strategies that could explain this set of properties may provide new starting points for efforts to define how archaea differ from conventional models of DNA repair and replication fidelity.
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Chen H, Wu J, Yang L, Xu G. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification to improve diastereopreference of Pseudomonas alcaligenes lipase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hileman TH, Santangelo TJ. Genetics Techniques for Thermococcus kodakarensis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:195. [PMID: 22701112 PMCID: PMC3370424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermococcus kodakarensis (T. kodakarensis) has emerged as a premier model system for studies of archaeal biochemistry, genetics, and hyperthermophily. This prominence is derived largely from the natural competence of T. kodakarensis and the comprehensive, rapid, and facile techniques available for manipulation of the T. kodakarensis genome. These genetic capacities are complemented by robust planktonic growth, simple selections, and screens, defined in vitro transcription and translation systems, replicative expression plasmids, in vivo reporter constructs, and an ever-expanding knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying T. kodakarensis metabolism. Here we review the existing techniques for genetic and biochemical manipulation of T. kodakarensis. We also introduce a universal platform to generate the first comprehensive deletion and epitope/affinity tagged archaeal strain libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis H Hileman
- Department of Microbiology, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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Radzvilavicius T, Lagunavicius A. Selective inactivation of M-MuLV RT RNase H activity by site-directed PEGylation: an improved ability to synthesize long cDNA molecules. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Killelea T, Connolly BA. Role of disulfide bridges in archaeal family-B DNA polymerases. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1330-6. [PMID: 21598372 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The family-B DNA polymerases obtained from the order Thermococcales, for example, Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu-Pol) are commonly used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because of their high thermostability and low error rates. Most of these polymerases contain four cysteines, arranged as two disulfide bridges. With Pfu-Pol C429-C443 forms one of the disulfides (DB1) and C507-C510 (DB2) the other. Although the disulfides are well conserved in the enzymes from the hyperthermophilic Thermococcales, they are less prevalent in euryarchaeal polymerases from other orders, and tend to be only found in other hyperthermophiles. Here, we report on the effects of deleting the disulfide bridges by mutating the relevant cysteines to serines. A variety of techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry and differential scanning fluorimetry, have shown that both disulfides make a contribution to thermostability, with DB1 being more important than DB2. However, even when both disulfides are removed, sufficient thermostability remains for normal (identical to the wild type) performance in PCR and quantitative (real-time) PCR. Therefore, polymerases totally lacking cysteine are fully compatible with most PCR-based applications. This observation opens the way to further engineering of polymerases by introduction of a single cysteine followed by appropriate chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Killelea
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Tubeleviciute A, Skirgaila R. Compartmentalized self-replication (CSR) selection of Thermococcus litoralis Sh1B DNA polymerase for diminished uracil binding. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:589-97. [PMID: 20513707 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermostable archaeal DNA polymerase Sh1B from Thermococcus litoralis has a typical uracil-binding pocket, which in nature plays an essential role in preventing the accumulation of mutations caused by cytosine deamination to uracil and subsequent G-C base pair transition to A-T during the genomic DNA replication. The uracil-binding pocket recognizes and binds uracil base in a template strand trapping the polymerase. Since DNA replication stops, the repair systems have a chance to correct the promutagenic event. Archaeal family B DNA polymerases are employed in various PCR applications. Contrary to nature, in PCR the uracil-binding property of archaeal polymerases is disadvantageous and results in decreased DNA amplification yields and lowered sensitivity. Furthermore, in diagnostics qPCR, RT-qPCR and end-point PCR are performed using dNTP mixtures, where dTTP is partially or fully replaced by dUTP. Uracil-DNA glycosylase treatment and subsequent heating of the samples is used to degrade the DNA containing uracil and prevent carryover contamination, which is the main concern in diagnostic laboratories. A thermostable archaeal DNA polymerase with the abolished uracil binding would be a highly desirable and commercially interesting product. An attempt to disable uracil binding in DNA polymerase Sh1B from T. litoralis by generating site-specific mutants did not yield satisfactory results. However, a combination of random mutagenesis of the whole polymerase gene and compartmentalized self-replication was successfully used to select variants of thermostable Sh1B polymerase capable of performing PCR with dUTP instead of dTTP.
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