1
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Sadria M, Layton AT. Interactions among mTORC, AMPK and SIRT: a computational model for cell energy balance and metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:57. [PMID: 34016143 PMCID: PMC8135154 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells adapt their metabolism and activities in response to signals from their surroundings, and this ability is essential for their survival in the face of perturbations. In tissues a deficit of these mechanisms is commonly associated with cellular aging and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, immune system decline, and neurological pathologies. Several proteins have been identified as being able to respond directly to energy, nutrient, and growth factor levels and stress stimuli in order to mediate adaptations in the cell. In particular, mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuins are known to play an essential role in the management of metabolic stress and energy balance in mammals. Methods To understand the complex interactions of these signalling pathways and environmental signals, and how those interactions may impact lifespan and health-span, we have developed a computational model of metabolic signalling pathways. Specifically, the model includes (i) the insulin/IGF-1 pathway, which couples energy and nutrient abundance to the execution of cell growth and division, (ii) mTORC1 and the amino acid sensors such as sestrin, (iii) the Preiss-Handler and salvage pathways, which regulate the metabolism of NAD+ and the NAD+ -consuming factor SIRT1, (iv) the energy sensor AMPK, and (v) transcription factors FOXO and PGC-1α. Results The model simulates the interactions among key regulators such as AKT, mTORC1, AMPK, NAD+ , and SIRT, and predicts their dynamics. Key findings include the clinically important role of PRAS40 and diet in mTORC1 inhibition, and a potential link between SIRT1-activating compounds and premature autophagy. Moreover, the model captures the exquisite interactions of leucine, sestrin2, and arginine, and the resulting signal to the mTORC1 pathway. These results can be leveraged in the development of novel treatment of cancers and other diseases. Conclusions This study presents a state-of-the-art computational model for investigating the interactions among signaling pathways and environmental stimuli in growth, ageing, metabolism, and diseases. The model can be used as an essential component to simulate gene manipulation, therapies (e.g., rapamycin and wortmannin), calorie restrictions, and chronic stress, and assess their functional implications on longevity and ageing‐related diseases. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-021-00706-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Sadria
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Cheriton School of Computer Science, and School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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2
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Dong Y, Gong W, Hua Z, Chen B, Zhao G, Liu Z, Thiele CJ, Li Z. Combination of Rapamycin and MK-2206 Induced Cell Death via Autophagy and Necroptosis in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:31. [PMID: 32116708 PMCID: PMC7033642 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common pediatric malignant extracranial solid tumor. Despite multi-modality therapies, the emergence of drug resistance is an obstacle in the treatment of high-risk NB patients (with MYCN amplification). In our previous study, we found that rapamycin and MK-2206 synergistically induced cell death in MYCN-amplified cell lines but the mechanisms remained unclear. In our present study, either 3-MA or necroatatin-1 blocked the cell death induced by rapamycin and MK-2206, but z-VAD-fmk did not block this cell death. The expressions of autophagy markers (ATG5, ATG7, Beclin-1, LC3 B) and the necroptosis marker RIPK3 increased and another necroptosis marker RIPK1 decreased after the combination treatment of rapamycin and MK-2206, and were accompanied by the morphological characteristics of autophagy and necroptosis. In NB xenograft tumor tissues, the expressions of autophagy and necroptosis markers were consistent with observations in vitro. These data suggested that autophagy and necroptosis contributed to the cell death induced by rapamycin and MK-2206 in NB cells. To understand the role of MYCN in this process, MYCN expression was downregulated in MYCN-amplified cell lines (NGP, BE2) using siRNAs and was upregulated in MYCN non-amplified cell lines (AS, SY5Y) using plasmid. We found the cell death induced by rapamycin and MK-2206 was MYCN-dependent. We also found that the metabolic activity in NB cells was correlated with the expression level of MYCN. This study delineates the role of MYCN in the cell death induced by combination treatment of rapamycin and MK-2206 in MYCN-amplified NB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyan Hua
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guifeng Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carol J Thiele
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Xue G, Kohler R, Tang F, Hynx D, Wang Y, Orso F, Prêtre V, Ritschard R, Hirschmann P, Cron P, Roloff T, Dummer R, Mandalà M, Bichet S, Genoud C, Meyer AG, Muraro MG, Spagnoli GC, Taverna D, Rüegg C, Merghoub T, Massi D, Tang H, Levesque MP, Dirnhofer S, Zippelius A, Hemmings BA, Wicki A. mTORC1/autophagy-regulated MerTK in mutant BRAFV600 melanoma with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69204-69218. [PMID: 29050198 PMCID: PMC5642473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) and the combination therapy of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (MEKi) were recently approved for therapy of metastatic melanomas harbouring the oncogenic BRAFV600 mutation. Although these therapies have shown pronounced therapeutic efficacy, the limited durability of the response indicates an acquired drug resistance that still remains mechanistically poorly understood at the molecular level. We conducted transcriptome gene profiling in BRAFi-treated melanoma cells and identified that Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is specifically upregulated. MerTK overexpression was demonstrated not only in melanomas resistant to BRAFi monotherapy (5 out of 10 samples from melanoma patients) but also in melanoma resistant to BRAFi+MEKi (1 out of 3), although MEKi alone does not affect MerTK. Mechanistically, BRAFi-induced activation of Zeb2 stimulates MerTK in BRAFV600 melanoma through mTORC1-triggered activation of autophagy. Co-targeting MerTK and BRAFV600 significantly reduced tumour burden in xenografted mice, which was pheno-copied by co-inhibition of autophagy and mutant BRAFV600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongda Xue
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Kohler
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fengyuan Tang
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debby Hynx
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Orso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vincent Prêtre
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Ritschard
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Cron
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sandrine Bichet
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra G Meyer
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Massi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Huifang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian A Hemmings
- Department of Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wicki
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Yang W, Yang LF, Song ZQ, Shah SZA, Cui YY, Li CS, Zhao HF, Gao HL, Zhou XM, Zhao DM. PRAS40 alleviates neurotoxic prion peptide-induced apoptosis via mTOR-AKT signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:416-427. [PMID: 28294542 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The proline-rich Akt substrate of 40-kDa (PRAS40) protein is a direct inhibitor of mTORC1 and an interactive linker between the Akt and mTOR pathways. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is considered to be a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Several investigations have demonstrated that abnormal mTOR activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders and lead to cognitive deficits. METHODS Here, we used the PrP peptide 106-126 (PrP106-126 ) in a cell model of prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, TSEs) to investigate the mechanisms of mTOR-mediated cell death in prion diseases. RESULTS We have shown that, upon stress caused by PrP106-126 , the mTOR pathway activates and contributes to cellular apoptosis. Moreover, we demonstrated that PRAS40 down-regulates mTOR hyperactivity under stress conditions and alleviates neurotoxic prion peptide-induced apoptosis. The effect of PRAS40 on apoptosis is likely due to an mTOR/Akt signaling. CONCLUSION PRAS40 inhibits mTORC1 hyperactivation and plays a key role in protecting cells against neurotoxic prion peptide-induced apoptosis. Thus, PRAS40 is a potential therapeutic target for prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Hebei Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Baoding, China
| | - Li-Feng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Song
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Yong Cui
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Si Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Fen Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Zhou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Ming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Mi W, Ye Q, Liu S, She QB. AKT inhibition overcomes rapamycin resistance by enhancing the repressive function of PRAS40 on mTORC1/4E-BP1 axis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13962-77. [PMID: 25961827 PMCID: PMC4546444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTORC1 inhibitors, rapamycin and its analogs, are known to show only modest antitumor activity in clinic, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we found that activated AKT signaling is associated with rapamycin resistance in breast and colon cancers by sustained phosphorylation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1. Treatment of tumor cells with rapamycin or the AKT inhibitor MK2206 showed a limited activity in inhibiting 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, cap-dependent translation, cell growth and motility. However, treatment with both drugs resulted in profound effects in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that the combination treatment was required to effectively inhibit PRAS40 phosphorylation on both Ser183 and Thr246 mediated by mTORC1 and AKT respectively, and with the combined treatment, dephosphorylated PRAS40 binding to the raptor/mTOR complex was enhanced, leading to dramatic repression of mTORC1-regulated 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and translation. Knockdown of PRAS40 or 4E-BP1 expression markedly reduced the dependence of tumor cells on AKT/mTORC1 signaling for translation and survival. Together, these findings reveal a critical role of PRAS40 as an integrator of mTORC1 and AKT signaling for 4E-BP1-mediated translational regulation of tumor cell growth and motility, and highlight PRAS40 phosphorylation as a potential biomarker to evaluate the therapeutic response to mTOR/AKT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Mi
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Side Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Bai She
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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6
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Hou J, Diao Y, Li W, Yang Z, Zhang L, Chen Z, Wu Y. RGD peptide conjugation results in enhanced antitumor activity of PD0325901 against glioblastoma by both tumor-targeting delivery and combination therapy. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:329-40. [PMID: 27085642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor type in the central nervous system. Both tumor-targeting drug delivery and combination therapy of multiple therapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms are important for GBM treatment. We combined these two strategies and developed a new platform of peptide-drug conjugate (RGD-PEG-Suc-PD0325901, W22) for tumor-targeting delivery using a combination of PD0325901 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor) and RGD peptide. In the present study, the combination of PD0325901 and RGD peptide strongly inhibited U87MG model in vitro and in vivo. This inhibition contributed to synergistic suppression of cell proliferation by blocking ERK pathway activity and cell migration. Modified by conjugation strategy, their conjugate W22 enhanced PD0325901 delivery to GBM cells by receptor mediated cellular internalization. W22 showed great superiority in targeting to U87MG xenografted tumors and strong anti-tumor efficacy based on ERK pathway inhibition and tumor-targeted delivery in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, W22 was stable in serum and able to release PD0325901 in the enzymatic environment. These data indicated that the RGD-PEG-Suc-PD0325901 conjugate provided a strategy for effective delivery of PD0325901 and RGD peptide into the GBM cells and inhibition of tumor growth in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yiping Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zili Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China.
| | - Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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7
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Duzgun Z, Eroglu Z, Biray Avci C. Role of mTOR in glioblastoma. Gene 2015; 575:187-90. [PMID: 26341051 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, is a protein complex that has a central role of cell growth and proliferation. mTOR emerges as a critical cell growth checkpoint on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. In this case mTOR has become an important therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GBM) that is one of the most deadly types of cancer. Various combination treatments including inhibition of mTOR may provide more significant results in the treatment of GBM. In addition to new mTOR targets, which may have a plant origin form, more potent mTOR inhibitors by utilizing the computational methodology may emerge as a hope for GBM therapy. In the future, a better understanding of the functional properties of mTORC2 with its potent effective inhibitors may help design more efficiently GBM treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekeriya Duzgun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Eroglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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8
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Roffé M, Lupinacci FC, Soares LC, Hajj GN, Martins VR. Two widely used RSK inhibitors, BI-D1870 and SL0101, alter mTORC1 signaling in a RSK-independent manner. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1630-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most common form of brain tumor with a very dismal prognosis. While a standard treatment regimen of surgery followed by chemo/radiotherapy is currently used, this has only marginally improved the survival time of patients with little benefit on tumor recurrence. Although many molecular targets have already been identified and tested in clinical trials, very few are approved for use in clinics. Efforts are ongoing to target newer molecules that could be used for drug development. This review provides up-to-date information on the drugs and their molecular targets, which are currently in different stages of clinical trials. Since multiple signaling pathways are deregulated, it appears that the use of combination drugs along with personalized targeting approach would provide better therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Mittal
- South Campus, Delhi University, Department of Genetics, New Delhi, India
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10
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Artinian N, Cloninger C, Holmes B, Benavides-Serrato A, Bashir T, Gera J. Phosphorylation of the Hippo Pathway Component AMOTL2 by the mTORC2 Kinase Promotes YAP Signaling, Resulting in Enhanced Glioblastoma Growth and Invasiveness. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19387-401. [PMID: 25998128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Hippo signaling pathways are two major signaling cascades that coordinately regulate cell growth and proliferation. Dysregulation of these pathways plays a critical role in gliomagenesis. Recent reports have provided evidence of cross-talk between the mTOR and Hippo pathways; however, a complete description of the signaling relationships between these pathways remains to be elucidated. Utilizing a gene-trapping strategy in a mouse glioma model, we report the identification of AMOTL2 as a candidate substrate for mTORC2. AMOTL2 is phosphorylated at serine 760 by mTORC2. Mutation of AMOTL2 mimicking constitutive Ser(760) phosphorylation blocks its ability to bind and repress YAP leading to increased relative expression of known YAP gene targets. Moreover, overexpression of AMOTL2 or a nonphosphorylatable AMOTL2-S760A mutant inhibited YAP-induced transcription, foci formation, growth, and metastatic properties, whereas overexpression of a phosphomimetic AMOTL2-S760E mutant negated these repressive effects of AMOTL2 in glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro. Similar effects on xenograft growth were observed in GBM cells expressing these AMOTL2 Ser(760) mutants. YAP was also shown to be required for Rictor-mediated GBM growth and survival. Finally, an analysis of mTORC2/AMOTL2/YAP activities in primary GBM samples supported the clinical relevance of this signaling cascade, and we propose that pharmacological agents cotargeting these regulatory circuits may hold therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Artinian
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Cheri Cloninger
- the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Brent Holmes
- the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Angelica Benavides-Serrato
- the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Tariq Bashir
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Joseph Gera
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 91343 Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90048 and
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Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a rapidly progressing brain tumor. Despite the relatively low percentage of cancer patients with glioma diagnoses, recent statistics indicate that the number of glioma patients may have increased over the past decade. Current therapeutic options for glioma patients include tumor resection, chemotherapy, and concomitant radiation therapy with an average survival of approximately 16 months. The rapid progression of gliomas has spurred the development of novel treatment options, such as cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. Preclinical testing of oncolytic adenoviruses using glioma models revealed both positive and negative sides of the virotherapy approach. Here we present a detailed overview of the glioma virotherapy field and discuss auxiliary therapeutic strategies with the potential for augmenting clinical efficacy of GBM virotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.V. Ulasov
- Swedish Medical Center, Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, 550 17th Avenue, James Tower, Suite 570, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostic and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 115478, Russia
- Corresponding author. Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, James Tower, Suite 570, Seattle, WA 98122, USA. Tel.: +1 206 991 2053; fax: +1 206 834 2608.
| | - A.V. Borovjagin
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, 1919 7th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - B.A. Schroeder
- Michigan State University College of Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - A.Y. Baryshnikov
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostic and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 115478, Russia
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12
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Bleeker FE, Lamba S, Zanon C, Molenaar RJ, Hulsebos TJM, Troost D, van Tilborg AA, Vandertop WP, Leenstra S, van Noorden CJF, Bardelli A. Mutational profiling of kinases in glioblastoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:718. [PMID: 25256166 PMCID: PMC4192443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a highly malignant brain tumor for which no cure is available. To identify new therapeutic targets, we performed a mutation analysis of kinase genes in glioblastoma. METHODS Database mining and a literature search identified 76 kinases that have been found to be mutated at least twice in multiple cancer types before. Among those we selected 34 kinase genes for mutation analysis. We also included IDH1, IDH2, PTEN, TP53 and NRAS, genes that are known to be mutated at considerable frequencies in glioblastoma. In total, 174 exons of 39 genes in 113 glioblastoma samples from 109 patients and 16 high-grade glioma (HGG) cell lines were sequenced. RESULTS Our mutation analysis led to the identification of 148 non-synonymous somatic mutations, of which 25 have not been reported before in glioblastoma. Somatic mutations were found in TP53, PTEN, IDH1, PIK3CA, EGFR, BRAF, EPHA3, NRAS, TGFBR2, FLT3 and RPS6KC1. Mapping the mutated genes into known signaling pathways revealed that the large majority of them plays a central role in the PI3K-AKT pathway. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge that at least 50% of glioblastoma tumors display mutational activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway should offer new opportunities for the rational development of therapeutic approaches for glioblastomas. However, due to the development of resistance mechanisms, kinase inhibition studies targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway for relapsing glioblastoma have mostly failed thus far. Other therapies should be investigated, targeting early events in gliomagenesis that involve both kinases and non-kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonnet E Bleeker
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- />Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Lamba
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- />Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Pediatric Research Institute, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo JM Hulsebos
- />Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Troost
- />Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela A van Tilborg
- />Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Department of Pathology, UMC St. Radboud, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Peter Vandertop
- />Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- />Department of Neurosurgery, St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis, Hilvarenbeekse Weg 60, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
- />Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis JF van Noorden
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- />FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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Lisi L, Laudati E, Navarra P, Dello Russo C. The mTOR kinase inhibitors polarize glioma-activated microglia to express a M1 phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:125. [PMID: 25051975 PMCID: PMC4128534 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is observed in numerous human cancers. Recent studies on the glioma kinome have identified several deregulated pathways that converge and activate mTOR. The available evidence on the role of microglia in CNS cancers would suggest a dual role, a tumoricidal role and -on the contrary- a role favoring tumor growth. METHODS In the present paper, we have compared the effects of μM concentrations of rapamycin (RAPA) and its analog, RAD001 (RAD), on activated microglia; the latter was obtained by exposing cells to conditioned medium harvested either from inflammatory activated glioma cells (LI-CM) or from glioma cells kept under basal conditions (C-CM). RESULTS Here we show that the inhibition of mTOR polarizes glioma-activated microglial cells towards the M1 phenotype, with cytotoxic activities, preventing the induction of the M2 status that promotes tumor growth. In fact RAPA and RAD significantly increased iNOS expression and activity, while on the same time significantly reducing IL-10 gene expression induced by C-CM, thus suggesting that the drugs prevent the acquisition of a M2 phenotype in response to glioma factors promoting a classic M1 activation. Similar results were obtained using the conditioned media obtained after glioma stimulation with LPS-IFNγ (LI-CM), which was found to induce a mixture of M1 and M2a/b polarization phenotypes. In these conditions, the inhibition of mTOR led to a significant up-regulation of iNOS, and in parallel to the down-regulation of both ARG and IL-10 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that mTOR inhibition may prevent glioma induced M2 polarization of microglial cells and increase their cytotoxic potential, possibly resulting in antitumor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, L,go F Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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