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Guberovic I, Frezza C. Functional implications of fumarate-induced cysteine succination. Trends Biochem Sci 2024:S0968-0004(24)00113-0. [PMID: 38876954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in metabolic enzymes are associated with hereditary and sporadic forms of cancer. For example, loss-of-function mutations affecting fumarate hydratase (FH), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme, result in the accumulation of millimolar levels of fumarate that cause an aggressive form of kidney cancer. A distinct feature of fumarate is its ability to spontaneously react with thiol groups of cysteines in a chemical reaction termed succination. Although succination of a few proteins has been causally implicated in the molecular features of FH-deficient cancers, the stoichiometry, wider functional consequences, and contribution of succination to disease development remain largely unexplored. We discuss the functional implications of fumarate-induced succination in FH-deficient cells, the available methodologies, and the current challenges in studying this post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Guberovic
- Institute for Metabolomics in Ageing, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Frezza
- Institute for Metabolomics in Ageing, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Hillmann KB, Goethel ME, Erickson NA, Niehaus TD. Identification of a S-(2-succino)cysteine breakdown pathway that uses a novel S-(2-succino) lyase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102639. [PMID: 36309089 PMCID: PMC9706529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Succination is the spontaneous reaction between the respiratory intermediate fumarate and cellular thiols that forms stable S-(2-succino)-adducts such as S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC). 2SC is a biomarker for conditions associated with elevated fumarate levels, including diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers, and succination likely contributes to disease progression. Bacillus subtilis has a yxe operon-encoded breakdown pathway for 2SC that involves three distinct enzymatic conversions. The first step is N-acetylation of 2SC by YxeL to form N-acetyl-2SC (2SNAC). YxeK catalyzes the oxygenation of 2SNAC, resulting in its breakdown to oxaloacetate and N-acetylcysteine, which is deacetylated by YxeP to give cysteine. The monooxygenase YxeK is key to the pathway but is rare, with close homologs occurring infrequently in prokaryote and fungal genomes. The existence of additional 2SC breakdown pathways was not known prior to this study. Here, we used comparative genomics to identify a S-(2-succino) lyase (2SL) that replaces yxeK in some yxe gene clusters. 2SL genes from Enterococcus italicus and Dickeya dadantii complement B. subtilis yxeK mutants. We also determined that recombinant 2SL enzymes efficiently break down 2SNAC into fumarate and N-acetylcysteine, can perform the reverse reaction, and have minor activity against 2SC and other small molecule thiols. The strong preferences both YxeK and 2SL enzymes have for 2SNAC indicate that 2SC acetylation is a conserved breakdown step. The identification of a second naturally occurring 2SC breakdown pathway underscores the importance of 2SC catabolism and defines a general strategy for 2SC breakdown involving acetylation, breakdown, and deacetylation.
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3
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Niehaus TD, Hillmann KB. Enzyme promiscuity, metabolite damage, and metabolite damage control systems of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FEBS J 2020; 287:1343-1358. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Niehaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Katie B. Hillmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
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Jové M, Pradas I, Mota-Martorell N, Cabré R, Ayala V, Ferrer I, Pamplona R. Succination of Protein Thiols in Human Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:52. [PMID: 32210786 PMCID: PMC7068737 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain evolution toward complexity has been achieved with increasing energy supply as the main adaptation in brain metabolism. Energy metabolism, like other biochemical reactions in aerobic cells, is under enzymatic control and strictly regulated. Nevertheless, physiologically uncontrolled and deleterious reactions take place. It has been proposed that these reactions constitute the basic molecular mechanisms that underlie the maintenance or loss-of-function of neurons and, by extension, cerebral functions during brain aging. In this review article, we focus attention on the role of the nonenzymatic and irreversible adduction of fumarate to the protein thiols, which leads to the formation of S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC; protein succination) in the human brain. In particular, we first offer a brief approach to the succination reaction, features related to the specificity of protein succination, methods for their detection and quantification, the bases for considering 2SC as a biomarker of mitochondrial stress, the succinated proteome, the cross-regional differences in 2SC content, and changes during brain aging, as well as the potential regulatory significance of fumarate and 2SC. We propose that 2SC defines cross-regional differences of metabolic mitochondrial stress in the human brain and that mitochondrial stress is sustained throughout the healthy adult lifespan in order to preserve neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Irene Pradas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Natalia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosanna Cabré
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Victoria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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Oxidative-Antioxidant Imbalance and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030384. [PMID: 32121669 PMCID: PMC7175146 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder featuring chronic, complex neuropsychiatric features. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia are not fully understood. Oxidative-antioxidant imbalance is a potential determinant of schizophrenia. Oxidative, nitrosative, or sulfuric damage to enzymes of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as calcium transport and ATP biosynthesis might cause impaired bioenergetics function in the brain. This could explain the initial symptoms, such as the first psychotic episode and mild cognitive impairment. Another concept of the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance with the activation of the mTOR mitochondrial pathway, which may contribute to impaired neuronal development. Consequently, cognitive processes requiring ATP are compromised and dysfunctions in synaptic transmission lead to neuronal death, preceding changes in key brain areas. This review summarizes the role and mutual interactions of oxidative damage and impaired glucose metabolism as key factors affecting metabolic complications in schizophrenia. These observations may be a premise for novel potential therapeutic targets that will delay not only the onset of first symptoms but also the progression of schizophrenia and its complications.
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Ooi A. Advances in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) research. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:158-166. [PMID: 31689495 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome with incomplete penetrance. It is caused by a germline amorphic allele of the FH gene, which encodes the TCA cycle enzyme, fumarate hydratase (FH). HLRCC patients are genetically predisposed to develop skin leiomyomas, uterine fibroids, and the aggressive kidney cancer of type 2 papillary morphology. Loss-of-heterozygocity at the FH locus that cause a complete loss of FH enzymatic function is always detected in these tumor tissues. Molecular pathway elucidation, genomic studies, and systematic genetics screens reported over the last two decades have identified several FH-inactivation driven pathways alterations, as well as rationally conceived treatment strategies that specifically target FH-/- tumor cells. These treatment strategies include ferroptosis induction, oxidative stress promotion, and metabolic alteration. As the fundamental biology of HLRCC continues to be uncovered, these treatment strategies continue to be refined and may one day lead to a strategy to prevent disease onset among HLRCC patients. With a more complete picture of HLRCC biology, the safe translation of experimental treatment strategies into clinical practice is achievable in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikseng Ooi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, 1703 East Mabel Street, 85721, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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Rosa AC, Benetti E, Gallicchio M, Boscaro V, Cangemi L, Dianzani C, Miglio G. Analyzing Cysteine Site Neighbors in Proteins to Reveal Dimethyl Fumarate Targets. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800301. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Margherita Gallicchio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Valentina Boscaro
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Luigi Cangemi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Gianluca Miglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
- Centro di Competenza sul Calcolo Scientifico C S; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin 10125 Italy
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8
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Analysis of fumarate-sensitive proteins and sites by exploiting residue interaction networks. Amino Acids 2018; 50:647-652. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kluckova K, Tennant DA. Metabolic implications of hypoxia and pseudohypoxia in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:367-378. [PMID: 29450727 PMCID: PMC5915505 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical driver of cancer pathogenesis, directly inducing malignant phenotypes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cell-like characteristics and metabolic transformation. However, hypoxia-associated phenotypes are often observed in cancer in the absence of hypoxia, a phenotype known as pseudohypoxia, which is very well documented in specific tumour types, including in paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (PPGL). Approximately 40% of the PPGL tumours carry a germ line mutation in one of a number of susceptibility genes of which those that are found in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) genes manifest a strong pseudohypoxic phenotype. Mutations in SDH are oncogenic, forming tumours in a select subset of tissues, but the cause for this remains elusive. Although elevated succinate levels lead to increase in hypoxia-like signalling, there are other phenotypes that are being increasingly recognised in SDH-mutated PPGL, such as DNA hypermethylation. Further, recently unveiled changes in metabolic re-wiring of SDH-deficient cells might help to decipher cancer related roles of SDH in the future. In this review, we will discuss the various implications that the malfunctioning SDH can have and its impact on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Niehaus TD, Folz J, McCarty DR, Cooper AJL, Moraga Amador D, Fiehn O, Hanson AD. Identification of a metabolic disposal route for the oncometabolite S-(2-succino)cysteine in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8255-8263. [PMID: 29626092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular thiols such as cysteine spontaneously and readily react with the respiratory intermediate fumarate, resulting in the formation of stable S-(2-succino)-adducts. Fumarate-mediated succination of thiols increases in certain tumors and in response to glucotoxicity associated with diabetes. Therefore, S-(2-succino)-adducts such as S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC) are considered oncometabolites and biomarkers for human disease. No disposal routes for S-(2-succino)-compounds have been reported prior to this study. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis metabolizes 2SC to cysteine using a pathway encoded by the yxe operon. The first step is N-acetylation of 2SC followed by an oxygenation that we propose results in the release of oxaloacetate and N-acetylcysteine, which is deacetylated to give cysteine. Knockouts of the genes predicted to mediate each step in the pathway lose the ability to grow on 2SC as the sulfur source and accumulate the expected upstream metabolite(s). We further show that N-acetylation of 2SC relieves toxicity. This is the first demonstration of a metabolic disposal route for any S-(2-succino)-compound, paving the way toward the identification of corresponding pathways in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
| | - Jacob Folz
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Donald R McCarty
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - David Moraga Amador
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
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11
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Bulku A, Weaver TM, Berkmen MB. Biochemical Characterization of Two Clinically-Relevant Human Fumarase Variants Defective for Oligomerization. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:1-15. [PMID: 29456767 PMCID: PMC5806193 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fumarase, a significant enzyme of energy metabolism, catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate. Mutations in the FH gene, encoding human fumarase, are associated with fumarate hydratase deficiency (FHD) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Fumarase assembles into a homotetramer, with four active sites. Interestingly, residues from three of the four subunits within the homotetramer comprise each active site. Hence, any mutation affecting oligomerization is predicted to disrupt enzyme activity. Methods: We constructed two variants of hexahistidine-tagged human recombinant fumarase, A308T and H318Y, associated with FHD and HLRCC, respectively. Both Ala308 and His318 lie within the fumarase intersubunit interface. We purified unmodified human fumarase and the two variants, and analyzed their enzymatic activities and oligomerization states in vitro. Results: Both variants showed severely diminished fumarase activity. Steady-state kinetic analysis demonstrated that the variants were largely defective due to decreased turnover rate, while displaying Km values for L-malate similar to unmodified human recombinant fumarase. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration experiments revealed that each variant had an altered oligomerization state, largely forming homodimers rather than homotetramers. Conclusion: We conclude that A308T and H318Y render human fumarase enzymatically inactive via defective oligomerization. Therefore, some forms of FHD and HLRCC can be linked to improperly folded quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa Bulku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, 8 Ashburton Place, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Melanie B Berkmen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, 8 Ashburton Place, Boston, MA, USA
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Borriss R, Danchin A, Harwood CR, Médigue C, Rocha EP, Sekowska A, Vallenet D. Bacillus subtilis, the model Gram-positive bacterium: 20 years of annotation refinement. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:3-17. [PMID: 29280348 PMCID: PMC5743806 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome annotation is, nowadays, performed via automatic pipelines that cannot discriminate between right and wrong annotations. Given their importance in increasing the accuracy of the genome annotations of other organisms, it is critical that the annotations of model organisms reflect the current annotation gold standard. The genome of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 was sequenced twenty years ago. Using a combination of inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning, we present a unique, manually curated annotation, essentially based on experimental data. This reveals how this bacterium lives in a plant niche, while carrying a paleome operating system common to Firmicutes and Tenericutes. Dozens of new genomic objects and an extensive literature survey have been included for the sequence available at the INSDC (AccNum AL009126.3). We also propose an extension to Demerec's nomenclature rules that will help investigators connect to this type of curated annotation via the use of common gene names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Borriss
- Department of PhytomedicineHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinLentzeallee 55‐5714195BerlinGermany
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Hôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreInstitute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital75013ParisFrance
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Kashing Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong21 Sassoon RoadPok Fu LamSAR Hong KongChina
| | - Colin R. Harwood
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell BiologyNewcastle UniversityBaddiley‐Clark BuildingRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4AXUK
| | - Claudine Médigue
- CEA DRF Genoscope LABGeMCNRS, UMR8030 Génomique MétaboliqueUniversité d'Evry Val d'EssonneUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91057EvryFrance
| | - Eduardo P.C. Rocha
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics UnitInstitut Pasteur28 rue du Docteur Roux75724Paris Cedex 15France
| | - Agnieszka Sekowska
- Hôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreInstitute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital75013ParisFrance
| | - David Vallenet
- CEA DRF Genoscope LABGeMCNRS, UMR8030 Génomique MétaboliqueUniversité d'Evry Val d'EssonneUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91057EvryFrance
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Manuel AM, Walla MD, Faccenda A, Martin SL, Tanis RM, Piroli GG, Adam J, Kantor B, Mutus B, Townsend DM, Frizzell N. Succination of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Links Mitochondrial Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Adipocyte During Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1281-1296. [PMID: 28376661 PMCID: PMC5655420 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Protein succination by fumarate increases in the adipose tissue of diabetic mice and in adipocytes matured in high glucose as a result of glucotoxicity-driven mitochondrial stress. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreductase protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is succinated in adipocytes that are matured in high glucose, and in this study we investigated whether succination would alter PDI oxidoreductase activity, directly linking mitochondrial stress and ER stress. RESULTS Protein succination and the ER stress marker C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were diminished after pharmaceutical targeting of mitochondrial stress with the chemical uncoupler niclosamide in adipocytes matured in high-glucose concentrations. PDI was succinated by fumarate on both CXXC-containing active sites, contributing to reduced enzymatic activity. Succinated PDI decreased reductase activity in adipocytes matured in high glucose, and in db/db epididymal adipose tissue, in association with increased levels of CHOP. PDI succination was increased in fumarase knockdown adipocytes, leading to reduced PDI oxidoreductase activity, increased CHOP levels, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, confirming the specific role of elevated fumarate levels in contributing to ER stress. In addition, PDI succination and ER stress were decreased, and PDI reductase activity was restored when exposure to chronic high glucose was limited, highlighting the importance of calorie restriction in the improvement of adipocyte metabolic function. INNOVATION These experiments identify PDI succination as a novel biochemical mechanism linking altered mitochondrial metabolism to ER stress in the adipocyte during diabetes. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates that early biochemical changes in mitochondrial metabolism have important implications for the development of adipocyte stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1281-1296.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Manuel
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael D Walla
- 2 Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Adam Faccenda
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Martin
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ross M Tanis
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Gerardo G Piroli
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Julie Adam
- 4 Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Kantor
- 5 Viral Vector Core, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Bulent Mutus
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Canada
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- 6 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Norma Frizzell
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
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