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Tian L, Zhuang J, Li JJ, Zhu H, Klosterman SJ, Dai XF, Chen JY, Subbarao KV, Zhang DD. Thioredoxin VdTrx1, an unconventional secreted protein, is a virulence factor in Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1130468. [PMID: 37065139 PMCID: PMC10102666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how plant pathogenic fungi adapt to their hosts is of critical importance to securing optimal crop productivity. In response to pathogenic attack, plants produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of a multipronged defense response. Pathogens, in turn, have evolved ROS scavenging mechanisms to undermine host defense. Thioredoxins (Trx) are highly conserved oxidoreductase enzymes with a dithiol-disulfide active site, and function as antioxidants to protect cells against free radicals, such as ROS. However, the roles of thioredoxins in Verticillium dahliae, an important vascular pathogen, are not clear. Through proteomics analyses, we identified a putative thioredoxin (VdTrx1) lacking a signal peptide. VdTrx1 was present in the exoproteome of V. dahliae cultured in the presence of host tissues, a finding that suggested that it plays a role in host-pathogen interactions. We constructed a VdTrx1 deletion mutant ΔVdTrx1 that exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to ROS stress, H2O2, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH). In vivo assays by live-cell imaging and in vitro assays by western blotting revealed that while VdTrx1 lacking the signal peptide can be localized within V. dahliae cells, VdTrx1 can also be secreted unconventionally depending on VdVps36, a member of the ESCRT-II protein complex. The ΔVdTrx1 strain was unable to scavenge host-generated extracellular ROS fully during host invasion. Deletion of VdTrx1 resulted in higher intracellular ROS levels of V. dahliae mycelium, displayed impaired conidial production, and showed significantly reduced virulence on Gossypium hirsutum, and model plants, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Thus, we conclude that VdTrx1 acts as a virulence factor in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhu
- National Cotton Industry Technology System Liaohe Comprehensive Experimental Station, The Cotton Research Center of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Institute of Economic Crops, Liaoyang, China
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, United States
- Krishna V. Subbarao,
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
- *Correspondence: Dan-Dan Zhang,
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Qian H, Wang L, Wang B, Liang W. The secreted ribonuclease T2 protein FoRnt2 contributes to Fusarium oxysporum virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1346-1360. [PMID: 35696123 PMCID: PMC9366063 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Secreted RNase proteins have been reported from only a few pathogens, and relatively little is known about their biological functions. Fusarium oxysporum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt, one of the most important diseases on tomato. During the infection of F. oxysporum, some proteins are secreted that modulate host plant immunity and promote pathogen invasion. In this study, we identify an RNase, FoRnt2, from the F. oxysporum secretome that belongs to the ribonuclease T2 family. FoRnt2 possesses an N-terminal signal peptide and can be secreted from F. oxysporum. FoRnt2 exhibited ribonuclease activity and was able to degrade the host plant total RNA in vitro dependent on the active site residues H80 and H142. Deletion of the FoRnt2 gene reduced fungal virulence but had no obvious effect on mycelial growth and conidial production. The expression of FoRnt2 in tomato significantly enhanced plant susceptibility to pathogens. These data indicate that FoRnt2 is an important contributor to the virulence of F. oxysporum, possibly through the degradation of plant RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
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Jakhesara, Tulsani NJ, Hinsu AT, Jyotsana B, Dafale NA, Patil NV, Purohit HJ, Joshi CG. Genome analysis and CAZy repertoire of a novel fungus Aspergillus sydowii C6d with lignocellulolytic ability isolated from camel rumen. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Wang D, Tian L, Zhang D, Song J, Song S, Yin C, Zhou L, Liu Y, Wang B, Kong Z, Klosterman SJ, Li J, Wang J, Li T, Adamu S, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Functional analyses of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins identified candidate effectors in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:667-685. [PMID: 32314529 PMCID: PMC7170778 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play a critical role in modulating host immunity in plant-pathogen interactions. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae encodes more than 100 VdSCPs, but their roles in host-pathogen interactions have not been fully characterized. Transient expression of 123 VdSCP-encoding genes in Nicotiana benthamiana identified three candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. The expression of these three proteins, VdSCP27, VdSCP113, and VdSCP126, in N. benthamiana resulted in cell death accompanied by a reactive oxygen species burst, callose deposition, and induction of defence genes. The three VdSCPs mainly localized to the periphery of the cell. BAK1 and SOBIR1 (associated with receptor-like protein) were required for the immunity triggered by these three VdSCPs in N. benthamiana. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that cysteine residues that form disulphide bonds are essential for the functioning of VdSCP126, but not VdSCP27 and VdSCP113. VdSCP27, VdSCP113, and VdSCP126 individually are not essential for V. dahliae infection of N. benthamiana and Gossypium hirsutum, although there was a significant reduction of virulence on N. benthamiana and G. hirsutum when inoculated with the VdSCP27/VdSCP126 double deletion strain. These results illustrate that the SCPs play a critical role in the V. dahliae-plant interaction via an intrinsic virulence function and suppress immunity following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Tian
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Jian Song
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Chun‐Mei Yin
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Bao‐Li Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceSalinasCAUSA
| | - Jun‐Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ting‐Gang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sabiu Adamu
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCAUSA
| | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
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Ramzi AB, Che Me ML, Ruslan US, Baharum SN, Nor Muhammad NA. Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense via comparative genome analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8065. [PMID: 31879570 PMCID: PMC6927665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G. boninense is a hemibiotrophic fungus that infects oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) causing basal stem rot (BSR) disease and consequent massive economic losses to the oil palm industry. The pathogenicity of this white-rot fungus has been associated with cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) released during saprophytic and necrotrophic stage of infection of the oil palm host. However, there is a lack of information available on the essentiality of CWDEs in wood-decaying process and pathogenesis of this oil palm pathogen especially at molecular and genome levels. Methods In this study, comparative genome analysis was carried out using the G. boninense NJ3 genome to identify and characterize carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) including CWDE in the fungal genome. Augustus pipeline was employed for gene identification in G. boninense NJ3 and the produced protein sequences were analyzed via dbCAN pipeline and PhiBase 4.5 database annotation for CAZymes and plant-host interaction (PHI) gene analysis, respectively. Comparison of CAZymes from G. boninense NJ3 was made against G. lucidum, a well-studied model Ganoderma sp. and five selected pathogenic fungi for CAZymes characterization. Functional annotation of PHI genes was carried out using Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot (WEGO) and was used for selecting candidate PHI genes related to cell wall degradation of G. boninense NJ3. Results G. boninense was enriched with CAZymes and CWDEs in a similar fashion to G. lucidum that corroborate with the lignocellulolytic abilities of both closely-related fungal strains. The role of polysaccharide and cell wall degrading enzymes in the hemibiotrophic mode of infection of G. boninense was investigated by analyzing the fungal CAZymes with necrotrophic Armillaria solidipes, A. mellea, biotrophic Ustilago maydis, Melampsora larici-populina and hemibiotrophic Moniliophthora perniciosa. Profiles of the selected pathogenic fungi demonstrated that necrotizing pathogens including G. boninense NJ3 exhibited an extensive set of CAZymes as compared to the more CAZymes-limited biotrophic pathogens. Following PHI analysis, several candidate genes including polygalacturonase, endo β-1,3-xylanase, β-glucanase and laccase were identified as potential CWDEs that contribute to the plant host interaction and pathogenesis. Discussion This study employed bioinformatics tools for providing a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the production of CAZymes in G. boninense NJ3. Identification and profiling of the fungal polysaccharide- and lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes would further facilitate in elucidating the infection mechanisms through the production of CWDEs by G. boninense. Identification of CAZymes and CWDE-related PHI genes in G. boninense would serve as the basis for functional studies of genes associated with the fungal virulence and pathogenicity using systems biology and genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Lutfi Che Me
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ummul Syafiqah Ruslan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li Y, Feng Y, Lü Q, Yan D, Liu Z, Zhang X. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Plant-Pathogen Interactions in Resistant and Susceptible Poplar Ecotypes Infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2009-2021. [PMID: 31369364 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0452-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poplar are important forestry species in China, but the Botryosphaeria dothidea pathogen causes serious economic losses worldwide. To identify candidate B. dothidea resistance proteins and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in poplar-pathogen interactions, proteomic responses of stem samples from resistant and susceptible poplar ecotypes to B. dothidea were investigated using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with label-free quantitative analysis. We identified 588 proteins, divided into 21 biological process categories including 48 oxidoreductases, 72 hydrolytic enzymes, 80 metabolic enzymes, and 29 proteins of unknown function. Differential proteome analysis revealed large differences between resistant Populus tomentosa Carr and susceptible Populus beijingensis Hsu ecotypes before and after inoculation. Among 102 identified proteins, 22 were highly upregulated in the resistant genotype but downregulated in the susceptible genotype. Proteins induced in P. tomentosa Carr in response to B. dothidea are associated with plant defenses including oxidoreductase activity (catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism (alcohol dehydrogenase), photosynthesis (ATP synthase subunit alpha, ATP synthase gamma chain, photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2, photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein), carbon fixation (pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, malic enzyme, phosphoglycerate kinase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain), and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis identified 168 proteins related to metabolic pathways, 41 proteins related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and 36 proteins related to the biosynthesis of plant hormones, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid, and photosynthesis in response to B. dothidea. Our findings provide insight into plant-pathogen interactions in resistant and susceptible poplar ecotypes infected with B. dothidea and could assist the development of novel strategies for fighting poplar canker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Quan Lü
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Donghui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an 271018, China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Li J, Pei J, Liu Y, Xia W, Cheng F, Tian W, Lin Z, Zhu J, Wang A. Transcriptome sequencing of Verticillium dahliae from a cotton farm reveals positive correlation between virulence and tolerance of sugar-induced hyperosmosis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8035. [PMID: 31737452 PMCID: PMC6855202 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes disease symptoms in its host plants; however, due to its rapid variability, V. dahliae is difficult to control. To analyze the reason for this pathogenic differentiation, 22 V. dahliae strains with different virulence were isolated from a cotton farm. The genetic diversity of cotton varieties make cotton cultivars have different Verticillium wilt resistance, so the Xinluzao 7 (susceptible to V. dahliae), Zhongmian 35 (tolerant), and Xinluzao 33 (resistant) were used to investigate the pathogenicity of the strains in a green house. Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) assays, Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) PCR, and pathogenicity analysis showed that SHZ-4, SHZ-5, and SHZ-9 had close kinship and significantly different pathogenicity. Transcriptome sequencing of the three strains identified 19 of 146 unigenes in SHZ-4_vs_ SHZ-5, SHZ-5_vs_ SHZ-9, and SHZ-4_vs_ SHZ-9. In these unigenes, three proteinase and four polysaccharide degrading hydrolases were found to be associated with the pathogenicity. However, due to a number of differentially expressed genes in the transport, these unigenes not only played a role in nutrition absorption but might also contribute to the resistance of sugar-induced hyperosmosis. Moreover, the tolerance ability was positively related to the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. This resistance to sugar-induced hyperosmosis might help V. dahliae to access the nutrition of the host. The pathogenicity of V. dahliae correlated with the resistance of sugar-induced-hyperosmosis, which provides clues for the cultivation of V. dahliae resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Juan Pei
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenwen Xia
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fengfeng Cheng
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenhui Tian
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhongping Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Aiying Wang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Burgos-Canul YY, Canto-Canché B, Berezovski MV, Mironov G, Loyola-Vargas VM, Barba de Rosa AP, Tzec-Simá M, Brito-Argáez L, Carrillo-Pech M, Grijalva-Arango R, Muñoz-Pérez G, Islas-Flores I. The cell wall proteome from two strains of Pseudocercospora fijiensis with differences in virulence. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:105. [PMID: 31267317 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocercospora fijiensis causes black Sigatoka disease, the most important threat to banana. The cell wall is crucial for fungal biological processes, including pathogenesis. Here, we performed cell wall proteomics analyses of two P. fijiensis strains, the highly virulent Oz2b, and the less virulent C1233 strains. Strains were starved from nitrogen to mimic the host environment. Interestingly, in vitro cultures of the C1233 strain grew faster than Oz2b in PDB medium, suggesting that C1233 survives outside the host better than the highly virulent Oz2b strain. Both strains were submitted to nitrogen starvation and the cell wall proteins were isolated and subjected to nano-HPLC-MS/MS. A total of 2686 proteins were obtained from which only 240 had a known function and thus, bioinformatics analyses were performed on this group. We found that 90 cell wall proteins were shared by both strains, 21 were unique for Oz2b and 39 for C1233. Shared proteins comprised 24 pathogenicity factors, including Avr4 and Ecp6, two effectors from P. fijiensis, while the unique proteins comprised 16 virulence factors in C1233 and 11 in Oz2b. The P. fijiensis cell wall proteome comprised canonical proteins, but thirty percent were atypical, a feature which in other phytopathogens has been interpreted as contamination. However, a comparison with the identities of atypical proteins in other reports suggests that the P. fijiensis proteins we detected were not contaminants. This is the first proteomics analysis of the P. fijiensis cell wall and our results expands the understanding of the fundamental biology of fungal phytopathogens and will help to decipher the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence in P. fijiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamily Y Burgos-Canul
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gleb Mironov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ana Paulina Barba de Rosa
- IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Miguel Tzec-Simá
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mildred Carrillo-Pech
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Grijalva-Arango
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Muñoz-Pérez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Deciphering the intrinsic properties of fungal proteases in optimizing phytopathogenic interaction. Gene 2019; 711:143934. [PMID: 31228540 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a wide range of enzymes to penetrate and colonize host tissues. Of them protease activity is reported to increase disease aggressiveness in the plant. With the aim to explore the reason of the higher infection potential of proteases, we have compared several genomic and proteomic attributes among different hydrolytic enzymes coded by five pathogenic fungal species which are the potent infectious agents of plant. Categorizing the enzymes into four major groups, namely protease, lipase, amylase and cell-wall degraders, we observed that proteases are evolutionary more conserved, have higher expression levels, contain more hydrophobic buried residues, short linear motifs and post-translational modified (PTM) sites than the other three groups of enzymes. Again, comparing these features of protease between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Aspergillus sps, we have hypothesized that protein structural properties could play significant roles in imposing infection potency to the fungal proteases.
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Wang J, Tian L, Zhang DD, Short DPG, Zhou L, Song SS, Liu Y, Wang D, Kong ZQ, Cui WY, Ma XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY, Dai XF. SNARE-Encoding Genes VdSec22 and VdSso1 Mediate Protein Secretion Required for Full Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:651-664. [PMID: 29419372 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0289-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that mediate cellular and subcellular membrane fusion are key factors in vesicular trafficking in all eukaryotic cells, including the secretion and transport of plant pathogen virulence factors. In this study, we identified vesicle-fusion components that included 22 soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), four Sec1/Munc18 (SM) family proteins, and 10 Rab GTPases encoded in the genome of the vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae Vd991. Targeted deletion of two SNARE-encoding genes in V. dahliae, VdSec22 and VdSso1, significantly reduced virulence of both mutants on cotton, relative to the wild-type Vd991 strain. Comparative analyses of the secreted protein content (exoproteome) revealed that many enzymes involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis were regulated by VdSec22 or VdSso1. Consistent with a role of these enzymes in plant cell-wall degradation, pectin, cellulose, and xylan utilization were reduced in the VdSec22 or VdSso1 mutant strains along with a loss of exoproteome cytotoxic activity on cotton leaves. Comparisons with a pathogenicity-related exoproteome revealed that several known virulence factors were not regulated by VdSec22 or VdSso1, but some of the proteins regulated by VdSec22 or VdSso1 displayed different characteristics, including the lack of a typical signal peptide, suggesting that V. dahliae employs more than one secretory route to transport proteins to extracellular sites during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Tian
- 3 College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China; and
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dylan P G Short
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lei Zhou
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Song
- 3 College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China; and
| | - Yan Liu
- 3 College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China; and
| | - Dan Wang
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei-Ye Cui
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue-Feng Ma
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- 4 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, U.S.A
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- 1 Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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11
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Nogueira-Lopez G, Greenwood DR, Middleditch M, Winefield C, Eaton C, Steyaert JM, Mendoza-Mendoza A. The Apoplastic Secretome of Trichoderma virens During Interaction With Maize Roots Shows an Inhibition of Plant Defence and Scavenging Oxidative Stress Secreted Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:409. [PMID: 29675028 PMCID: PMC5896443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Nature, almost every plant is colonized by fungi. Trichoderma virens is a biocontrol fungus which has the capacity to behave as an opportunistic plant endophyte. Even though many plants are colonized by this symbiont, the exact mechanisms by which Trichoderma masks its entrance into its plant host remain unknown, but likely involve the secretion of different families of proteins into the apoplast that may play crucial roles in the suppression of plant immune responses. In this study, we investigated T. virens colonization of maize roots under hydroponic conditions, evidencing inter- and intracellular colonization by the fungus and modifications in root morphology and coloration. Moreover, we show that upon host penetration, T. virens secretes into the apoplast an arsenal of proteins to facilitate inter- and intracellular colonization of maize root tissues. Using a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach, 95 and 43 secretory proteins were identified from maize and T. virens, respectively. A reduction in the maize secretome (36%) was induced by T. virens, including two major groups, glycosyl hydrolases and peroxidases. Furthermore, T. virens secreted proteins were mainly involved in cell wall hydrolysis, scavenging of reactive oxygen species and secondary metabolism, as well as putative effector-like proteins. Levels of peroxidase activity were reduced in the inoculated roots, suggesting a strategy used by T. virens to manipulate host immune responses. The results provide an insight into the crosstalk in the apoplast which is essential to maintain the T. virens-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Winefield
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Carla Eaton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
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12
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Oh Y, Robertson SL, Parker J, Muddiman DC, Dean RA. Comparative proteomic analysis between nitrogen supplemented and starved conditions in Magnaporthe oryzae. Proteome Sci 2017; 15:20. [PMID: 29158724 PMCID: PMC5684745 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-017-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are constantly exposed to nitrogen limiting environments, and thus the efficient regulation of nitrogen metabolism is essential for their survival, growth, development and pathogenicity. To understand how the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae copes with limited nitrogen availability, a global proteome analysis under nitrogen supplemented and nitrogen starved conditions was completed. METHODS M. oryzae strain 70-15 was cultivated in liquid minimal media and transferred to media with nitrate or without a nitrogen source. Proteins were isolated and subjected to unfractionated gel-free based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The subcellular localization and function of the identified proteins were predicted using bioinformatics tools. RESULTS A total of 5498 M. oryzae proteins were identified. Comparative analysis of protein expression showed 363 proteins and 266 proteins significantly induced or uniquely expressed under nitrogen starved or nitrogen supplemented conditions, respectively. A functional analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed that during nitrogen starvation nitrogen catabolite repression, melanin biosynthesis, protein degradation and protein translation pathways underwent extensive alterations. In addition, nitrogen starvation induced accumulation of various extracellular proteins including small extracellular proteins consistent with observations of a link between nitrogen starvation and the development of pathogenicity in M. oryzae. CONCLUSION The results from this study provide a comprehensive understanding of fungal responses to nitrogen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Suzanne L. Robertson
- W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Jennifer Parker
- W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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13
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Mares JH, Gramacho KP, Santos EC, da Silva Santiago A, Santana JO, de Sousa AO, Alvim FC, Pirovani CP. Proteomic analysis during of spore germination of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:176. [PMID: 28818052 PMCID: PMC5561645 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moniliophthora perniciosa is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for witches’ broom disease of cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.). Understanding the molecular events during germination of the pathogen may enable the development of strategies for disease control in these economically important plants. In this study, we determined a comparative proteomic profile of M. perniciosa basidiospores during germination by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Results A total of 316 proteins were identified. Molecular changes during the development of the germinative tube were identified by a hierarchical clustering analysis based on the differential accumulation of proteins. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, such as septin and kinesin, were detected only 4 h after germination (hag). A transcription factor related to biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite fumagillin, which can form hybrids with polyketides, was induced 2 hag, and polyketide synthase was observed 4 hag. The accumulation of ATP synthase, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), and catalase was validated by western blotting. Conclusions In this study, we showed variations in protein expression during the early germination stages of fungus M. perniciosa. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, and consequently with virulence, were detected in basidiospores 4 hag., for example, septin and kinesin. We discuss these results and propose a model of the germination of fungus M. perniciosa. This research can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying basic processes of host invasion and to develop strategies for control of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joise Hander Mares
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Everton Cruz Santos
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Oliveira Santana
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fátima Cerqueira Alvim
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
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14
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Qi X, Su X, Guo H, Qi J, Cheng H. VdThit, a Thiamine Transport Protein, Is Required for Pathogenicity of the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:545-559. [PMID: 27089469 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-16-0057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes a serious wilt disease of important crops and is difficult to control. Few plasma-membrane transport proteins for nutrient acquisition have been identified for this fungus, and their involvement in the disease process is unknown. Here, a plasma-membrane protein, the V. dahliae thiamine transporter protein VdThit, was characterized functionally by deletion of the VdThit gene in V. dahliae. Disruption strains were viable, but growth and conidial germination and production were reduced and virulence was impaired. Interestingly, by supplementing exogenous thiamine, growth, conidiation, and virulence of the VdΔThit mutants were partially restored. Stress-tolerance assays showed that the VdΔThit mutant strains were markedly more susceptible to oxidative stress and UV damage. High-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed low levels of pyruvate metabolism intermediates acetoin and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the VdΔThit mutant strains, suggesting that pyruvate metabolism was suppressed. Expression analysis of VdThit confirmed the importance of VdThit in vegetative growth, reproduction, and invasive hyphal growth. Furthermore, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled VdΔThit mutant (VdΔThit-7-GFP) was suppressed in initial infection and root colonization, as viewed with light microscopy. Together, these results showed that VdThit plays an indispensable role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Qi
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
- 2 Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
| | - Huiming Guo
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
| | - Juncang Qi
- 2 Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and
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