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Romanucci V, Pagano R, Kandhari K, Zarrelli A, Petrone M, Agarwal C, Agarwal R, Di Fabio G. 7- O-tyrosyl Silybin Derivatives as a Novel Set of Anti-Prostate Cancer Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:418. [PMID: 38671866 PMCID: PMC11047488 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Silybin is a natural compound extensively studied for its hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer properties. Envisioning the enhancement of silybin potential by suitable modifications in its chemical structure, here, a series of new 7-O-alkyl silybins derivatives were synthesized by the Mitsunobu reaction starting from the silybins and tyrosol-based phenols, such as tyrosol (TYR, 3), 3-methoxytyrosol (MTYR, 4), and 3-hydroxytyrosol (HTYR, 5). This research sought to explore the antioxidant and anticancer properties of eighteen new derivatives and their mechanisms. In particular, the antioxidant properties of new derivatives outlined by the DPPH assay showed a very pronounced activity depending on the tyrosyl moiety (HTYR > MTYR >> TYR). A significant contribution of the HTYR moiety was observed for silybins and 2,3-dehydro-silybin-based derivatives. According to the very potent antioxidant activity, 2,3-dehydro-silybin derivatives 15ab, 15a, and 15b exerted the most potent anticancer activity in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis for cell cycle and apoptosis revealed that 15ab, 15a, and 15b induce strong G1 phase arrest and increase late apoptotic population in PC-3 cells. Additionally, Western blotting for apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 confirmed apoptosis induction by these silybin derivatives in PC-3 cells. These findings hold significant importance in the investigation of anticancer properties of silybin derivatives and strongly encourage swift investigation in pre-clinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Rita Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (C.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Petrone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (C.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (C.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
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de Raffele D, Ilie IM. Unlocking novel therapies: cyclic peptide design for amyloidogenic targets through synergies of experiments, simulations, and machine learning. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:632-645. [PMID: 38131333 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Existing therapies for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's address only their symptoms and do not prevent disease onset. Common therapeutic agents, such as small molecules and antibodies struggle with insufficient selectivity, stability and bioavailability, leading to poor performance in clinical trials. Peptide-based therapeutics are emerging as promising candidates, with successful applications for cardiovascular diseases and cancers due to their high bioavailability, good efficacy and specificity. In particular, cyclic peptides have a long in vivo stability, while maintaining a robust antibody-like binding affinity. However, the de novo design of cyclic peptides is challenging due to the lack of long-lived druggable pockets of the target polypeptide, absence of exhaustive conformational distributions of the target and/or the binder, unknown binding site, methodological limitations, associated constraints (failed trials, time, money) and the vast combinatorial sequence space. Hence, efficient alignment and cooperation between disciplines, and synergies between experiments and simulations complemented by popular techniques like machine-learning can significantly speed up the therapeutic cyclic-peptide development for neurodegenerative diseases. We review the latest advancements in cyclic peptide design against amyloidogenic targets from a computational perspective in light of recent advancements and potential of machine learning to optimize the design process. We discuss the difficulties encountered when designing novel peptide-based inhibitors and we propose new strategies incorporating experiments, simulations and machine learning to design cyclic peptides to inhibit the toxic propagation of amyloidogenic polypeptides. Importantly, these strategies extend beyond the mere design of cyclic peptides and serve as template for the de novo generation of (bio)materials with programmable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria de Raffele
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ioana M Ilie
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Moore KBE, Horgan NG, Lenters B, Fortin JS. Diabetes mellitus drug discovery: insights into targeting feline and human amylin with small molecules. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-12. [PMID: 37729105 PMCID: PMC10557562 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2260442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a health concern for both humans and cats, with cases rising over the past decade. Around 70% of patients from either species exhibit pancreatic aggregates of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a protein that proves toxic upon misfolding. These misfolded protein aggregates congregate in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, diminishing the capability of β-cells to produce insulin and further perpetuating disease. OBJECTIVE Our team's drug discovery program is investigating newly synthesized compounds that could diminish aggregates of both human and feline IAPP, potentially disrupting the progression of T2D. MATERIAL AND METHODS We prepared 24 compounds derived from diaryl urea, as ureas have previously demonstrated great potential at reducing accumulations of misfolded proteins. Biophysical methods were employed to analyze the anti-aggregation activity of these compounds at inhibiting and/or disrupting IAPP fibril formation in vitro. RESULTS The results demonstrate that compounds 12 and 24 were most effective at reducing the fibrillization and aggregation of both human and feline IAPP. When compared with the control for each experiment, samples treated with either compound 12 or 24 exhibited fewer accumulations of amyloid-like fibrils. CONCLUSION Urea-based compounds, such as compounds 12 and 24, may prove crucial in future pre-clinical studies in the search for therapeutics for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B. E. Moore
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Natalie G. Horgan
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brooke Lenters
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jessica S. Fortin
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Roy R, Paul S. Illustrating the Effect of Small Molecules Derived from Natural Resources on Amyloid Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:600-615. [PMID: 36638829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The onset of amyloidogenic diseases is associated with the misfolding and aggregation of proteins. Despite extensive research, no effective therapeutics are yet available to treat these chronic degenerative diseases. Targeting the aggregation of disease-specific proteins is regarded as a promising new approach to treat these diseases. In the past few years, rapid progress in this field has been made in vitro, in vivo, and in silico to generate potential drug candidates, ranging from small molecules to polymers to nanoparticles. Small molecular probes, mostly those derived from natural sources, have been of particular interest among amyloid inhibitors. Here, we summarize some of the most important natural small molecular probes which can inhibit the aggregation of Aβ, hIAPP, and α-syn peptides and discuss how their binding efficacy and preference for the peptides vary with their structure and conformation. This provides a comprehensive idea of the crucial factors which should be incorporated into the future design of novel drug candidates useful for the treatment of amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam-781039, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam-781039, India
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Novel Hominid-Specific IAPP Isoforms: Potential Biomarkers of Early Alzheimer's Disease and Inhibitors of Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010167. [PMID: 36671553 PMCID: PMC9856209 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and aims: Amyloidosis due to aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ42) is a key pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas aggregation of mature islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP37) in human islets leads to β-cell dysfunction. The aim of this study is to uncover potential biomarkers that might additionally point to therapy for early AD patients. (2) Methods: We used bioinformatic approach to uncover novel IAPP isoforms and developed a quantitative selective reaction monitoring (SRM) proteomic assay to measure their peptide levels in human plasma and CSF from individuals with early AD and controls, as well as postmortem cerebrum of clinical confirmed AD and controls. We used Thioflavin T amyloid reporter assay to measure the IAPP isoform fibrillation propensity and anti-amyloid potential against aggregation of Aβ42 and IAPP37. (3) Results: We uncovered hominid-specific IAPP isoforms: hIAPPβ, which encodes an elongated propeptide, and hIAPPγ, which is processed to mature IAPP25 instead of IAPP37. We found that hIAPPβ was significantly reduced in the plasma of AD patients with the accuracy of 89%. We uncovered that IAPP25 and a GDNF derived DNSP11 were nonaggregating peptides that inhibited the aggregation of IAPP37 and Aβ42. (4) Conclusions: The novel peptides derived from hIAPP isoforms have potential to serve as blood-derived biomarkers for early AD and be developed as peptide based anti-amyloid medicine.
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Controlling amyloid formation of intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides: slowing down or speeding up? Essays Biochem 2022; 66:959-975. [PMID: 35975807 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathological assembly of intrinsically disordered proteins/peptides (IDPs) into amyloid fibrils is associated with a range of human pathologies, including neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases and systemic amyloidosis. These debilitating disorders affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and the number of people affected is increasing sharply. However, the discovery of therapeutic agents has been immensely challenging largely because of (i) the diverse number of aggregation pathways and the multi-conformational and transient nature of the related proteins or peptides and (ii) the under-development of experimental pipelines for the identification of disease-modifying molecules and their mode-of-action. Here, we describe current approaches used in the search for small-molecule modulators able to control or arrest amyloid formation commencing from IDPs and review recently reported accelerators and inhibitors of amyloid formation for this class of proteins. We compare their targets, mode-of-action and effects on amyloid-associated cytotoxicity. Recent successes in the control of IDP-associated amyloid formation using small molecules highlight exciting possibilities for future intervention in protein-misfolding diseases, despite the challenges of targeting these highly dynamic precursors of amyloid assembly.
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Roy R, Paul S. Disparate Effect of Hybrid Peptidomimetics Containing Isomers of Aminobenzoic Acid on hIAPP Aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10427-10444. [PMID: 36459988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal misfolding of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) in pancreatic β-cells is implicated in the progression of type II diabetes (T2D). With the prevalence of T2D increasing worldwide, preventing the aggregation of hIAPP has been recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy to control this disease. Recently, a class of novel conformationally restricted β-sheet breaker hybrid peptidomimetics (BSBHps) was found to demonstrate efficient inhibitory ability toward amyloid formation of hIAPP. One (Ile26) or more (Gly24 and Ile26) residues in these six-membered peptide sequences, which have been extracted from the amyloidogenic core of hIAPP, N22FGAIL27, are substituted by three different isomers of the conformationally restricted aromatic amino acid, i.e., aminobenzoic acid (β, γ, and δ), to generate these BSBHps. The presence of the nonproteinogenic aminobenzoic acid moiety renders the BSBHps to be more stable toward proteolytic degradation. The different isomeric BSBHps exhibit contrasting influence on the self-assembly of hIAPP. The BSBHps containing β- and γ-aminobenzoic acid can sufficiently prevent hIAPP aggregation, but those with the δ-aminobenzoic group stabilize the β-sheet-rich aggregate of hIAPP. The difference in the angle between the amino and carboxyl groups in the isomers of the aminobenzoic moiety causes the BSBHps to attain discrete conformation and hence leads to variation in their binding preference with hIAPP and ultimately their inhibitory potency. This guides the pathway for the dissimilar effect of BSBHps on peptide aggregation and, therefore, provides insights into the design considerations for novel drugs against T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati781039, Assam, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati781039, Assam, India
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Picone P, Sanfilippo T, Vasto S, Baldassano S, Guggino R, Nuzzo D, Bulone D, San Biagio PL, Muscolino E, Monastero R, Dispenza C, Giacomazza D. From Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’sDisease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101344. [PMID: 36291553 PMCID: PMC9599460 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques, which are extracellular deposits mainly constituted by beta-amyloids, and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) located in the cytoplasm of neurons. Although the research has made relevant progress in the management of the disease, the treatment is still lacking. Only symptomatic medications exist for the disease, and, in the meantime, laboratories worldwide are investigating disease-modifying treatments for AD. In the present review, results centered on the use of peptides of different sizes involved in AD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sanfilippo
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituti Euro-Mediterranei di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Via M. Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossella Guggino
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Muscolino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
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Wang Y, Hu T, Wei J, Yin X, Gao Z, Li H. Inhibitory activities of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on amyloid aggregation related to type 2 diabetes and the possible structural requirements for polyphenol in inhibiting the nucleation phase of hIAPP aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:531-540. [PMID: 35724902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP)-mediated cytotoxicity is identified as a potential target for developing new anti-diabetic molecules. Herein, we investigated the effect of the major bioactive compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis), including baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and oroxylin A, on hIAPP aggregation. We found that all of these compounds inhibited hIAPP fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner. But baicalein and baicalin, especially baicalein are more effective than wogonin and oroxylin A in stabilizing hIAPP monomers and eliminating toxic hIAPP assembly, suggesting that flavonoids with ortho-hydroxyl group on the A-ring exhibited higher anti-hIAPP nucleation potential than those without this structure. This stimulated our interest in further studying the possible structure-activity relationship between polyphenol and hIAPP aggregation inhibition. Our results demonstrated that flavonoids with ortho-hydroxyl group on the B-ring are also more effective against hIAPP nucleation than those without this structure. These results suggest that the ortho-hydroxybenzene structure is a key structural feature required for polyphenols to effectively inhibit hIAPP nucleation. This was further confirmed by the effect of polyphenoland phenols in inhibiting hIAPP nucleation. The conclusion that pyrogallol-type polyphenols are potential lead inhibitors may provide a valuable structural template for the further development of polyphenol-based inhibitor of amyloid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ting Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Hailing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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