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The Protein-Protein Interaction Network Reveals a Novel Role of the Signal Transduction Protein PII in the Control of c-di-GMP Homeostasis in Azospirillum brasilense. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00817-20. [PMID: 33144311 PMCID: PMC7646526 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00817-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The PII proteins sense and integrate important metabolic signals which reflect the cellular nutrition and energy status. Such extraordinary ability was capitalized by nature in such a way that the various PII proteins regulate different facets of metabolism by controlling the activity of a range of target proteins by protein-protein interactions. Here, we determined the PII protein interaction network in the plant growth-promoting nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. The interactome data along with metabolome analysis suggest that PII functions as a master metabolic regulator hub. We provide evidence that PII proteins act to regulate c-di-GMP levels in vivo and cell motility and adherence behaviors. The PII family comprises a group of widely distributed signal transduction proteins ubiquitous in prokaryotes and in the chloroplasts of plants. PII proteins sense the levels of key metabolites ATP, ADP, and 2-oxoglutarate, which affect the PII protein structure and thereby the ability of PII to interact with a range of target proteins. Here, we performed multiple ligand fishing assays with the PII protein orthologue GlnZ from the plant growth-promoting nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense to identify 37 proteins that are likely to be part of the PII protein-protein interaction network. Among the PII targets identified were enzymes related to nitrogen and fatty acid metabolism, signaling, coenzyme synthesis, RNA catabolism, and transcription. Direct binary PII-target complex was confirmed for 15 protein complexes using pulldown assays with recombinant proteins. Untargeted metabolome analysis showed that PII is required for proper homeostasis of important metabolites. Two enzymes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism were among the identified PII targets. A PII-deficient strain showed reduced c-di-GMP levels and altered aerotaxis and flocculation behavior. These data support that PII acts as a major metabolic hub controlling important enzymes and the homeostasis of key metabolites such as c-di-GMP in response to the prevailing nutritional status. IMPORTANCE The PII proteins sense and integrate important metabolic signals which reflect the cellular nutrition and energy status. Such extraordinary ability was capitalized by nature in such a way that the various PII proteins regulate different facets of metabolism by controlling the activity of a range of target proteins by protein-protein interactions. Here, we determined the PII protein interaction network in the plant growth-promoting nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. The interactome data along with metabolome analysis suggest that PII functions as a master metabolic regulator hub. We provide evidence that PII proteins act to regulate c-di-GMP levels in vivo and cell motility and adherence behaviors.
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Moure VR, Siöberg CLB, Valdameri G, Nji E, Oliveira MAS, Gerdhardt ECM, Pedrosa FO, Mitchell DA, Seefeldt LC, Huergo LF, Högbom M, Nordlund S, Souza EM. The ammonium transporter AmtB and the PII signal transduction protein GlnZ are required to inhibit DraG in Azospirillum brasilense. FEBS J 2019; 286:1214-1229. [PMID: 30633437 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ammonium-dependent posttranslational regulation of nitrogenase activity in Azospirillum brasilense requires dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase (DraT) and dinitrogenase reductase ADP-glycohydrolase (DraG). These enzymes are reciprocally regulated by interaction with the PII proteins, GlnB and GlnZ. In this study, purified ADP-ribosylated Fe-protein was used as substrate to study the mechanism involved in the regulation of A. brasilense DraG in vitro. The data show that DraG is partially inhibited by GlnZ and that DraG inhibition is further enhanced by the simultaneous presence of GlnZ and AmtB. These results are the first to demonstrate experimentally that DraG inactivation requires the formation of a ternary DraG-GlnZ-AmtB complex in vitro. Previous structural data have revealed that when the DraG-GlnZ complex associates with AmtB, the flexible T-loops of the trimeric GlnZ bind to AmtB and become rigid; these molecular events stabilize the DraG-GlnZ complex, resulting in DraG inactivation. To determine whether restraining the flexibility of the GlnZ T-loops is a limiting factor in DraG inhibition, we used a GlnZ variant that carries a partial deletion of the T-loop (GlnZΔ42-54). However, although the GlnZΔ42-54 variant was more effective in inhibiting DraG in vitro, it bound to DraG with a slightly lower affinity than does wild-type GlnZ and was not competent to completely inhibit DraG activity either in vitro or in vivo. We, therefore, conclude that the formation of a ternary complex between DraG-GlnZ-AmtB is necessary for the inactivation of DraG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian R Moure
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Catrine L B Siöberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Glaucio Valdameri
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Nji
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Marco Aurelio S Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Edileusa C M Gerdhardt
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabio O Pedrosa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - David A Mitchell
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Luciano F Huergo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Setor Litoral, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Matinhos, Brazil
| | - Martin Högbom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Stefan Nordlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Emanuel M Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Moure VR, Costa FF, Cruz LM, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM, Li XD, Winkler F, Huergo LF. Regulation of nitrogenase by reversible mono-ADP-ribosylation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 384:89-106. [PMID: 24934999 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins plays a key role in the regulation of a plethora of metabolic functions. Protein modification by mono-ADP-ribosylation was first described as a mechanism of action of bacterial toxins. Since these pioneering studies, the number of pathways regulated by ADP-ribosylation in organisms from all domains of life expanded significantly. However, in only a few cases the full regulatory ADP-ribosylation circuit is known. Here, we review the system where mono-ADP-ribosylation regulates the activity of an enzyme: the regulation of nitrogenase in bacteria. When the nitrogenase product, ammonium, becomes available, the ADP-ribosyltransferase (DraT) covalently links an ADP-ribose moiety to a specific arginine residue on nitrogenase switching-off nitrogenase activity. After ammonium exhaustion, the ADP-ribosylhydrolase (DraG) removes the modifying group, restoring nitrogenase activity. DraT and DraG activities are reversibly regulated through interaction with PII signaling proteins . Bioinformatics analysis showed that DraT homologs are restricted to a few nitrogen-fixing bacteria while DraG homologs are widespread in Nature. Structural comparisons indicated that bacterial DraG is closely related to Archaea and mammalian ADP-ribosylhydrolases (ARH). In all available structures, the ARH active site consists of a hydrophilic cleft carrying a binuclear Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) cluster, which is critical for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian R Moure
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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da Rocha RA, Weschenfelder TA, de Castilhos F, de Souza EM, Huergo LF, Mitchell DA. Mathematical model of the binding of allosteric effectors to the Escherichia coli PII signal transduction protein GlnB. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2683-93. [PMID: 23517273 DOI: 10.1021/bi301659r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PII proteins are important regulators of nitrogen metabolism in a wide variety of organisms: the binding of the allosteric effectors ATP, ADP, and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to PII proteins affects their ability to interact with target proteins. We modeled the simultaneous binding of ATP, ADP, and 2-OG to one PII protein, namely GlnB of Escherichia coli, using a modeling approach that allows the prediction of the proportions of individual binding states. Four models with different binding rules were compared. We selected one of these models (that assumes that the binding of the first nucleotide to GlnB makes it harder for subsequent nucleotides to bind) and used it to explore how physiological concentrations of ATP, ADP, and 2-OG would affect the proportions of those states of GlnB that interact with the target proteins ATase and NtrB. Our simulations indicate that GlnB can, as suggested by previous researchers, act as a sensor of both 2-OG and the ATP:ADP ratio. We conclude that our modeling approach will be an important tool in future studies concerning the PII binding states and their interactions with target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alves da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
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Huergo LF, Chandra G, Merrick M. PIIsignal transduction proteins: nitrogen regulation and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:251-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Involvement of the ammonium transporter AmtB in nitrogenase regulation and ammonium excretion in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. Res Microbiol 2012; 163:332-9. [PMID: 22659337 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing Pseudomonas stutzeri strain A1501 contains two ammonium transporter genes, amtB1 and amtB2, linked to glnK. Growth of an amtB1-amtB2 double deletion mutant strain was not impaired compared to that of the wild type under any conditions tested, and it was still capable of taking up ammonium ions at nearly wild-type rates. Nitrogenase activity was repressed in wild-type strain A1501 in response to the addition of ammonium, but nitrogenase activity was only partially impaired in the amtB1 and amtB2 double mutant, suggesting that the two AmtB proteins are involved in regulating expression of nitrogenase or its activity in response to ammonium. An interaction between GlnK and AmtB1 or AmtB2 was observed in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Ammonium was excreted by the amtB double mutant strain under nitrogen fixation conditions, particularly when nifA was expressed constitutively. This suggests that AmtB proteins play a role in controlling the internal pool of ammonia within the cell.
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Huergo LF, Pedrosa FO, Muller-Santos M, Chubatsu LS, Monteiro RA, Merrick M, Souza EM. PII signal transduction proteins: pivotal players in post-translational control of nitrogenase activity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:176-190. [PMID: 22210804 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the prokaryotic enzyme nitrogenase is an energy- expensive process and consequently it is tightly regulated at a variety of levels. In many diazotrophs this includes post-translational regulation of the enzyme's activity, which has been reported in both bacteria and archaea. The best understood response is the short-term inactivation of nitrogenase in response to a transient rise in ammonium levels in the environment. A number of proteobacteria species effect this regulation through reversible ADP-ribosylation of the enzyme, but other prokaryotes have evolved different mechanisms. Here we review current knowledge of post-translational control of nitrogenase and show that, for the response to ammonium, the P(II) signal transduction proteins act as key players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano F Huergo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio O Pedrosa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Muller-Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Leda S Chubatsu
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rose A Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mike Merrick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK
| | - Emanuel M Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, UFPR Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Gerhardt ECM, Araújo LM, Ribeiro RR, Chubatsu LS, Scarduelli M, Rodrigues TE, Monteiro RA, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM, Huergo LF. Influence of the ADP/ATP ratio, 2-oxoglutarate and divalent ions on Azospirillum brasilense PII protein signalling. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1656-1663. [PMID: 22461486 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.058446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the P(II) family coordinate cellular nitrogen metabolism by direct interaction with a variety of enzymes, transcriptional regulators and transporters. The sensing function of P(II) relies on its ability to bind the nitrogen/carbon signalling molecule 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG). In Proteobacteria, P(II) is further subject to reversible uridylylation according to the intracellular levels of glutamine, which reflect the cellular nitrogen status. A number of P(II) proteins have been shown to bind ADP and ATP in a competitive manner, suggesting that P(II) might act as an energy sensor. Here, we analyse the influence of the ADP/ATP ratio, 2-OG levels and divalent metal ions on in vitro uridylylation of the Azospirillum brasilense P(II) proteins GlnB and GlnZ, and on interaction with their targets AmtB, DraG and DraT. The results support the notion that the cellular concentration of 2-OG is a key factor governing occupation of the GlnB and GlnZ nucleotide binding sites by ATP or ADP, with high 2-OG levels favouring the occupation of P(II) by ATP. Both P(II) uridylylation and interaction with target proteins responded to the ADP/ATP ratio within the expected physiological range, supporting the concept that P(II) proteins might act as cellular energy sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edileusa C M Gerhardt
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luíza M Araújo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ronny R Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19081, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leda S Chubatsu
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Scarduelli
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago E Rodrigues
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rose A Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fábio O Pedrosa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Emanuel M Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Huergo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19046, UFPR Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Moure VR, Razzera G, Araújo LM, Oliveira MAS, Gerhardt ECM, Müller-Santos M, Almeida F, Pedrosa FO, Valente AP, Souza EM, Huergo LF. Heat stability of Proteobacterial PII protein facilitate purification using a single chromatography step. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 81:83-88. [PMID: 21963770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The P(II) proteins comprise a family of widely distributed signal transduction proteins that integrate the signals of cellular nitrogen, carbon and energy status, and then regulate, by protein-protein interaction, the activity of a variety of target proteins including enzymes, transcriptional regulators and membrane transporters. We have previously shown that the P(II) proteins from Azospirillum brasilense, GlnB and GlnZ, do not alter their migration behavior under native gel electrophoresis following incubated for a few minutes at 95°C. This data suggested that P(II) proteins were either resistant to high temperatures and/or that they could return to their native state after having been unfolded by heat. Here we used (1)H NMR to show that the A. brasilense GlnB is stable up to 70°C. The melting temperature (Tm) of GlnB was determined to be 84°C using the fluorescent dye Sypro-Orange. P(II) proteins from other Proteobacteria also showed a high Tm. We exploited the thermo stability of P(II) by introducing a thermal treatment step in the P(II) purification protocol, this step significantly improved the homogeneity of A. brasilense GlnB and GlnZ, Herbaspirillum seropedicae GlnB and GlnK, and of Escherichia coli GlnK. Only a single chromatography step was necessary to obtain homogeneities higher than 95%. NMR(1) and in vitro uridylylation analysis showed that A. brasilense GlnB purified using the thermal treatment maintained its folding and activity. The purification protocol described here can facilitate the study of P(II) protein family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian R Moure
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Razzera
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luíza M Araújo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Marco A S Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Edileusa C M Gerhardt
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Müller-Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Fabio Almeida
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio O Pedrosa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuel M Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Huergo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba-PR 81531-990, Brazil.
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