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Cristovão-Silva AC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Dionisio da Silva E, Leite ACL, Santiago LBAA, Conceição JMD, da Silva Tiburcio R, de Santana DP, Bedor DCG, de Carvalho BÍV, Ferreira LFGR, de Freitas E Silva R, Alves Pereira VR, Hernandes MZ. Trypanosoma cruzi killing and immune response boosting by novel phenoxyhydrazine-thiazole against Chagas disease. Exp Parasitol 2024; 261:108749. [PMID: 38593864 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) causes Chagas, which is a neglected tropical disease (NTD). WHO estimates that 6 to 7 million people are infected worldwide. Current treatment is done with benznidazole (BZN), which is very toxic and effective only in the acute phase of the disease. In this work, we designed, synthesized, and characterized thirteen new phenoxyhydrazine-thiazole compounds and applied molecular docking and in vitro methods to investigate cell cytotoxicity, trypanocide activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell death, and immunomodulation. We observed a higher predicted affinity of the compounds for the squalene synthase and 14-alpha demethylase enzymes of T. cruzi. Moreover, the compounds displayed a higher predicted affinity for human TLR2 and TLR4, were mildly toxic in vitro for most mammalian cell types tested, and LIZ531 (IC50 2.8 μM) was highly toxic for epimastigotes, LIZ311 (IC50 8.6 μM) for trypomastigotes, and LIZ331 (IC50 1.9 μM) for amastigotes. We observed that LIZ311 (IC50 2.5 μM), LIZ431 (IC50 4.1 μM) and LIZ531 (IC50 5 μM) induced 200 μg/mL of NO and JM14 induced NO production in three different concentrations tested. The compound LIZ331 induced the production of TNF and IL-6. LIZ311 induced the secretion of TNF, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17, cell death by apoptosis, decreased acidic compartment formation, and induced changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, LIZ311 is a promising anti-T. cruzi compound is not toxic to mammalian cells and has increased antiparasitic activity and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Cristovão-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Parasitology, Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Elis Dionisio da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lizandra Beatriz Amorim Alves Santiago
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria da Conceição
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Robert da Silva Tiburcio
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Davi Pereira de Santana
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Danilo Cesar Galindo Bedor
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Breno Ítalo Valença de Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Gomes Rebello Ferreira
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670-42, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Zaldini Hernandes
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Ullah S, Mansoor F, Khan SA, Jabeen U, Almars AI, Almohaimeed HM, Basri AM, Alshabrmi FM. Exploring bi-carbazole-linked triazoles as inhibitors of prolyl endo peptidase via integrated in vitro and in silico study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7675. [PMID: 38561470 PMCID: PMC10985113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A serine protease called prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) hydrolyses the peptide bonds on the carboxy side of the proline ring. The excessive PEP expression in brain results in neurodegenerative illnesses like dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Results of the prior studies on antioxidant activity, and the non-cytotoxic effect of bi-carbazole-linked triazoles, encouraged us to extend our studies towards its anti-diabetic potential. Hence, for this purpose all compounds 1-9 were evaluated to reveal their anti-prolyl endo peptidase activity. Fortunately, seven compounds resulted into significant inhibitory capability ranging from 26 to 63 µM. Among them six compounds 4-9 exhibited more potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values 46.10 ± 1.16, 42.30 ± 1.18, 37.14 ± 1.21, 26.29 ± 0.76, 28.31 ± 0.64 and 31.11 ± 0.84 µM respectively, while compound 3 was the least active compound in the series with IC50 value 63.10 ± 1.58 µM comparing with standard PEP inhibitor bacitracin (IC50 = 125 ± 1.50 µM). Moreover, mechanistic study was performed for the most active compounds 7 and 8 with Ki values 24.10 ± 0.0076 and 23.67 ± 0.0084 µM respectively. Further, the in silico studies suggested that the compounds exhibited potential interactions and significant molecular conformations, thereby elucidating the structural basis for their inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ullah
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Farheen Mansoor
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ali Khan
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Uzma Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University of Karachi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Amany I Almars
- Department of Medial Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailah M Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Basri
- Department of Medial Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Soprano LL, Ferrero MR, Jacobs T, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Hallmarks of the relationship between host and Trypanosoma cruzi sulfated glycoconjugates along the course of Chagas disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1028496. [PMID: 37256110 PMCID: PMC10225527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1028496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease (ChD), a major problem that is still endemic in large areas of Latin America, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This agent holds a major antigen, cruzipain (Cz). Its C-terminal domain (C-T) is retained in the glycoprotein mature form and bears several post-translational modifications. Glycoproteins containing sulfated N-linked oligosaccharides have been mostly implicated in numerous specific procedures of molecular recognition. The presence of sulfated oligosaccharides was demonstrated in Cz, also in a minor abundant antigen with serine-carboxypeptidase (SCP) activity, as well as in parasite sulfatides. Sulfate-bearing glycoproteins in Trypanosomatids are targets of specific immune responses. T. cruzi chronically infected subjects mount specific humoral immune responses to sulfated Cz. Unexpectedly, in the absence of infection, mice immunized with C-T, but not with sulfate-depleted C-T, showed ultrastructural heart anomalous pathological effects. Moreover, the synthetic anionic sugar conjugate GlcNAc6SO3-BSA showed to mimic the N-glycan-linked sulfated epitope (sulfotope) humoral responses that natural Cz elicits. Furthermore, it has been reported that sulfotopes participate via the binding of sialic acid Ig-like-specific lectins (Siglecs) to sulfosialylated glycoproteins in the immunomodulation by host-parasite interaction as well as in the parasite infection process. Strikingly, recent evidence involved Cz-sulfotope-specific antibodies in the immunopathogenesis and infection processes during the experimental ChD. Remarkably, sera from chronically T. cruzi-infected individuals with mild disease displayed higher levels of IgG2 antibodies specific for sulfated glycoproteins and sulfatides than those with more severe forms of the disease, evidencing that T. cruzi sulfotopes are antigenic independently of the sulfated glycoconjugate type. Ongoing assays indicate that antibodies specific for sulfotopes might be considered biomarkers of human cardiac ChD progression, playing a role as predictors of stability from the early mild stages of chronic ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L. Soprano
- Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department National Institute of Parasitology (INP)”Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, National Administration of Health Institutes (ANLIS)-Malbrán, National Health Department, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano R. Ferrero
- Max-Planck Heart and Lung Laboratory, Research Institute in Biomedicine in Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Argentine-Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Immunology Department, Bernhard Notch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia S. Couto
- Faculty in Exact and Natural Sciences (FCEN), Chemical Organic Department-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Center of CarboHydrates (CHIHIDECAR), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vilma G. Duschak
- Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department National Institute of Parasitology (INP)”Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, National Administration of Health Institutes (ANLIS)-Malbrán, National Health Department, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jasinski G, Salas-Sarduy E, Vega D, Fabian L, Florencia Martini M, Moglioni AG. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiosemicarbazones as cruzipain inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115345. [PMID: 37054562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the activity of 23 TSCs on CZ taken from the literature, we have developed a QSAR model for predicting the activity of TSCs. New TSCs were designed and then tested against CZP, resulting in inhibitors with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The modelling of the corresponding TSC-CZ complexes by molecular docking and QM/QM ONIOM refinement indicates a binding mode compatible with what was expected for active TSCs, according to a geometry-based theoretical model previously developed by our research group. Kinetic experiments on CZP suggest that the new TSCs act by a mechanism that involves the formation of a reversible covalent adduct with slow association and dissociation kinetics. These results demonstrate the strong inhibitory effect of the new TSCs and the benefit of the combined use of QSAR and molecular modelling techniques in the design of new and potent CZ/CZP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jasinski
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de la Química y el Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
| | - Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde" (IIBIO), CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, 1650, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnología (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), San Martín, Buenos Aires, 1650, Argentina
| | - Daniel Vega
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, GIyA, CAC, CNEA, Buenos Aires, B1650KNA, Argentina; Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, UNSAM, San Martín, Buenos Aires, B1650KNA, Argentina
| | - Lucas Fabian
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de la Química y el Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
| | - M Florencia Martini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de la Química y el Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
| | - Albertina G Moglioni
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de la Química y el Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina.
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5
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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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Macaluso G, Grippi F, Di Bella S, Blanda V, Gucciardi F, Torina A, Guercio A, Cannella V. A Review on the Immunological Response against Trypanosoma cruzi. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020282. [PMID: 36839554 PMCID: PMC9964664 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a chronic systemic infection transmitted by Trypanosoma cruzi. Its life cycle consists of different stages in vector insects and host mammals. Trypanosoma cruzi strains cause different clinical manifestations of Chagas disease alongside geographic differences in morbidity and mortality. Natural killer cells provide the cytokine interferon-gamma in the initial phases of T. cruzi infection. Phagocytes secrete cytokines that promote inflammation and activation of other cells involved in defence. Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages modulate the adaptive immune response, and B lymphocytes activate an effective humoral immune response to T. cruzi. This review focuses on the main immune mechanisms acting during T. cruzi infection, on the strategies activated by the pathogen against the host cells, on the processes involved in inflammasome and virulence factors and on the new strategies for preventing, controlling and treating this disease.
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Rangel-Ramírez VV, González-Sánchez HM, Lucio-García C. Exosomes: from biology to immunotherapy in infectious diseases. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:79-107. [PMID: 36562253 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2149852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal compartment, which are released by all kinds of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. These vesicles contain a variety of biomolecules that differ both in quantity and type depending on the origin and cellular state. Exosomes are internalized by recipient cells, delivering their content and thus contributing to cell-cell communication in health and disease. During infections exosomes may exert a dual role, on one hand, they can transmit pathogen-related molecules mediating further infection and damage, and on the other hand, they can protect the host by activating the immune response and reducing pathogen spread. Selective packaging of pathogenic components may mediate these effects. Recently, quantitative analysis of samples by omics technologies has allowed a deep characterization of the proteins, lipids, RNA, and metabolite cargoes of exosomes. Knowledge about the content of these vesicles may facilitate their therapeutic application. Furthermore, as exosomes have been detected in almost all biological fluids, pathogenic or host-derived components can be identified in liquid biopsies, making them suitable for diagnosis and prognosis. This review attempts to organize the recent findings on exosome composition and function during viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections, and their contribution to host defense or to pathogen spread. Moreover, we summarize the current perspectives and future directions regarding the potential application of exosomes for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - César Lucio-García
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
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Moreno CJG, Farias HM, de Lima Medeiros R, de Brito Pinto TK, de Freitas Oliveira JW, de Sousa FL, de Medeiros MJC, Amorim-Carmo B, Santos-Gomes G, de Lima Pontes D, Rocha HAO, Frazão NF, Silva MS. Quantum Biochemistry Screening and In Vitro Evaluation of Leishmania Metalloproteinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8553. [PMID: 35955687 PMCID: PMC9368959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmanolysin, also known as major promastigote protease (PSP) or gp63, is the most abundant surface glycoprotein of Leishmania spp., and has been extensively studied and recognized as the main parasite virulence factor. Characterized as a metalloprotease, gp63 can be powerfully inactivated in the presence of a metal chelator. In this study, we first used the structural parameters of a 7-hydroxycoumarin derivative, L1 compound, to evaluate the theoretical-computational experiments against gp63, comparing it with an available metal chelator already described. The methodology followed was (i) analysis of the three-dimensional structure of gp63 as well as its active site, and searching the literature and molecular databases for possible inhibitors; (ii) molecular docking simulations and investigation of the interactions in the generated protein-ligand complexes; and (iii) the individual energy of the gp63 amino acids that interacted most with the ligands of interest was quantified by ab initio calculations using Molecular Fraction with Conjugated Caps (MFCC). MFCC still allowed the final quantum balance calculations of the protein interaction to be obtained with each inhibitor candidate binder. L1 obtained the best energy quantum balance result with -2 eV, followed by DETC (-1.4 eV), doxycycline (-1.3 eV), and 4-terpineol (-0.6 eV), and showed evidence of covalent binding in the enzyme active site. In vitro experiments confirmed L1 as highly effective against L. amazonensis parasites. The compound also exhibited a low cytotoxicity profile against mammalian RAW and 3T3 cells lines, presenting a selective index of 149.19 and 380.64 µM, respectively. L1 induced promastigote forms' death by necrosis and the ultrastructural analysis revealed disruption in membrane integrity. Furthermore, leakage of the contents and destruction of the parasite were confirmed by Spectroscopy Dispersion analysis. These results together suggested L1 has a potential effect against L. amazonensis, the etiologic agent of diffuse leishmaniasis, and the only one that currently does not have a satisfactory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Jassica Gonçalves Moreno
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (C.J.G.M.); (J.W.d.F.O.)
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
| | - Henriqueta Monalisa Farias
- Academic Unit of Physics, Mathematics of the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58428-830, Brazil; (H.M.F.); (R.d.L.M.); (N.F.F.)
| | - Rafael de Lima Medeiros
- Academic Unit of Physics, Mathematics of the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58428-830, Brazil; (H.M.F.); (R.d.L.M.); (N.F.F.)
| | - Talita Katiane de Brito Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
| | - Johny Wysllas de Freitas Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (C.J.G.M.); (J.W.d.F.O.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
| | - Francimar Lopes de Sousa
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Coordination and Polymers (LQCPol), Institute of Chemistry Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (F.L.d.S.J.); (M.J.C.d.M.); (D.d.L.P.)
| | - Mayara Jane Campos de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Coordination and Polymers (LQCPol), Institute of Chemistry Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (F.L.d.S.J.); (M.J.C.d.M.); (D.d.L.P.)
| | - Bruno Amorim-Carmo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, IHMT, NOVA University of Lisbon—UNL, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Daniel de Lima Pontes
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Coordination and Polymers (LQCPol), Institute of Chemistry Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (F.L.d.S.J.); (M.J.C.d.M.); (D.d.L.P.)
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
| | - Nilton Fereira Frazão
- Academic Unit of Physics, Mathematics of the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58428-830, Brazil; (H.M.F.); (R.d.L.M.); (N.F.F.)
| | - Marcelo Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (C.J.G.M.); (J.W.d.F.O.)
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil;
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, IHMT, NOVA University of Lisbon—UNL, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal;
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9
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Hakimi S, Kari NM, Ismail N, Ismail MN, Ahmad F. Evaluation of taste active peptides and amino acids from anchovy proteins in fish sauce by in silico approach. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:767-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Reis CRCD, Souza HVCMD, Leme RPP, Castelo-Branco FS, Fernandes TVA, Boechat N, Dias LRS, Hoelz LVB. Study of the dynamic behavior of the cruzain enzyme in free and complexed forms with competitive and noncovalent benzimidazole inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35475501 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2067238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There are only two drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease, namely, nifurtimox and benznidazole, that can cause several adverse effects. Despite the effectiveness of these drugs in the disease's acute phase, they are not recognized as curative in the chronic phase, establishing the need for more effective treatment in all stages of the disease. Cruzain is an enzyme that plays a vital role in the life cycle of the etiologic agent, the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, being relevant as a therapeutic target in the planning of new drugs. Using molecular docking and dynamics simulations, we have investigated the structural and dynamic factors that can be involved in the enzyme inhibition process at the atomic-molecular level by benzimidazole compounds that are potent cruzain inhibitors with in vitro trypanocidal activity. The study suggests that these inhibitors bind cruzain through steric and hydrogen bonding interactions without altering its secondary structure content and protein compaction. Besides, we observed that these inhibitors decrease the correlation of movements between Cα-atoms of cruzain, increasing the number of atomic communities, mainly in the α-helix that presents the catalytic Cys25 residue. As expected, we also observed a correlation between the inhibitory activity of each inhibitor and their respective binding-free energies, reinforcing that the affinity of the complexes seems to be a relevant factor for enzymatic inhibition. Hence, the results presented in this work contribute to a better understanding of the cruzain enzyme inhibition mechanism through competitive and non-covalent inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rodrigues Chaves Dos Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos Para Saúde (PPG-CAPS), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Mário Viana, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Medicinal - LQMed, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hellen Valério Chaves Moura de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rennan Papaleo Paes Leme
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco J - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Frederico Silva Castelo-Branco
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tácio Vinício Amorim Fernandes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Núbia Boechat
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiza Rosaria Sousa Dias
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Medicinal - LQMed, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Villas Bôas Hoelz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Síntese Fármacos - LASFAR, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Medina-Rincón GJ, Gallo-Bernal S, Jiménez PA, Cruz-Saavedra L, Ramírez JD, Rodríguez MJ, Medina-Mur R, Díaz-Nassif G, Valderrama-Achury MD, Medina HM. Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Chronic Manifestations in Chagas Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111493. [PMID: 34832648 PMCID: PMC8619182 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic manifestations of Chagas disease present as disabling and life-threatening conditions affecting mainly the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. Although meaningful research has outlined the different molecular mechanisms underlying Trypanosoma cruzi’s infection and the host-parasite interactions that follow, prompt diagnosis and treatment remain a challenge, particularly in developing countries and also in those where the disease is considered non-endemic. This review intends to present an up-to-date review of the parasite’s life cycle, genetic diversity, virulence factors, and infective mechanisms, as well as the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options of the main chronic complications of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J. Medina-Rincón
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (S.G.-B.); (M.D.V.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-310-817-2369
| | - Sebastián Gallo-Bernal
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (S.G.-B.); (M.D.V.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paula A. Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (P.A.J.); (L.C.-S.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (P.A.J.); (L.C.-S.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (P.A.J.); (L.C.-S.); (J.D.R.)
| | - María Juliana Rodríguez
- Division of Cardiology, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 110131, Colombia; (M.J.R.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Ramón Medina-Mur
- Division of Cardiology, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 110131, Colombia; (M.J.R.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Gustavo Díaz-Nassif
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | | | - Héctor M. Medina
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (S.G.-B.); (M.D.V.-A.); (H.M.M.)
- Division of Cardiology, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá 110131, Colombia; (M.J.R.); (R.M.-M.)
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12
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D'Avila H, de Souza NP, Albertoni ALDS, Campos LC, Rampinelli PG, Correa JR, de Almeida PE. Impact of the Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trypanosoma cruzi: A Paradox in Host Response and Lipid Metabolism Modulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:768124. [PMID: 34778110 PMCID: PMC8581656 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major public health problem, especially in the South and Central America region. Its incidence is related to poverty and presents a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of Chagas disease is complex and involves many interactive pathways between the hosts and the Trypanosoma cruzi. Several factors have been implicated in parasite-host interactions, including molecules secreted by infected cells, lipid mediators and most recent, extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EVs of T. cruzi (EVsT) were reported for the first time in the epimastigote forms about 42 years ago. The EVsT are involved in paracrine communication during the infection and can have an important role in the inflammatory modulation and parasite escape mechanism. However, the mechanisms by which EVs employ their pathological effects are not yet understood. The EVsT seem to participate in the activation of macrophages via TLR2 triggering the production of cytokines and a range of other molecules, thus modulating the host immune response which promotes the parasite survival. Moreover, new insights have demonstrated that EVsT induce lipid body formation and PGE2 synthesis in macrophages. This phenomenon is followed by the inhibition of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation, causing decreased parasitic molecules and allowing intracellular parasite survival. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the role of the EVs from T. cruzi as well as its involvement in the mechanisms that regulate the host immune response in the lipid metabolism and its significance for the Chagas disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Núbia Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza da Silva Albertoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laíris Cunha Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pollianne Garbero Rampinelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Raimundo Correa
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Elaine de Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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KBE009: A Bestatin-Like Inhibitor of the Trypanosoma cruzi Acidic M17 Aminopeptidase with In Vitro Anti-Trypanosomal Activity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101037. [PMID: 34685408 PMCID: PMC8540442 DOI: 10.3390/life11101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a human tropical illness mainly present in Latin America. The therapies available against this disease are far from ideal. Proteases from pathogenic protozoan have been considered as good drug target candidates. T. cruzi acidic M17 leucyl-aminopeptidase (TcLAP) mediates the major parasite’s leucyl-aminopeptidase activity and is expressed in all parasite stages. Here, we report the inhibition of TcLAP (IC50 = 66.0 ± 13.5 µM) by the bestatin-like peptidomimetic KBE009. This molecule also inhibited the proliferation of T. cruzi epimastigotes in vitro (EC50 = 28.1 ± 1.9 µM) and showed selectivity for the parasite over human dermal fibroblasts (selectivity index: 4.9). Further insight into the specific effect of KBE009 on T. cruzi was provided by docking simulation using the crystal structure of TcLAP and a modeled human orthologous, hLAP3. The TcLAP-KBE009 complex is more stable than its hLAP3 counterpart. KBE009 adopted a better geometrical shape to fit into the active site of TcLAP than that of hLAP3. The drug-likeness and lead-likeness in silico parameters of KBE009 are satisfactory. Altogether, our results provide an initial insight into KBE009 as a promising starting point compound for the rational design of drugs through further optimization.
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14
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García-Huertas P, Cardona-Castro N. Advances in the treatment of Chagas disease: Promising new drugs, plants and targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112020. [PMID: 34392087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is treated with only two drugs; benznidazole and nifurtimox. These drugs have some disadvantages, including their efficacy only in the acute or early infection phases, adverse effects during their use, and the resistance that the parasite has developed to their activity. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new, safe and effective therapeutic alternatives to treat Chagas disease, though governments and the pharmaceutical industry have shown a lack of interest in contributing to this solution. Institutions and research groups on the other hand have worked on some strategies that can help to address the problem. Some of these include the modification of conventional drug dosages, drug repurposing, and combined therapy. Plants and derived compounds with antiparasitic effects have also been studied, taking advantage of traditional medicinal knowledge. Others have studied the parasite to identify essential genes that can be used as therapeutic targets to design new, targeted drugs. Some of these studies have generated promising results, but few reach clinical phase studies. Institutions and research groups should be encouraged to unify efforts and cover all aspects of drug development according to resources and knowledge availability. In the end, this exchange of knowledge would lead to the development of new therapeutic alternatives to treat Chagas disease and benefit the populations it affects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Colombia.
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15
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de Castro Neto AL, da Silveira JF, Mortara RA. Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:669079. [PMID: 33937106 PMCID: PMC8085324 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.669079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and T. cruzi are flagellate protozoans of the family Trypanosomatidae and the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease, respectively. These diseases affect humans worldwide and exert a significant impact on public health. Over the course of evolution, the parasites associated with these pathologies have developed mechanisms to circumvent the immune response system throughout the infection cycle. In cases of human infection, this function is undertaken by a group of proteins and processes that allow the parasites to propagate and survive during host invasion. In T. brucei, antigenic variation is promoted by variant surface glycoproteins and other proteins involved in evasion from the humoral immune response, which helps the parasite sustain itself in the extracellular milieu during infection. Conversely, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi possess a more complex infection cycle, with specific intracellular stages. In addition to mechanisms for evading humoral immunity, the pathogens have also developed mechanisms for facilitating their adhesion and incorporation into host cells. In this review, the different immune evasion strategies at cellular and molecular levels developed by these human-pathogenic trypanosomatids have been discussed, with a focus on the key molecules responsible for mediating the invasion and evasion mechanisms and the effects of these molecules on virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Leonel de Castro Neto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Ferri G, Edreira MM. All Roads Lead to Cytosol: Trypanosoma cruzi Multi-Strategic Approach to Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:634793. [PMID: 33747982 PMCID: PMC7973469 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T. cruzi has a complex life cycle involving four developmental stages namely, epimastigotes, metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes. Although trypomastigotes are the infective forms, extracellular amastigotes have also shown the ability to invade host cells. Both stages can invade a broad spectrum of host tissues, in fact, almost any nucleated cell can be the target of infection. To add complexity, the parasite presents high genetic variability with differential characteristics such as infectivity. In this review, we address the several strategies T. cruzi has developed to subvert the host cell signaling machinery in order to gain access to the host cell cytoplasm. Special attention is made to the numerous parasite/host protein interactions and to the set of signaling cascades activated during the formation of a parasite-containing vesicle, the parasitophorous vacuole, from which the parasite escapes to the cytosol, where differentiation and replication take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ferri
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin M Edreira
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Trypanosoma, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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17
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Torrecilhas AC, Soares RP, Schenkman S, Fernández-Prada C, Olivier M. Extracellular Vesicles in Trypanosomatids: Host Cell Communication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:602502. [PMID: 33381465 PMCID: PMC7767885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.602502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) are parasitic protozoan causing Chagas disease, African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniases worldwide. They are vector borne diseases transmitted by triatomine bugs, Tsetse fly, and sand flies, respectively. Those diseases cause enormous economic losses and morbidity affecting not only rural and poverty areas but are also spreading to urban areas. During the parasite-host interaction, those organisms release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are crucial for the immunomodulatory events triggered by the parasites. EVs are involved in cell-cell communication and can act as important pro-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, interface between EVs and host immune responses are crucial for the immunopathological events that those diseases exhibit. Additionally, EVs from these organisms have a role in the invertebrate hosts digestive tracts prior to parasite transmission. This review summarizes the available data on how EVs from those medically important trypanosomatids affect their interaction with vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Update on relevant trypanosome peptidases: Validated targets and future challenges. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140577. [PMID: 33271348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the agents of Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis, HAT), as well as Trypanosoma brucei brucei, the agent of the cattle disease nagana, contain cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartyl and metallo peptidases. The most abundant among these enzymes are the cysteine proteases from the Clan CA, the Cathepsin L-like cruzipain and rhodesain, and the Cathepsin B-like enzymes, which have essential roles in the parasites and thus are potential targets for chemotherapy. In addition, several other proteases, present in one or both parasites, have been characterized, and some of them are also promising candidates for the developing of new drugs. Recently, new inhibitors, with good selectivity for the parasite proteasomes, have been described and are very promising as lead compounds for the development of new therapies for these neglected diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Play and interplay of proteases in health and disease".
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19
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Quilles JC, Shamim A, Tezuka DY, Batista PHJ, Lopes CD, de Albuquerque S, Montanari CA, Leitão A. Dipeptidyl nitrile derivatives suppress the Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108032. [PMID: 33137308 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease affects several countries around the world with health and sanitation problems. Cysteine proteases are essential for the virulence and replication of the Trypanosoma cruzi, being modulated by dipeptidyl nitriles and derivatives. Here, four dipeptidyl nitrile derivatives were assayed in three T. cruzi morphologies and two strains (Tulahuen and Y) using a set of assays: (i) analysis of the inhibitory activity against cysteine proteases; (ii) determination of the cytotoxic activity and selectivity index; (iii) verification of the inhibition of the trypomastigote invasion in the host cell. These compounds could inhibit the activity of cysteine proteases using the selective substrate Z-FR-MCA for the trypomastigote lysate and extracellular amastigotes. Interestingly, these compounds did not present relevant enzymatic inhibition for the epimastigote lysate. Most of the substances were also cytotoxic and selective against the trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. The best compound of the series (Neq0662) could reduce the enzymatic activity of the cysteine proteases for the trypomastigotes and amastigotes. It was equipotent to the benznidazole drug in the cytotoxic studies using these two parasite forms. Neq0662 was also selective for the parasite, and it inhibited the invasion of the mammalian host cell in all conditions tested at 10 μM. The stereochemistry of the trifluoromethyl group was an important factor for the bioactivity when the two diastereomers (Neq0662 and Neq0663) were compared. All-in-all, these results indicate that these compounds could move further in the drug development stage because of its promising bioactive profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Quilles
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anwar Shamim
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daiane Y Tezuka
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioengenharia - PPGIB-USP, Brazil.
| | - Pedro H J Batista
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carla D Lopes
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioengenharia - PPGIB-USP, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio de Albuquerque
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Giordani F, Paape D, Vincent IM, Pountain AW, Fernández-Cortés F, Rico E, Zhang N, Morrison LJ, Freund Y, Witty MJ, Peter R, Edwards DY, Wilkes JM, van der Hooft JJJ, Regnault C, Read KD, Horn D, Field MC, Barrett MP. Veterinary trypanocidal benzoxaboroles are peptidase-activated prodrugs. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008932. [PMID: 33141865 PMCID: PMC7710103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock diseases caused by Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei, collectively known as nagana, are responsible for billions of dollars in lost food production annually. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutics. Encouragingly, promising antitrypanosomal benzoxaboroles are under veterinary development. Here, we show that the most efficacious subclass of these compounds are prodrugs activated by trypanosome serine carboxypeptidases (CBPs). Drug-resistance to a development candidate, AN11736, emerged readily in T. brucei, due to partial deletion within the locus containing three tandem copies of the CBP genes. T. congolense parasites, which possess a larger array of related CBPs, also developed resistance to AN11736 through deletion within the locus. A genome-scale screen in T. brucei confirmed CBP loss-of-function as the primary mechanism of resistance and CRISPR-Cas9 editing proved that partial deletion within the locus was sufficient to confer resistance. CBP re-expression in either T. brucei or T. congolense AN11736-resistant lines restored drug-susceptibility. CBPs act by cleaving the benzoxaborole AN11736 to a carboxylic acid derivative, revealing a prodrug activation mechanism. Loss of CBP activity results in massive reduction in net uptake of AN11736, indicating that entry is facilitated by the concentration gradient created by prodrug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giordani
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Paape
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Fernández-Cortés
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Rico
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Freund
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Witty
- Global Alliance for Livestock and Veterinary Medicine, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Peter
- Global Alliance for Livestock and Veterinary Medicine, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Y. Edwards
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Wilkes
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin J. J. van der Hooft
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Current address: Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clément Regnault
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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21
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Watanabe Costa R, Batista MF, Meneghelli I, Vidal RO, Nájera CA, Mendes AC, Andrade-Lima IA, da Silveira JF, Lopes LR, Ferreira LRP, Antoneli F, Bahia D. Comparative Analysis of the Secretome and Interactome of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli Reveals Species Specific Immune Response Modulating Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1774. [PMID: 32973747 PMCID: PMC7481403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, a zoonosis caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a chronic and systemic parasitic infection that affects ~5–7 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Chagas disease is an emerging public health problem due to the lack of vaccines and effective treatments. According to recent studies, several T. cruzi secreted proteins interact with the human host during cell invasion. Moreover, some comparative studies with T. rangeli, which is non-pathogenic in humans, have been performed to identify proteins directly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of canonical putative secreted proteins (PSPs) from both species. Additionally, we propose an interactome with human host and gene family clusters, and a phylogenetic inference of a selected protein. In total, we identified 322 exclusively PSPs in T. cruzi and 202 in T. rangeli. Among the PSPs identified in T. cruzi, we found several trans-sialidases, mucins, MASPs, proteins with phospholipase 2 domains (PLA2-like), and proteins with Hsp70 domains (Hsp70-like) which have been previously characterized and demonstrated to be related to T. cruzi virulence. PSPs found in T. rangeli were related to protozoan metabolism, specifically carboxylases and phosphatases. Furthermore, we also identified PSPs that may interact with the human immune system, including heat shock and MASP proteins, but in a lower number compared to T. cruzi. Interestingly, we describe a hypothetical hybrid interactome of PSPs which reveals that T. cruzi secreted molecules may be down-regulating IL-17 whilst T. rangeli may enhance the production of IL-15. These results will pave the way for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of Chagas disease and may ultimately lead to the identification of molecular targets, such as key PSPs, that could be used to minimize the health outcomes of Chagas disease by modulating the immune response triggered by T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Watanabe Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Ferreira Batista
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabela Meneghelli
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology-Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association in Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratorio Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alcides Nájera
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Mendes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabela Augusta Andrade-Lima
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Rodrigo Lopes
- Departamento de Informática em Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Rodrigues Pinto Ferreira
- RNA Systems Biology Lab (RSBL), Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antoneli
- Departamento de Informática em Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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22
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Silva RCMC, Fox EGP, Gomes FM, Feijó DF, Ramos I, Koeller CM, Costa TFR, Rodrigues NS, Lima AP, Atella GC, Miranda K, Schoijet AC, Alonso GD, de Alcântara Machado E, Heise N. Venom alkaloids against Chagas disease parasite: search for effective therapies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10642. [PMID: 32606423 PMCID: PMC7327076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an important disease affecting millions of patients in the New World and is caused by a protozoan transmitted by haematophagous kissing bugs. It can be treated with drugs during the early acute phase; however, effective therapy against the chronic form of Chagas disease has yet to be discovered and developed. We herein tested the activity of solenopsin alkaloids extracted from two species of fire ants against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiologic agent of Chagas disease. Although IC50 determinations showed that solenopsins are more toxic to the parasite than benznidazole, the drug of choice for Chagas disease treatment, the ant alkaloids presented a lower selectivity index. As a result of exposure to the alkaloids, the parasites became swollen and rounded in shape, with hypertrophied contractile vacuoles and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization, possibly resulting in osmotic stress; no accumulation of multiple kinetoplasts and/or nuclei was detected. Overexpressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-an enzyme essential for osmoregulation that is a known target of solenopsins in mammalian cells-did not prevent swelling and vacuolization, nor did it counteract the toxic effects of alkaloids on the parasites. Additional experimental results suggested that solenopsins induced a type of autophagic and programmed cell death in T. cruzi. Solenopsins also reduced the intracellular proliferation of T. cruzi amastigotes in infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner and demonstrated activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream forms, which is another important aetiological kinetoplastid parasite. The results suggest the potential of solenopsins as novel natural drugs against neglected parasitic diseases caused by kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C M Costa Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo G P Fox
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Red Imported Fire Ant Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Daniel F Feijó
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ramos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Koeller
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Tatiana F R Costa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana P Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alejandra C Schoijet
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo D Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ednildo de Alcântara Machado
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Norton Heise
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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23
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Izquierdo M, Lin D, O'Neill S, Zoltner M, Webster L, Hope A, Gray DW, Field MC, González-Bacerio J. Development of a High-Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Major M17-Leucyl Aminopeptidase from Trypanosoma cruzi Using RapidFire Mass Spectrometry. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:1064-1071. [PMID: 32400260 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220923367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucyl aminopeptidases (LAPs) are involved in multiple cellular functions, which, in the case of infectious diseases, includes participation in the pathogen-host cell interface and pathogenesis. Thus, LAPs are considered good candidate drug targets, and the major M17-LAP from Trypanosoma cruzi (LAPTc) in particular is a promising target for Chagas disease. To exploit LAPTc as a potential target, it is essential to develop potent and selective inhibitors. To achieve this, we report a high-throughput screening method for LAPTc. Two methods were developed and optimized: a Leu-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin-based fluorogenic assay and a RapidFire mass spectrometry (RapidFire MS)-based assay using the LSTVIVR peptide as substrate. Compared with a fluorescence assay, the major advantages of the RapidFire MS assay are a greater signal-to-noise ratio as well as decreased consumption of enzyme. RapidFire MS was validated with the broad-spectrum LAP inhibitors bestatin (IC50 = 0.35 μM) and arphamenine A (IC50 = 15.75 μM). We suggest that RapidFire MS is highly suitable for screening for specific LAPTc inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Izquierdo
- Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - De Lin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sandra O'Neill
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lauren Webster
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anthony Hope
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Centre for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba
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24
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Repolês BM, Machado CR, Florentino PTV. DNA lesions and repair in trypanosomatids infection. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190163. [PMID: 32236391 PMCID: PMC7197992 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological processes such as bacterial, viral and parasitic infections can generate a plethora of responses such as, but not restricted to, oxidative stress that can be harmful to the host and the pathogen. This stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species produced and antioxidant factors produced in response to the infection. This imbalance can lead to DNA lesions in both infected cells as well as in the pathogen. The effects of the host response on the parasite lead to several kinds of DNA damage, causing alterations in the parasite's metabolism; the reaction and sensitivity of the parasite to these responses are related to the DNA metabolism and life cycle of each parasite. The present review will discuss the survival strategies developed by host cells and Trypanosoma cruzi, focusing on the DNA repair mechanisms of these organisms throughout infection including the relationship between DNA damage, stress response features, and the unique characteristics of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Repolês
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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25
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Garcia FB, Cabral AD, Fuhlendorf MM, da Cruz GF, Dos Santos JV, Ferreira GC, de Rezende BRC, Santana CM, Puzer L, Sasaki SD, Garcia W, Sperança MA. Functional and structural characterization of an ecotin-like serine protease inhibitor from Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:459-466. [PMID: 32084472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ecotin, a serine peptidase inhibitor (ISP), discovered in Escherichia coli, inhibit a wide range of trypsin-like serine peptidases, protecting microorganisms from the host's immune response. In eukaryotes, ISPs encoding genes were found only in Trypanosomatidae protozoa, including the genus Trypanosoma, which harbors Trypanosoma cruzi, the ethiological agent of Chagas' disease. T. cruzi encodes the ISP2 Trypanosomatidae orthologous, which in Leishmania species present inhibitory activity on mammalian proteases from S1A family suggesting its role in vertebrate-host-parasite interactions. In this study, the structural and biochemical characterization of the recombinant T. cruzi ISP2 (rTcISP2), produced in E. coli was purified in soluble form and analyzed by circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, native electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, low X-ray scattering and homology modeling. The obtained data revealed that rTcISP2 was biologically active and forms homodimers in solution. Furthermore, inhibitory activity of rTcISP2 against human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is the highest among ISP2 orthologous from bacteria and trypanosomatids. The role of NE to control T. cruzi parasites through modulation of cellular and humoral innate immune responses in vertebrate hosts, make TcISP2 a key molecular component for parasite infection efficiency, providing a useful basis for investigation of host-parasite interactions and the potential of TcISP2 for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Baena Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Aline Diniz Cabral
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Max Mario Fuhlendorf
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Geomar Feitosa da Cruz
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Juliete Vitorino Dos Santos
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Graziele Cristina Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Bernard Robin Carneiro de Rezende
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Carla Moreira Santana
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Márcia Aparecida Sperança
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil.
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26
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Sangenito LS, Menna-Barreto RFS, d'Avila-Levy CM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Repositioning of HIV Aspartyl Peptidase Inhibitors for Combating the Neglected Human Pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6590-6613. [PMID: 31187704 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190610152934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a wellknown neglected tropical disease. This parasitic illness affects 6-7 million people and can lead to severe myocarditis and/or complications of the digestive tract. The changes in its epidemiology facilitate co-infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), making even more difficult the diagnosis and prognosis. The parasitic infection is reactivated in T. cruzi/HIV co-infection, with the appearance of unusual manifestations in the chronic phase and the exacerbation of classical clinical signs. The therapeutic arsenal to treat Chagas disease, in all its clinical forms, is restricted basically to two drugs, benznidazole and nifurtimox. Both drugs are extremely toxic and the therapeutic efficacy is still unclear, making the clinical treatment a huge issue to be solved. Therefore, it seems obvious the necessity of new tangible approaches to combat this illness. In this sense, the repositioning of approved drugs appears as an interesting and viable strategy. The discovery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Aspartyl Peptidase Inhibitors (HIV-PIs) represented a milestone in the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and, concomitantly, a marked reduction in both the incidence and prevalence of important bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections was clearly observed. Taking all these findings into consideration, the present review summarizes the promising and beneficial data concerning the effects of HIV-PIs on all the evolutionary forms of T. cruzi and in important steps of the parasite's life cycle, which highlight their possible application as alternative drugs to treat Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Sangenito
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia M d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratorio de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratorio de Estudos Avancados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Mandacaru SC, Queiroz RML, Alborghetti MR, de Oliveira LS, de Lima CMR, Bastos IMD, Santana JM, Roepstorff P, Ricart CAO, Charneau S. Exoproteome profiling of Trypanosoma cruzi during amastigogenesis early stages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225386. [PMID: 31756194 PMCID: PMC6874342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affecting around 8 million people worldwide. After host cell invasion, the infective trypomastigote form remains 2–4 hours inside acidic phagolysosomes to differentiate into replicative amastigote form. In vitro acidic-pH-induced axenic amastigogenesis was used here to study this step of the parasite life cycle. After three hours of trypomastigote incubation in amastigogenesis promoting acidic medium (pH 5.0) or control physiological pH (7.4) medium samples were subjected to three rounds of centrifugation followed by ultrafiltration of the supernatants. The resulting exoproteome samples were trypsin digested and analysed by nano flow liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Computational protein identification searches yielded 271 and 483 protein groups in the exoproteome at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0, respectively, with 180 common proteins between both conditions. The total amount and diversity of proteins released by parasites almost doubled upon acidic incubation compared to control. Overall, 76.5% of proteins were predicted to be secreted by classical or non-classical pathways and 35.1% of these proteins have predicted transmembrane domains. Classical secretory pathway analysis showed an increased number of mucins and mucin-associated surface proteins after acidic incubation. However, the number of released trans-sialidases and surface GP63 peptidases was higher at pH 7.4. Trans-sialidases and mucins are anchored to the membrane and exhibit an enzyme-substrate relationship. In general, mucins are glycoproteins with immunomodulatory functions in Chagas disease, present mainly in the epimastigote and trypomastigote surfaces and could be enzymatically cleaved and released in the phagolysosome during amastigogenesis. Moreover, evidence for flagella discard during amastigogenesis are addressed. This study provides the first comparative analysis of the exoproteome during amastigogenesis, and the presented data evidence the dynamism of its profile in response to acidic pH-induced differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Mandacaru
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rayner M. L. Queiroz
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marcos R. Alborghetti
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lucas S. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Consuelo M. R. de Lima
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Peter Roepstorff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos André O. Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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28
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de Carvalho LP, de Melo EJT. Autophagic elimination of Trypanosoma cruzi in the presence of metals. J Microbiol 2019; 57:918-926. [PMID: 31463789 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is an obligate intracellular parasite transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. Molecules present in parasites and mammalian cells allow the recognition and parasite internalization. Metallic ions play an essential role in the establishment and maintenance of host-parasite interaction. However, little is known about how parasites handle with essential and nonessential metal quotas. This study aimed to investigate the influence of metal ions on the biological processes of T. cruzi infected cells. Infected cells were incubated with ZnCl2, CdCl2, and HgCl2 for 12 h and labeled with different specific dyes to investigate the cellular events related to intracellular parasite death and elimination. Infected host cells and parasite's mitochondria underwent functional and structural disorders, in addition to parasite's DNA condensation and pH decrease on host cells, which led to parasite death. Further investigations suggested that lysosomes were involved in pH decrease and the double membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum formed vacuoles surrounding damaged parasites, which indicate the occurrence of autophagy for parasite elimination. In conclusion, low concentrations of nonessential and essential metals cause a series of damage to Trypanosoma cruzi organelles, leading to its loss of viability, death, and elimination, with no removal of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Pessanha de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, State University of North Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edésio José Tenório de Melo
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, State University of North Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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29
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Silva ACC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Leite ACL, Pereira VRA, Hernandes MZ. Chagas Disease Treatment and Rational Drug Discovery: A Challenge That Remains. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31427977 PMCID: PMC6690016 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Cristovão Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
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30
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Vandana, Dixit R, Tiwari R, Katyal A, Pandey KC. Metacaspases: Potential Drug Target Against Protozoan Parasites. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:790. [PMID: 31379569 PMCID: PMC6657590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous strategies/targets for controlling infectious diseases, parasites-derived proteases receive prime attention due to their essential contribution to parasite growth and development. Parasites produce a broad array of proteases, which are required for parasite entry/invasion, modification/degradation of host proteins for their nourishment, and activation of inflammation that ensures their survival to maintain infection. Presently, extensive research is focused on unique proteases termed as "metacaspases" (MCAs) in relation to their versatile functions in plants and non-metazoans. Such unique MCAs proteases could be considered as a potential drug target against parasites due to their absence in the human host. MCAs are cysteine proteases, having Cys-His catalytic dyad present in fungi, protozoa, and plants. Studies so far indicated that MCAs are broadly associated with apoptosis-like cell death, growth, and stress regulation in different protozoa. The present review comprises the important research outcomes from our group and published literature, showing the variable properties and function of MCAs for therapeutic purpose against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.,Dr Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
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Salas-Sarduy E, Niemirowicz GT, José Cazzulo J, Alvarez VE. Target-based Screening of the Chagas Box: Setting Up Enzymatic Assays to Discover Specific Inhibitors Across Bioactive Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6672-6686. [PMID: 31284853 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190705160637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease is endemic in Latin America with about 6 million people infected and many more being at risk. Only two drugs are available for treatment, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, but they have a number of side effects and are not effective in all cases. This makes urgently necessary the development of new drugs, more efficient, less toxic and affordable to the poor people, who are most of the infected population. In this review we will summarize the current strategies used for drug discovery considering drug repositioning, phenotyping screenings and target-based approaches. In addition, we will describe in detail the considerations for setting up robust enzymatic assays aimed at identifying and validating small molecule inhibitors in high throughput screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde - Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela T Niemirowicz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde - Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José Cazzulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde - Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanina E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde - Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sabalette KB, Romaniuk MA, Noé G, Cassola A, Campo VA, De Gaudenzi JG. The RNA-binding protein TcUBP1 up-regulates an RNA regulon for a cell surface-associated Trypanosoma cruzi glycoprotein and promotes parasite infectivity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10349-10364. [PMID: 31113862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of transcription in trypanosomes is unusual. To modulate protein synthesis during their complex developmental stages, these unicellular microorganisms rely largely on post-transcriptional gene expression pathways. These pathways include a plethora of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that modulate all steps of the mRNA life cycle in trypanosomes and help organize transcriptomes into clusters of post-transcriptional regulons. The aim of this work was to characterize an RNA regulon comprising numerous transcripts of trypomastigote-associated cell-surface glycoproteins that are preferentially expressed in the infective stages of the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In vitro and in vivo RNA-binding assays disclosed that these glycoprotein mRNAs are targeted by the small trypanosomatid-exclusive RBP in T. cruzi, U-rich RBP 1 (TcUBP1). Overexpression of a GFP-tagged TcUBP1 in replicative parasites resulted in >10 times up-regulated expression of transcripts encoding surface proteins and in changes in their subcellular localization from the posterior region to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm, as is typically observed in the infective parasite stages. Moreover, RT-quantitative PCR analysis of actively translated mRNAs by sucrose cushion fractionation revealed an increased abundance of these target transcripts in the polysome fraction of TcUBP1-induced samples. Because these surface proteins are involved in cell adherence or invasion during host infection, we also carried out in vitro infections with TcUBP1-transgenic trypomastigotes and observed that TcUBP1 overexpression significantly increases parasite infectivity. Our findings provide evidence for a role of TcUBP1 in trypomastigote stage-specific gene regulation important for T. cruzi virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina B Sabalette
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, UNSAM-CONICET, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Albertina Romaniuk
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, UNSAM-CONICET, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Griselda Noé
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, UNSAM-CONICET, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Cassola
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, UNSAM-CONICET, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanina A Campo
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, UNSAM-CONICET, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier G De Gaudenzi
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, UNSAM-CONICET, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a vector-borne disease. The parasite molecules involved in vector interaction have been little investigated. Metallopeptidases and gp63 molecules have been implicated in parasite adhesion of several trypanosomatids to the insect midgut. Although gp63 homologues are highly expanded in the T. cruzi genome, and are implicated in parasite–mammalian host interaction, its role in the insect vector has never been explored. Here, we showed that divalent metal chelators or anti-Tcgp63-I antibodies impaired T. cruzi adhesion to Rhodnius prolixus midgut. Parasites isolated after insect colonization presented a drastic enhancement in the expression of Tcgp63-I. These data highlight, for the first time, that Tcgp63-I and Zn-dependent enzymes contribute to the interaction of T. cruzi with the insect vector.
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Duschak VG. Major Kinds of Drug Targets in Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1203-1216. [PMID: 31020939 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190423160804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection commonly named Chagas disease, affects millions of people all over Latin American countries. Presently, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that the number of international infected individuals extends to 7 to 8 million, assuming that more than 10,000 deaths occur annually. The transmission of the etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, through people migrating to non-endemic world nations makes it an emergent disease. The best promising targets for trypanocidal drugs may be classified into three main groups: Group I includes the main molecular targets that are considered among specific enzymes involved in the essential processes for parasite survival, principally Cruzipain, the major antigenic parasite cysteine proteinase. Group II involves biological pathways and their key specific enzymes, such as Sterol biosynthesis pathway, among others, specific antioxidant defense mechanisms, and bioenergetics ones. Group III includes the atypical organelles /structures present in the parasite relevant clinical forms, which are absent or considerably different from those present in mammals and biological processes related to them. These can be considered potential targets to develop drugs with extra effectiveness and fewer secondary effects than the currently used therapeutics. An improved distinction between the host and the parasite targets will help fight against this neglected disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma G Duschak
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Reasearch (CONICET) Researcher, Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department, National Institute of Parasitology (INP), "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben", ANLIS-Malbran, National Health Secretary, Av. Paseo Colon 568, Lab 506, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires (1063), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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High-Level Expression in Escherichia coli, Purification and Kinetic Characterization of LAPTc, a Trypanosoma cruzi M17-Aminopeptidase. Protein J 2019; 38:167-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Menna-Barreto RFS. Cell death pathways in pathogenic trypanosomatids: lessons of (over)kill. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:93. [PMID: 30700697 PMCID: PMC6353990 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Especially in tropical and developing countries, the clinically relevant protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness) and Leishmania species (leishmaniasis) stand out and infect millions of people worldwide leading to critical social-economic implications. Low-income populations are mainly affected by these three illnesses that are neglected by the pharmaceutical industry. Current anti-trypanosomatid drugs present variable efficacy with remarkable side effects that almost lead to treatment discontinuation, justifying a continuous search for alternative compounds that interfere with essential and specific parasite pathways. In this scenario, the triggering of trypanosomatid cell death machinery emerges as a promising approach, although the exact mechanisms involved in unicellular eukaryotes are still unclear as well as the controversial biological importance of programmed cell death (PCD). In this review, the mechanisms of autophagy, apoptosis-like cell death and necrosis found in pathogenic trypanosomatids are discussed, as well as their roles in successful infection. Based on the published genomic and proteomic maps, the panel of trypanosomatid cell death molecules was constructed under different experimental conditions. The lack of PCD molecular regulators and executioners in these parasites up to now has led to cell death being classified as an unregulated process or incidental necrosis, despite all morphological evidence published. In this context, the participation of metacaspases in PCD was also not described, and these proteases play a crucial role in proliferation and differentiation processes. On the other hand, autophagic phenotype has been described in trypanosomatids under a great variety of stress conditions (drugs, starvation, among others) suggesting that this process is involved in the turnover of damaged structures in the protozoa and is not a cell death pathway. Death mechanisms of pathogenic trypanosomatids may be involved in pathogenesis, and the identification of parasite-specific regulators could represent a rational and attractive alternative target for drug development for these neglected diseases.
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Lal C, Hardiman G, Kumbhare S, Strange C. Proteomic biomarkers of cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2018; 23:251-257. [PMID: 29968150 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-018-1693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are currently no biomarkers that are associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). This pilot study performed an exploratory plasma proteomic analysis to discover potential biomarkers and explore proteomic pathways that differentiate OSAS subjects with and without CI. METHODS Participants were selected from a cohort of women within 5 years of menopause not on hormone replacement therapy between the ages of 45-60 years. The Berlin questionnaire was used to select OSAS participants who then completed the MCFSI (Mail-In Cognitive Function Screening Instrument) to measure cognition. Six subjects with the highest MCFSI scores (≥ 5 denoting CI) were compared to six with normal scores. Proteomic analysis was done by Myriad RBM using a targeted ELISA for 254 serum proteins. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins was performed using STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) software. RESULTS Distinct proteomic signatures were seen in OSAS subjects with CI as compared to those without CI. Proteins including insulin, prostasin, angiopoietin-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and interleukin-1 beta were overexpressed in OSAS subjects with CI. Proteins underexpressed in CI participants included cathepsin B, ceruloplasmin, and adiponectin. Pathway analysis revealed prominence of insulin-regulated vascular disease biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic biomarkers in participants with cognitive impairment suggest roles for insulin, and vascular signaling pathways, some of which are similar to findings in Alzheimer's disease. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of CI in OSAS will help focus clinical trials needed in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Lal
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, CSB Suite 816, MSC 630, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Gary Hardiman
- MUSC Bioinformatics, Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Suchit Kumbhare
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, CSB Suite 816, MSC 630, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Charlie Strange
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, CSB Suite 816, MSC 630, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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de Pablos Torró LM, Retana Moreira L, Osuna A. Extracellular Vesicles in Chagas Disease: A New Passenger for an Old Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1190. [PMID: 29910793 PMCID: PMC5992290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid vesicles released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells containing nucleic acids, proteins, and small metabolites essential for cellular communication. Depending on the targeted cell, EVs can act either locally or in distant tissues in a paracrine or endocrine cell signaling manner. Released EVs from virus-infected cells, bacteria, fungi, or parasites have been demonstrated to perform a pivotal role in a myriad of biochemical changes occurring in the host and pathogen, including the modulation the immune system. In the past few years, the biology of Trypanosoma cruzi EVs, as well as their role in innate immunity evasion, has been started to be unveiled. This review article will present findings on and provide a coherent understanding of the currently known mechanisms of action of T. cruzi-EVs and hypothesize the implication of these parasite components during the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M de Pablos Torró
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Intracellular development of Trypanosoma cruzi in the presence of metals. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:372-381. [PMID: 30166784 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted to vertebrate hosts during the feeding of blood-sucking insects. After the invasion of host cells, the parasite resides within the parasitophorous vacuole until to escape to host cytoplasm and to proliferate, establishing an infection. Studies demonstrated that some intracellular parasites have to acquire all essential nutrients as well as transition metals from the host cell to be pathogenic, to maintain the homeostasis and to replicate. The present study investigated the progressive steps of the intracellular parasite development and establishment of infection in the presence of ZnCl2, CdCl2 and HgCl2. LLC-MK2 cells were infected with trypomastigotes during 6-84 h to investigate the steps of intracellular parasite development. After the host cells were infected during 12 h and treated with metals during 24 or 60 h or they were treated for 24 h and cultured for 72 h more to observe the reversibility. The results showed that the non-synchronous invasion of trypomastigotes resulted in an increasing number of intracellular parasites in intermediary forms (until 24 h post-infection), the appearance (from 36 h) and proliferation (84 h) of the amastigotes. The 24 h-treatments were not enough to impair parasite escape to the host cytoplasm and reproduction. However, 60 h of incubations led to a significant reduction in parasite numbers, as well as the reversibility assays. In conclusion, new insights about the intracellular T. cruzi development in the presence of metals were provided, and further studies should be performed to investigate the events involved in parasite death and elimination.
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40
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Bouvier LA, Niemirowicz GT, Salas‐Sarduy E, Cazzulo JJ, Alvarez VE. DNA
‐damage inducible protein 1 is a conserved metacaspase substrate that is cleaved and further destabilized in yeast under specific metabolic conditions. FEBS J 2018; 285:1097-1110. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- León A. Bouvier
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ‐ Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB‐INTECH) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriela T. Niemirowicz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ‐ Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB‐INTECH) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Emir Salas‐Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ‐ Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB‐INTECH) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Juan José Cazzulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ‐ Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB‐INTECH) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Vanina E. Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ‐ Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB‐INTECH) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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41
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Frasch AP, Bouvier LA, Oppenheimer FM, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Carmona AK, Cazzulo JJ, Niemirowicz GT. Substrate specificity profiling of M32 metallocarboxypeptidases from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 219:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Life and death of Trypanosoma cruzi in presence of metals. Biometals 2017; 30:955-974. [PMID: 29081021 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has many molecules that need metallic elements to work, allowing cell invasion and the establishment of infection, causing Chagas disease. Nonetheless, knowledge regarding how the parasites address metals and maintain homeostasis is lacking. To study this relationship, zinc, cadmium and mercury were chosen. Epimastigote, trypomastigote and intracellular forms of T. cruzi were incubated with these metals for different times and at different concentrations. In general, epimastigotes were the most sensitive and trypomastigotes the most resistant to metals. ZnCl2 induced low toxic effects to all parasite forms. Although the parasites were very sensitive to the toxic effects of CdCl2 and HgCl2, pretreatment with ZnCl2 decreased the death rate. The trypomastigotes pretreated with CdCl2 were unable to infect the host cells, and the treated intracellular forms were damaged after 2 h of incubation, when the toxic effects were poorly reverted. New insights on metal toxicity mechanisms are provided, helping to understand how metallic ions influence the parasite's biochemical and physiological processes.
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43
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Pontual EV, Pires-Neto DF, Fraige K, Higino TMM, Carvalho BEA, Alves NMP, Lima TA, Zingali RB, Coelho LCBB, Bolzani VS, Figueiredo RCBQ, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG. A trypsin inhibitor from Moringa oleifera flower extract is cytotoxic to Trypanosoma cruzi with high selectivity over mammalian cells. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:2940-2944. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1389932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel V. Pontual
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Divar F. Pires-Neto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Karina Fraige
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Taciana M. M. Higino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Belany E. A. Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Neyla M. P. Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Thâmarah A. Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Russolina B. Zingali
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana C. B. B. Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S. Bolzani
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Regina C. B. Q. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Thiago H. Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M. G. Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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44
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Salas-Sarduy E, Landaburu LU, Karpiak J, Madauss KP, Cazzulo JJ, Agüero F, Alvarez VE. Novel scaffolds for inhibition of Cruzipain identified from high-throughput screening of anti-kinetoplastid chemical boxes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12073. [PMID: 28935948 PMCID: PMC5608908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is a prevalent, neglected and serious debilitating illness caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The current chemotherapy is limited only to nifurtimox and benznidazole, two drugs that have poor efficacy in the chronic phase and are rather toxic. In this scenario, more efficacious and safer drugs, preferentially acting through a different mechanism of action and directed against novel targets, are particularly welcome. Cruzipain, the main papain-like cysteine peptidase of T. cruzi, is an important virulence factor and a chemotherapeutic target with excellent pre-clinical validation evidence. Here, we present the identification of new Cruzipain inhibitory scaffolds within the GlaxoSmithKline HAT (Human African Trypanosomiasis) and Chagas chemical boxes, two collections grouping 404 non-cytotoxic compounds with high antiparasitic potency, drug-likeness, structural diversity and scientific novelty. We have adapted a continuous enzymatic assay to a medium-throughput format and carried out a primary screening of both collections, followed by construction and analysis of dose-response curves of the most promising hits. Using the identified compounds as a starting point a substructure directed search against CHEMBL Database revealed plausible common scaffolds while docking experiments predicted binding poses and specific interactions between Cruzipain and the novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín - CONICET, San Martin, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lionel Urán Landaburu
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín - CONICET, San Martin, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joel Karpiak
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Molecular Design US, Pennsylvania, Upper Providence PA, USA
| | - Kevin P Madauss
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Trust in Science, Pennsylvania, Upper Providence PA, USA
| | - Juan José Cazzulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín - CONICET, San Martin, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernán Agüero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín - CONICET, San Martin, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Vanina Eder Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín - CONICET, San Martin, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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45
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Amorim JC, Batista M, da Cunha ES, Lucena ACR, Lima CVDP, Sousa K, Krieger MA, Marchini FK. Quantitative proteome and phosphoproteome analyses highlight the adherent population during Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9899. [PMID: 28852088 PMCID: PMC5574995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis is a natural process that occurs inside the triatomine vector and corresponds to the differentiation of non-infective epimastigotes into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes. The biochemical alterations necessary for the differentiation process have been widely studied with a focus on adhesion and nutritional stress. Here, using a mass spectrometry approach, a large-scale phospho(proteome) study was performed with the aim of understanding the metacyclogenesis processes in a quantitative manner. The results indicate that major modulations in the phospho(proteome) occur under nutritional stress and after 12 and 24 h of adhesion. Significant changes involve key cellular processes, such as translation, oxidative stress, and the metabolism of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Analysis of the signalling triggered by kinases and phosphatases from 7,336 identified phosphorylation sites demonstrates that 260 of these sites are modulated throughout the differentiation process, and some of these modulated proteins have previously been identified as drug targets in trypanosomiasis treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first quantitative results highlighting the modulation of phosphorylation sites during metacyclogenesis and the greater coverage of the proteome to the parasite during this process. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier number PXD006171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Amorim
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Michel Batista
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.,Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S da Cunha
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Aline C R Lucena
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carla V de Paula Lima
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karla Sousa
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marco A Krieger
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Fabricio K Marchini
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. .,Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
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46
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Moreira CMDN, Batista CM, Fernandes JC, Kessler RL, Soares MJ, Fragoso SP. Knockout of the gamma subunit of the AP-1 adaptor complex in the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi impairs infectivity and differentiation and prevents the maturation and targeting of the major protease cruzipain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179615. [PMID: 28759609 PMCID: PMC5536268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1 Adaptor Complex assists clathrin-coated vesicle assembly in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of eukaryotic cells. However, the role of AP-1 in the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi-the Chagas disease parasite-has not been addressed. Here, we studied the function and localization of AP-1 in different T. cruzi life cycle forms, by generating a gene knockout of the large AP-1 subunit gamma adaptin (TcAP1-γ), and raising a monoclonal antibody against TcAP1-γ. Co-localization with a Golgi marker and with the clathrin light chain showed that TcAP1-γ is located in the Golgi, and it may interact with clathrin in vivo, at the TGN. Epimastigote (insect form) parasites lacking TcAP1-γ (TcγKO) have reduced proliferation and differentiation into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes (compared with wild-type parasites). TcγKO parasites have also displayed significantly reduced infectivity towards mammalian cells. Importantly, TcAP1-γ knockout impaired maturation and transport to lysosome-related organelles (reservosomes) of a key cargo-the major cysteine protease cruzipain, which is important for parasite nutrition, differentiation and infection. In conclusion, the defective processing and transport of cruzipain upon AP-1 ablation may underlie the phenotype of TcγKO parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Luis Kessler
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics. Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Maurilio José Soares
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Stenio Perdigão Fragoso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Trypanosomatids, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
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47
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Huang X, Xu CL, Chen WZ, Chen C, Xie H. Cloning and characterization of the first serine carboxypeptidase from a plant parasitic nematode, Radopholus similis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4815. [PMID: 28684768 PMCID: PMC5500496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Radopholus similis is an important parasitic nematode of plants. Serine carboxypeptidases (SCPs) are peptidases that hydrolyse peptides and proteins and play critical roles in the development, invasion, and pathogenesis of certain parasitic nematodes and other animal pathogens. In this study, we obtained the full-length sequence of the SCP gene from R. similis (Rs-scp-1), which is 1665 bp long and includes a 1461-bp open reading frames encoding 486 amino acids with an 18-aa signal peptide. This gene is a double-copy gene in R. similis. Rs-scp-1 was expressed in the procorpus, esophageal glands and intestines of females and in the esophageal glands and intestines of juveniles. Rs-scp-1 expression levels were highest in females, followed by juveniles and males, and lowest in eggs. Rs-scp-1 expression levels were significantly suppressed after R. similis was soaked in Rs-scp-1 dsRNA for 12 h. Nematodes were then inoculated into Anthurium andraeanum after RNAi treatment. Compared with water treatment, R. similis treated with RNAi were reduced in number and pathogenicity. In summary, we obtained the first SCP gene from a plant parasitic nematode and confirmed its role in the parasitic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Zhu Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Sueth-Santiago V, Decote-Ricardo D, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Lima MEF. Challenges in the chemotherapy of Chagas disease: Looking for possibilities related to the differences and similarities between the parasite and host. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:57-80. [PMID: 28289519 PMCID: PMC5329715 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 110 years after the first studies by Dr. Carlos Chagas describing an infectious disease that was named for him, Chagas disease remains a neglected illness and a death sentence for infected people in poor countries. This short review highlights the enormous need for new studies aimed at the development of novel and more specific drugs to treat chagasic patients. The primary tool for facing this challenge is deep knowledge about the similarities and differences between the parasite and its human host.
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49
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Embury CM, Dyavarshetty B, Lu Y, Wiederin JL, Ciborowski P, Gendelman HE, Kiyota T. Cathepsin B Improves ß-Amyloidosis and Learning and Memory in Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 12:340-352. [PMID: 27966067 PMCID: PMC5405105 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-ß (Aß) precursor protein (APP) metabolism engages neuronal endolysosomal pathways for Aß processing and secretion. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysregulation of APP leads to excess Aß and neuronal dysfunction; suggesting that neuronal APP/Aß trafficking can be targeted for therapeutic gain. Cathepsin B (CatB) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that can lower Aß levels. However, whether CatB-modulation of Aß improves learning and memory function deficits in AD is not known. To this end, progenitor neurons were infected with recombinant adenovirus expressing CatB and recovered cell lysates subjected to proteomic analyses. The results demonstrated Lamp1 deregulation and linkages between CatB and the neuronal phagosome network. Hippocampal injections of adeno-associated virus expressing CatB reduced Aß levels, increased Lamp1 and improved learning and memory. The findings were associated with the emergence of c-fos + cells. The results support the idea that CatB can speed Aß metabolism through lysosomal pathways and as such reduce AD-associated memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Embury
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jayme L Wiederin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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50
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Borges BC, Uehara IA, Dias LOS, Brígido PC, da Silva CV, Silva MJB. Mechanisms of Infectivity and Evasion Derived from Microvesicles Cargo Produced by Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:161. [PMID: 27921011 PMCID: PMC5118865 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell invasion by the intracellular protozoans requires interaction of proteins from both the host and the parasite. Many parasites establish chronic infections, showing they have the potential to escape the immune system; for example, Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite that causes Chagas disease. Parasite internalization into host cell requires secreted and surface molecules, such as microvesicles. The release of microvesicles and other vesicles, such as exosomes, by different eukaryotic organisms was first observed in the late twentieth century. The characterization and function of these vesicles have recently been the focus of several investigations. In this review, we discuss the release of microvesicles by T. cruzi. The molecular content of these vesicles is composed of several molecules that take place during parasite-host cell interaction and contribute to the parasite-driven mechanism of evasion from the host immune system. These new findings appear to have a profound impact on the comprehension of T. cruzi biology and highlight novel potential strategies for developing more efficient therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil; Laboratório de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Isadora A Uehara
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Laysa O S Dias
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paula C Brígido
- Laboratório de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Claudio V da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo J B Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
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