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Saini M, Kashyap A, Bindal S, Saini K, Gupta R. Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, an Emerging Biocatalyst: Insights Into Structure-Function Relationship and Its Biotechnological Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641251. [PMID: 33897647 PMCID: PMC8062742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme is ubiquitously present in all life forms and plays a variety of roles in diverse organisms. Higher eukaryotes mainly utilize GGT for glutathione degradation, and mammalian GGTs have implications in many physiological disorders also. GGTs from unicellular prokaryotes serve different physiological functions in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present review, the physiological significance of bacterial GGTs has been discussed categorizing GGTs from Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli as glutathione degraders and from pathogenic species like Helicobacter pylori as virulence factors. Gram-positive bacilli, however, are considered separately as poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) degraders. The structure-function relationship of the GGT is also discussed mainly focusing on the crystallization of bacterial GGTs along with functional characterization of conserved regions by site-directed mutagenesis that unravels molecular aspects of autoprocessing and catalysis. Only a few crystal structures have been deciphered so far. Further, different reports on heterologous expression of bacterial GGTs in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis as hosts have been presented in a table pointing toward the lack of fermentation studies for large-scale production. Physicochemical properties of bacterial GGTs have also been described, followed by a detailed discussion on various applications of bacterial GGTs in different biotechnological sectors. This review emphasizes the potential of bacterial GGTs as an industrial biocatalyst relevant to the current switch toward green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Mutra R, Joseph JE, Panwar D, Kaira GS, Kapoor M. Low molecular weight α-galactosidase from black gram (Vigna mungo): Purification and insights towards biochemical and biophysical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:770-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved Asn450 residue of Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:416-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Analysis of Conformational Stability of Abnormal Prion Protein Aggregates across the Spectrum of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Prions. J Virol 2016; 90:6244-6254. [PMID: 27122583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00144-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The wide phenotypic variability of prion diseases is thought to depend on the interaction of a host genotype with prion strains that have self-perpetuating biological properties enciphered in distinct conformations of the misfolded prion protein PrP(Sc) This concept is largely based on indirect approaches studying the effect of proteases or denaturing agents on the physicochemical properties of PrP(Sc) aggregates. Furthermore, most data come from studies on rodent-adapted prion strains, making current understanding of the molecular basis of strains and phenotypic variability in naturally occurring diseases, especially in humans, more limited. To fill this gap, we studied the effects of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and heating on PrP(Sc) aggregates extracted from 60 sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and 6 variant CJD brains. While denaturation curves obtained after exposure of PrP(Sc) to increasing GdnHCl concentrations showed similar profiles among the 7 CJD types analyzed, PrP(Sc) exposure to increasing temperature revealed significantly different and type-specific responses. In particular, MM1 and VV2, the most prevalent and fast-replicating CJD types, showed stable and highly resistant PrP(Sc) aggregates, whereas VV1, a rare and slowly propagating type, revealed unstable aggregates that easily dissolved at low temperature. Taken together, our results indicate that the molecular interactions mediating the aggregation state of PrP(Sc), possibly enciphering strain diversity, are differently targeted by GdnHCl, temperature, and proteases. Furthermore, the detected positive correlation between the thermostability of PrP(Sc) aggregates and disease transmission efficiency makes inconsistent the proposed hypothesis that a decrease in conformational stability of prions results in an increase in their replication efficiency. IMPORTANCE Prion strains are defined as infectious isolates propagating distinctive phenotypic traits after transmission to syngeneic hosts. Although the molecular basis of prion strains is not fully understood, it is largely accepted that variations in prion protein conformation drive the molecular changes leading to the different phenotypes. In this study, we exposed abnormal prion protein aggregates encompassing the spectrum of human prion strains to both guanidine hydrochloride and thermal unfolding. Remarkably, while exposure to increasing temperature revealed significant strain-specific differences in the denaturation profile of the protein, treatment with guanidine hydrochloride did not. The findings suggest that thermal and chemical denaturation perturb the structure of prion protein aggregates differently. Moreover, since the most thermostable prion protein types were those associated with the most prevalent phenotypes and most rapidly and efficiently transmitting strains, the results suggest a direct correlation between strain replication efficiency and the thermostability of prion protein aggregates.
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Khan MS, Bhat SA, Tabrez S, Alama MN, Alsenaidy MA, Al-Senaidy AM. Denaturation induced aggregation in α-crystallin: differential action of chaotropes. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:536-543. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheraz Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nabil Alama
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University Hospital; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alsenaidy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Al-Senaidy
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Mahapa A, Mandal S, Biswas A, Jana B, Polley S, Sau S, Sau K. Chemical and thermal unfolding of a global staphylococcal virulence regulator with a flexible C-terminal end. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122168. [PMID: 25822635 PMCID: PMC4379015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SarA, a Staphylococcus aureus-specific dimeric protein, modulates the expression of numerous proteins including various virulence factors. Interestingly, S. aureus synthesizes multiple SarA paralogs seemingly for optimizing the expression of its virulence factors. To understand the domain structure/flexibility and the folding/unfolding mechanism of the SarA protein family, we have studied a recombinant SarA (designated rSarA) using various in vitro probes. Limited proteolysis of rSarA and the subsequent analysis of the resulting protein fragments suggested it to be a single-domain protein with a long, flexible C-terminal end. rSarA was unfolded by different mechanisms in the presence of different chemical and physical denaturants. While urea-induced unfolding of rSarA occurred successively via the formation of a dimeric and a monomeric intermediate, GdnCl-induced unfolding of this protein proceeded through the production of two dimeric intermediates. The surface hydrophobicity and the structures of the intermediates were not identical and also differed significantly from those of native rSarA. Of the intermediates, the GdnCl-generated intermediates not only possessed a molten globule-like structure but also exhibited resistance to dissociation during their unfolding. Compared to the native rSarA, the intermediate that was originated at lower GdnCl concentration carried a compact shape, whereas, other intermediates owned a swelled shape. The chemical-induced unfolding, unlike thermal unfolding of rSarA, was completely reversible in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Mahapa
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswanath Jana
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumitra Polley
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Sau
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (SS); (KS)
| | - Keya Sau
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (SS); (KS)
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γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase architecture: Effect of extra sequence deletion on autoprocessing, structure and stability of the protein from Bacillus licheniformis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2290-7. [PMID: 25218521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidases (γ-GTs, EC 2.3.2.2) are a class of ubiquitous enzymes which initiate the cleavage of extracellular glutathione (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly, GSH) into its constituent glutamate, cysteine, and glycine and catalyze the transfer of its γ-glutamyl group to water (hydrolysis), amino acids or small peptides (transpeptidation). These proteins utilize a conserved Thr residue to process their chains into a large and a small subunit that then form the catalytically competent enzyme. Multiple sequence alignments have shown that some bacterial γ-GTs, including that from Bacillus licheniformis (BlGT), possess an extra sequence at the C-terminal tail of the large subunit, whose role is unknown. Here, autoprocessing, structure, catalytic activity and stability against both temperature and the chemical denaturant guanidinium hydrochloride of six BlGT extra-sequence deletion mutants have been characterized by SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence and homology modeling. Data suggest that the extra sequence has a crucial role in enzyme activation and structural stability. Our results assist in the development of a structure-based interpretation of the autoprocessing reaction of γ-GTs and are helpful to unveil the molecular bases of their structural stability.
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Lin LL, Chen YY, Chi MC, Merlino A. Low resolution X-ray structure of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis: Opened active site cleft and a cluster of acid residues potentially involved in the recognition of a metal ion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1523-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Molecular bases of protein halotolerance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:850-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from two plant growth promoting rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 105:45-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lin LL, Merlino A. Heterogeneous nucleation helps the search for initial crystallization conditions of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:669-72. [PMID: 23722850 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (BlGT) are reported. The serendipitous finding of heterogeneous nucleants in the initial experiments provided the first crystallization conditions for the protein. Crystals were grown by hanging-drop vapour diffusion using a precipitant solution consisting of 20%(w/v) PEG 3350, 0.2 M magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.2. The protein crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with one heterodimer per asymmetric unit and unit-cell parameters a = 60.90, b = 61.97, c = 148.24 Å. The BlGT crystals diffracted to 2.95 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
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Pica A, Russo Krauss I, Castellano I, La Cara F, Graziano G, Sica F, Merlino A. Effect of NaCl on the conformational stability of the thermophilic γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans: Implication for globular protein halotolerance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Castellano I, Merlino A. Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidases: Structure and Function. GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0682-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Castellano I, Merlino A. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidases: sequence, structure, biochemical properties, and biotechnological applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3381-94. [PMID: 22527720 PMCID: PMC11115026 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidases (γ-GTs) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of γ-glutamyl bonds in glutathione and glutamine and the transfer of the released γ-glutamyl group to amino acids or short peptides. These enzymes are involved in glutathione metabolism and play critical roles in antioxidant defense, detoxification, and inflammation processes. Moreover, γ-GTs have been recently found to be involved in many physiological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and diabetes. In this review, the main biochemical and structural properties of γ-GTs isolated from different sources, as well as their conformational stability and mechanism of catalysis, are described and examined with the aim of contributing to the discussion on their structure-function relationships. Possible applications of γ-glutamyltranspeptidases in different fields of biotechnology and medicine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Castellano
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Present Address: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, via cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80100 Naples, Italy
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Enzymatic characterization of Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase fused with N-terminally truncated forms of Bacillus sp. TS-23 α-amylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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