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de Araújo EA, Cortez AA, Pellegrini VDOA, Vacilotto MM, Cruz AF, Batista PR, Polikarpov I. Molecular mechanism of cellulose depolymerization by the two-domain BlCel9A enzyme from the glycoside hydrolase family 9. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121739. [PMID: 38286536 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) play a key role in processing lignocellulosic biomass. Although the structural features of some GH9 enzymes are known, the molecular mechanisms that drive their interactions with cellulosic substrates remain unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that the two-domain Bacillus licheniformis BlCel9A enzyme utilizes to depolymerize cellulosic substrates, we used a combination of biochemical assays, X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal that BlCel9A breaks down cellulosic substrates, releasing cellobiose and glucose as the major products, but is highly inefficient in cleaving oligosaccharides shorter than cellotetraose. In addition, fungal lytic polysaccharide oxygenase (LPMO) TtLPMO9H enhances depolymerization of crystalline cellulose by BlCel9A, while exhibiting minimal impact on amorphous cellulose. The crystal structures of BlCel9A in both apo form and bound to cellotriose and cellohexaose were elucidated, unveiling the interactions of BlCel9A with the ligands and their contribution to substrate binding and products release. MD simulation analysis reveals that BlCel9A exhibits higher interdomain flexibility under acidic conditions, and SAXS experiments indicate that the enzyme flexibility is induced by pH and/or temperature. Our findings provide new insights into BlCel9A substrate specificity and binding, and synergy with the LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Ares de Araújo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro, 10000, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sao Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Anelyse Abreu Cortez
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sao Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Moreira Vacilotto
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sao Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Amanda Freitas Cruz
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sao Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Batista
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Scientific Computing Programme, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sao Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
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Dong CD, Patel AK, Madhavan A, Chen CW, Singhania RR. Significance of glycans in cellulolytic enzymes for lignocellulosic biorefinery - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:128992. [PMID: 37011847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic (LC) biomass is the most abundant renewable resource for mankind gravitating society towards sustainable solution for energy that can reduce the carbon footprint. The economic feasibility of 'biomass biorefinery' depends upon the efficiency cellulolytic enzymes which is the main crux. Its high production cost and low efficiencies are the major limitations, that need to be resolved. As the complexity of the genome increases, so does the complexity of the proteome, further facilitated by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). Glycosylation is regarded the major PTMs and hardly any recent work is focused on importance of glycosylation in cellulase. By modifying protein side chains and glycans, superior cellulases with improved stability and efficiency can be obtained. Functional proteomics relies heavily on PTMs because they regulate activity, localization, and interactions with protein, lipid, nucleic acid, and cofactor molecules. O- and N- glycosylation in cellulases influences its characteristics adding positive attributes to the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala 690 525, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India.
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Zhao M, Aweya JJ, Feng Q, Zheng Z, Yao D, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhang Y. Ammonia stress affects the structure and function of hemocyanin in Penaeus vannamei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113827. [PMID: 36068754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic factors and climate change have serious effects on the aquatic ecosystem and aquaculture. Among water pollutants, ammonia has the greatest impact on aquaculture organisms such as penaeid shrimp because it makes them more susceptible to infections. In this study, we explored the effects of ammonia stress (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L) on the molecular structure and functions of the multifunctional respiratory protein hemocyanin (HMC) in Penaeus vannamei. While the mRNA expression of Penaeus vannamei hemocyanin (PvHMC) was up-regulated after ammonia stress, both plasma hemocyanin protein and oxyhemocyanin (OxyHMC) levels decreased. Moreover, ammonia stress changed the molecular structure of hemocyanin, modulated the expression of protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) and casein kinase 2α (CK2α) to regulate the phosphorylation modification of hemocyanin, and enhanced its degradation into fragments by trypsin. Under moderate ammonia stress conditions, hemocyanin also undergoes glycosylation to improve its in vitro antibacterial activity and binding with Gram-negative (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, albeit differently. The current findings indicate that P. vannamei hemocyanin undergoes adaptive molecular modifications under ammonia stress enabling the shrimp to survive and counteract the consequences of the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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Fungal cellulases: protein engineering and post-translational modifications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:1-24. [PMID: 34889986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of lignocelluloses into fermentable sugars to produce biofuels and other biomaterials is critical for environmentally sustainable development and energy resource supply. However, there are problems in enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, such as the complex cellulase composition, low degradation efficiency, high production cost, and post-translational modifications (PTMs), all of which are closely related to specific characteristics of cellulases that remain unclear. These problems hinder the practical application of cellulases. Due to the rapid development of computer technology in recent years, computer-aided protein engineering is being widely used, which also brings new opportunities for the development of cellulases. Especially in recent years, a large number of studies have reported on the application of computer-aided protein engineering in the development of cellulases; however, these articles have not been systematically reviewed. This article focused on the aspect of protein engineering and PTMs of fungal cellulases. In this manuscript, the latest literatures and the distribution of potential sites of cellulases for engineering have been systematically summarized, which provide reference for further improvement of cellulase properties. KEY POINTS: •Rational design based on virtual mutagenesis can improve cellulase properties. •Modifying protein side chains and glycans helps obtain superior cellulases. •N-terminal glutamine-pyroglutamate conversion stabilizes fungal cellulases.
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Brunecky R, Yao B, Xie X, Zheng F, Luo H. A Swollenin From Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 Enhances Cellulase Hydrolysis Toward Various Substrates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658096. [PMID: 33854492 PMCID: PMC8039133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Swollenins exist within some fungal species and are candidate accessory proteins for the biodegradation of cellulosic substrates. Here, we describe the identification of a swollenin gene, Tlswo, in Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802. Tlswo was successfully expressed in both Trichoderma reesei and Pichia pastoris. Assay results indicate that TlSWO is capable of releasing reducing sugars from lichenan, barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and laminarin. The specific activity of TlSWO toward lichenan, barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and laminarin is 9.0 ± 0.100, 8.9 ± 0.100, 2.3 ± 0.002 and 0.79 ± 0.002 U/mg, respectively. Additionally, TlSWO had disruptive activity on Avicel and a synergistic effect with cellobiohydrolases, increasing the activity on pretreated corn stover by up to 72.2%. The functional diversity of TlSWO broadens its applicability in experimental settings, and indicating that it may be a promising candidate for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Roman Brunecky
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Bin Yao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wei H, Wu M, Fan A, Su H. Recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhou HY, Zhou JB, Yi XN, Wang YM, Xue YP, Chen DS, Cheng XP, Li M, Wang HY, Chen KQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Colletotrichum orchidophilum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 44:67-79. [PMID: 32772153 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To develop new cellulases for efficient utilization of the lignocellulose, an endoglucanase (CoCel5A) gene from Colletotrichum orchidophilum was synthesized and a recombinant Pichia pastoris GS115/pPIC9K/cocel5A was constructed for secretory expression of CoCel5A. After purification, the protein CoCel5A was biochemically characterized. The endoglucanase CoCel5A exhibited the optimal activity at 55-75 °C and high thermostability (about 85% residual activity) at the temperature of 55 °C after incubation for 3 h. The highest activity of CoCel5A was detected when 100 mM citric acid buffer (pH 4.0-5.0) was used and excellent pH stability (up to 95% residual activity) was observed after incubation in 100 mM citric acid buffer (pH 3.0-6.0) at 4 °C for 24 h. Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (n = approx. 500) (CMC) and β-D-glucan were the best substrates for CoCel5A among the tested substrates. The kinetic parameters Vmax, Km, and Kcat/Km values against CMC were 290.70 U/mg, 2.65 mg/mL, and 75.67 mL/mg/s, respectively; and 228.31 U/mg, 2.06 mg/mL, and 76.45 mL/mg/s against β-D-glucan, respectively, suggesting that CoCel5A has high affinity and catalytic efficiency. These properties supported the potential application of CoCel5A in biotechnological and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Shui Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Qian Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua, 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local, Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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