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Tsai YF, Chan LP, Chen YK, Su CW, Hsu CW, Wang YY, Yuan SSF. RAD51 is a poor prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:231. [PMID: 37798649 PMCID: PMC10552296 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES RAD51 overexpression has been reported to serve as a marker of poor prognosis in several cancer types. This study aimed to survey the role of RAD51 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and whether RAD51 could be a potential therapeutic target. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAD51 protein expression, assessed by immunohistochemical staining, was used to examine associations with survival and clinicopathological profiles of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lentiviral infection was used to knock down or overexpress RAD51. The influence of RAD51 on the biological profile of oral cancer cells was evaluated. Cell viability and apoptosis after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and irradiation were analyzed. Co-treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and B02, a RAD51 inhibitor, was used to examine additional cytotoxic effects. RESULTS Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients with higher RAD51 expression exhibited worse survival, especially those treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. RAD51 overexpression promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in oral cancer cells in vitro. Higher tumorsphere formation ability was observed in RAD51 overexpressing oral cancer cells. However, the expression of oral cancer stem cell markers did not change in immunoblotting analysis. Co-treatment with RAD51 inhibitor B02 and cisplatin, compared with cisplatin alone, significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells. CONCLUSION RAD51 is a poor prognostic marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma. High RAD51 protein expression associates with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Addition of B02 significantly increased the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. These findings suggest that RAD51 protein may function as a treatment target for oral cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Number: KMUHIRB-E(I)-20190009 Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, approved on 20190130, Retrospective registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Cohort Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Su
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Hsu
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Razzuoli E, Chirullo B, De Ciucis CG, Mecocci S, Martini I, Zoccola R, Campanella C, Varello K, Petrucci P, Di Meo A, Bozzetta E, Tarantino M, Goria M, Modesto P. Animal models of Soft Tissue Sarcoma for alternative anticancer therapy studies: characterization of the A-72 Canine Cell Line. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1615-1627. [PMID: 37038001 PMCID: PMC10484808 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS) cell line A-72 has been largely employed for antiviral and antiproliferative studies. However, there are few information on their characteristics. Our aim was to evaluate A-72 expression level of genes and proteins involved in the innate immune response and cell cycle, their ability to respond to infective stressors and their possible use as a cellular model for anti-cancer studies in human and animal medicine. For this purpose, we evaluated the basal expression of immune-related, cell cycle and DNA repair genes on this cell line and tumoral tissues. A-72 ability to respond to a wild-type strain of Salmonella typhimurium was assessed. S. typhimurium showed ability to penetrate A-72 causing pro-inflammatory response accompanied by a decrease of cell viability. IL10 and IL18 genes were not expressed in A-72 while CXCL8, NOS2, CXCR4 and PTEN were highly expressed in all samples and TP53 was slightly expressed, as shown in human STS. Our results outline the ability of A-72 to respond to a bacterial agent by modifying the expression of important genes involved in innate immune response and provide a useful model for in vitro evaluation of new therapeutic approaches that could be translated into the human oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Martini
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Zoccola
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Campanella
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Petrucci
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Meo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Tarantino
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Goria
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
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Font A, Domenech M, Ramirez JL, Marqués M, Benítez R, Ruiz de Porras V, Gago JL, Carrato C, Sant F, Lopez H, Castellano D, Malats N, Calle ML, Real FX. Predictive signature of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer integrating mRNA expression, taxonomic subtypes, and clinicopathological features. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1155244. [PMID: 37588099 PMCID: PMC10426739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by cystectomy is the standard of care in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Pathological response has been associated with longer survival, but no currently available clinicopathological variables can identify patients likely to respond, highlighting the need for predictive biomarkers. We sought to identify a predictive signature of response to NAC integrating clinical score, taxonomic subtype, and gene expression. Material and methods From 1994 to 2014, pre-treatment tumor samples were collected from MIBC patients (stage T2-4N0/+M0) at two Spanish hospitals. A clinical score was determined based on stage, hydronephrosis and histology. Taxonomic subtypes (BASQ, luminal, and mixed) were identified by immunohistochemistry. A custom set of 41 genes involved in DNA damage repair and immune response was analyzed in 84 patients with the NanoString nCounter platform. Genes related to pathological response were identified by LASSO penalized logistic regression. NAC consisted of cisplatin/methotrexate/vinblastine until 2000, after which most patients received cisplatin/gemcitabine. The capacity of the integrated signature to predict pathological response was assessed with AUC. Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Results LASSO selected eight genes to be included in the signature (RAD51, IFNγ, CHEK1, CXCL9, c-MET, KRT14, HERC2, FOXA1). The highest predictive accuracy was observed with the inclusion in the model of only three genes (RAD51, IFNɣ, CHEK1). The integrated clinical-taxonomic-gene expression signature including these three genes had a higher predictive ability (AUC=0.71) than only clinical score plus taxonomic subtype (AUC=0.58) or clinical score alone (AUC=0.56). This integrated signature was also significantly associated with OS (p=0.02) and DSS (p=0.02). Conclusions We have identified a predictive signature for response to NAC in MIBC patients that integrates the expression of three genes with clinicopathological characteristics and taxonomic subtypes. Prospective studies to validate these results are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Font
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Domenech
- Medical Oncology Department, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Ramirez
- Hematology Service, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Miriam Marqués
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Benítez
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), and CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L. Gago
- Urology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Sant
- Pathology Department, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | - Hector Lopez
- Urology Department, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), and CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Luz Calle
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco X. Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Cancer Network (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Tsujimoto A, Matsuo N, Lai X, Inoue T, Yoda H, Lin J, Shinozaki Y, Watanabe T, Koshikawa N, Takatori A, Nagase H. Use of DNA-alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamides for anti-cancer drug sensitivity screening in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5821-5832. [PMID: 36262061 PMCID: PMC10028039 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating mutations of the KRAS occurs in >90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases. However, direct pharmacological targeting of the activated KRAS protein has been challenging. We previously reported that KR12, a DNA-alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamide designed to recognize the KRAS G12D/V mutation, showed an anti-tumor effect in colorectal cancer. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effect of KR12 in PDAC. METHODS KR12 was synthesized by an automated peptide synthesizer PSSM-8 and tested for anti-tumor effect in PDAC mouse models. RESULT KR12 inhibited tumor growth in a spontaneous PDAC mouse model, although the anti-tumor activity appeared to be limited in a human PDAC xenograft model. We developed a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide screening process based on the hypothesis that genetic elements otherwise unaffected by KR12 could exert attenuating effects on KRAS-suppression-resistant PDAC. We identified RAD51 as a potential therapeutic target in human PDAC cells. A RAD51 inhibitor showed an inhibitory effect on cell growth and affected the cytotoxic activity of KR12 in PDAC cells. CONCLUSION These data suggested that the simultaneous inhibition of RAD51 and mutant KRAS blockage would be an important therapeutic strategy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tsujimoto
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Niina Matsuo
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Lai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoda
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jason Lin
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Watanabe
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Koshikawa
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takatori
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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Liu C, Zhou X, Jin J, Zhu Q, Li L, Yin Q, Xu T, Gu W, Ma F, Yang R. The Association Between Breast Cancer and Blood-Based Methylation of CD160, ISYNA1 and RAD51B in the Chinese Population. Front Genet 2022; 13:927519. [PMID: 35812748 PMCID: PMC9261985 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.927519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified DNA methylation signatures in the white blood cells as potential biomarkers for breast cancer (BC) in the European population. Here, we investigated the association between BC and blood-based methylation of cluster of differentiation 160 (CD160), inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 (ISYNA1) and RAD51 paralog B (RAD51B) genes in the Chinese population. Peripheral blood samples were collected from two independent case-control studies with a total of 272 sporadic early-stage BC cases (76.5% at stage I&II) and 272 cancer-free female controls. Mass spectrometry was applied to quantitatively measure the levels of DNA methylation. The logistic regression and non-parametric tests were used for the statistical analyses. In contrast to the protective effects reported in European women, we reported the blood-based hypomethylation in CD160, ISYNA1 and RAD51B as risk factors for BC in the Chinese population (CD160_CpG_3, CD160_CpG_4/cg20975414, ISYNA1_CpG_2, RAD51B_CpG_3 and RAD51B_CpG_4; odds ratios (ORs) per -10% methylation ranging from 1.08 to 1.67, p < 0.05 for all). Moreover, hypomethylation of CD160, ISYNA1 and RAD51B was significantly correlated with age, BC subtypes including estrogen receptor (ER)-negative BC tumors, triple negative tumors, BC cases with larger size, advanced stages and more lymph node involvement. Our results supported the report in European women that BC is associated with altered methylation of CD160, ISYNA1 and RAD51B in the peripheral blood, although the effects are opposite in the Chinese population. The difference between the two populations may be due to variant genetic background or life styles, implicating that the validations of epigenetic biomarkers in variant ethnic groups are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiajie Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialie Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanjian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Rongxi Yang,
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Liu H, Weng J. A Pan-Cancer Bioinformatic Analysis of RAD51 Regarding the Values for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Prediction. Front Oncol 2022; 12:858756. [PMID: 35359409 PMCID: PMC8960930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.858756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RAD51, a critical protein for DNA repairment, has been found to associate with multiple cancer types, but, so far, a systematic pan-cancer analysis of RAD51 has not been done yet. Methods Data were obtained from multiple open databases and genetic alteration, gene expression, survival association, functional enrichment, stemness, mutation association, immunity association, and drug therapy association of RAD51were analyzed. A prognostic model of RAD51 for overall glioma was constructed as an example application of RAD51 as a biomarker. Results RAD51 was overexpressed in 28 types of cancers and was associated with worse overall survival in 11 cancer types. RAD51 correlated genes were enriched in cell cycle terms. RAD51 was associated with cancer stemness, tumor mutational burden, and multiple immunomodulators in different cancer types. RAD51 expression was different across immune subtypes in 11 cancer types. RAD51 was closely associated with cancer immune microenvironments in some cancer types. Proliferating T cells was the cell type that expressed highest RAD51 across most of the cancer samples analyzed. RAD51 expression had an AUC of over 0.5 in 12 of the 23 ICB subcohorts. The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion of 9 cancer types were different between RAD51 high and low groups. RAD51 expression showed negative correlations with the sensitivity of most drugs. A prognostic nomogram was constructed with a high confidence. Conclusion RAD51 is a clinical valuable biomarker for multiple cancer types, regarding its potential power for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieling Weng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu R, Patel A, Tokumaru Y, Asaoka M, Oshi M, Yan L, Ishikawa T, Takabe K. High RAD51 gene expression is associated with aggressive biology and with poor survival in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 193:49-63. [PMID: 35249172 PMCID: PMC8995390 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the DNA repair mechanism is important in preventing carcinogenesis, its activation in established cancer cells may support their proliferation and aggravate cancer progression. RAD51 cooperates with BRCA2 and is essential in the homologous recombination of DNA repair. To this end, we hypothesized that RAD51 gene expression is associated with cancer cell proliferation and poor prognosis of breast cancer (BC) patients. METHODS A total of 8515 primary BC patients with transcriptome and clinical data from 17 independent cohorts were analyzed. The median value was used to divide each cohort into high and low RAD51 expression groups. RESULTS High RAD51 expression enriched the DNA repair gene set and was correlated with DNA repair-related genes. Nottingham histological grade, Ki67 expression and cell proliferation-related gene sets (E2F Targets, G2M Checkpoint and Myc Targets) were all significantly associated with the high RAD51 BC group. RAD51 expression was positively correlated with Homologous Recombination Deficiency, as well as both mutational burden and neoantigens that accompanied a higher infiltration of immune cells. Primary BC with lymph node metastases was associated with high expression of RAD51 in two cohorts. There was no strong correlation between RAD51 expression and drug sensitivity in cell lines, and RAD51 expression was lower after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to before the treatment. High RAD51 BC was associated with poor prognosis consistently in three independent cohorts. CONCLUSION RAD51 gene expression is associated with aggressive cancer biology, cancer cell proliferation, and poor survival in breast cancer.
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Mori H, Tanoue S, Takaji R, Ueda S, Okahara M, Ueda SS. Arterial Administration of DNA Crosslinking Agents with Restraint of Homologous Recombination Repair by Intravenous Low-Dose Gemcitabine Is Effective for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010220. [PMID: 35008384 PMCID: PMC8750330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is considered incurable, and most cases are detected in the advanced stages. Establishing a new, effective interventional treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer is a pressing issue. Pretreatment with gemcitabine had a restraining effect on the homologous DNA recombination repair (HRR) of DNA crosslinking, inhibiting the function of Rad51, of which expression is found to be increased in pancreatic cancer. The aim of our prospective study was to assess the potential value of the arterial administration of DNA crosslinking agents after intravenous administration of low-dose gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. We confirmed, among forty-five patients with unresectable advanced pancreatic cancer, that a patient subgroup of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC, 10 patients) who underwent these treatment courses successively more than twice in the first 6 months had 33 months of overall survival, 31 months of local progression free survival, and a complete response of 40%. This treatment can be a new treatment option for LAPC. Abstract (1) Background: Pretreatment by Rad51-inhibitory substances such as gemcitabine followed by arterial chemotherapy using antineoplastic agents causing DNA crosslink might be more beneficial for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancers than conventional treatments. The efficacy of arterial administration of DNA crosslinking agents with pretreatment of intravenous low-dose gemcitabine for patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer (LAPC or MPC) is evaluated. (2) Methods: A single-arm, single-center, institutional review board-approved prospective study was conducted between 2005 and 2015. Forty-five patients (23 LAPC, 22 MPC) were included. Patients received a weekly low dose of gemcitabine intravenously for three weeks followed by arterial administration of mitomycin C and epirubicin hydrochloride at tumor-supplying arteries on the fifth or sixth week. This treatment course was repeated at 1.5-to-2-month intervals. Overall survival (OS), local progression-free survival (LPFS), and therapeutic response were evaluated. LAPC or MPC were divided according to treatment compliance, excellent or poor (1 or 2), to subgroups L1, L2, M1, and M2. (3) Results: OS of LAPC and MPC were 23 months and 13 months, respectively. The OS of LAPC with excellent treatment compliance (subgroup L1, 10 patients) was 33 months with 31 months of LPFS, and four patients (40%) had a complete response (CR). The OS of the L1 subgroup was significantly longer than those of other subgroups L2, M1, and M2, which were 17 months, 17 months, and 8 months, respectively. As Grade 3 adverse effects, severe bone marrow suppression, interstitial pneumonitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome were observed in six (13.0%), three (6.5%), and three (6.5%) patients, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Arterial DNA crosslinking with the systemic restraint of homologous recombination repair can be a new treatment option for LAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Mori
- Department of Radiology, Nagato Memorial Hospital, Saiki 876-0835, Japan;
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-4270-0753
| | - Shuichi Tanoue
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryo Takaji
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Shinya Ueda
- Department of Radiology, Nagato Memorial Hospital, Saiki 876-0835, Japan;
- San-Ai Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Oita 870-1151, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Shin-Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-8538, Japan
| | - Mika Okahara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan; (S.T.); (R.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Shin-Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-8538, Japan
| | - Saori Sugi Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin-Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-8538, Japan;
- San-Ai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Oita 870-115, Japan
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9
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Xu H, Xiong C, Chen Y, Zhang C, Bai D. Identification of Rad51 as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2664-2675. [PMID: 34115569 PMCID: PMC8806544 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1938470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad51, a DNA-repair-related gene, has been reported to be involved in multiple cancers. However, its link with immune infiltration in liver cancer still unknown. Therefore, more research into the roles and activities of Rad51 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is required. The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was used to identify the DNA repair gene Rad51, and has been proved to be overexpressed in HCC patients. We plotted the Kapan-Meier curve, demonstrating that patients with high expression of Rad51 have a poor prognosis. By analyzing the patient data, we discovered that high expression of Rad51 in HCC is linked to clinical stage, pathological T stage, grade, and age. Rad51 was found to be an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients using the multivariate cox model. Moreover, Rad51 expression was found to be associated with the infiltration of immune cells (B cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and was intimately linked to the expression of immune cell markers in HCC. Through the analysis of differentially coexpressed genes (DCGs) of Rad51, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that the expression level of Rad51 might be relevant to neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, the cell cycle, DNA replication, homologous recombination, oocyte meiosis, and the Fanconi anemia pathway. These findings indicated that Rad51 is a valuable biomarker for the prognosis of patients with liver cancer and that its expression has a significant correlation with immune infiltrations.Abbreviations: HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; ICGC: International Cancer Genome Consortium TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; TIMER: Tumor Immune Estimation Resource; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; GEPIA: Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis; GSEA: Gene set enrichment analysis; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; RFS: relapse-free survival; DSS: disease-specific survival. Partial cor: partial correlation coefficient; HPA: Human Protein Atlas; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; DCGs: differentially co-expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chen Xiong
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dousheng Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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10
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Wattenberg MM, Reiss KA. Determinants of Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4716. [PMID: 34572943 PMCID: PMC8466888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a treatment-resistant malignancy associated with high mortality. However, defective homologous recombination (HR), a DNA repair mechanism required for high-fidelity repair of double-strand DNA breaks, is a therapeutic vulnerability. Consistent with this, a subset of patients with pancreatic cancer show unique tumor responsiveness to HR-dependent DNA damage triggered by certain treatments (platinum chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors). While pathogenic mutations in HR genes are a major driver of this sensitivity, another layer of diverse tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate the HR deficiency (HRD) phenotype. Defining the mechanisms that drive HRD may guide the development of novel strategies and therapeutics to induce treatment sensitivity in non-HRD tumors. Here, we discuss the complexity underlying HRD in pancreatic cancer and highlight implications for identifying and treating this distinct subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Wattenberg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim A. Reiss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Chen CC, Chen CY, Cheng SF, Shieh TM, Leu YL, Chuang WY, Liu KT, Ueng SH, Shih YH, Chou LF, Wang TH. Hydroxygenkwanin Increases the Sensitivity of Liver Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy by Inhibiting DNA Damage Response in Mouse Xenograft Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189766. [PMID: 34575923 PMCID: PMC8471855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules involved in DNA damage response (DDR) are often overexpressed in cancer cells, resulting in poor responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although treatment efficacy can be improved with the concomitant use of DNA repair inhibitors, the accompanying side effects can compromise the quality of life of patients. Therefore, in this study, we identified a natural compound that could inhibit DDR, using the single-strand annealing yeast-cell analysis system, and explored its mechanisms of action and potential as a chemotherapy adjuvant in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines using comet assay, flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and functional analyses. We developed a mouse model to verify the in vitro findings. We found that hydroxygenkwanin (HGK) inhibited the expression of RAD51 and progression of homologous recombination, thereby suppressing the ability of the HCC cell lines to repair DNA damage and enhancing their sensitivity to doxorubicin. HGK inhibited the phosphorylation of DNA damage checkpoint proteins, leading to apoptosis in the HCC cell lines. In the mouse xenograft model, HGK enhanced the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to doxorubicin without any physiological toxicity. Thus, HGK can inhibit DDR in liver cancer cells and mouse models, making it suitable for use as a chemotherapy adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yu Chuang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (W.-Y.C.); (S.-H.U.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ting Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32551, Taiwan
| | - Shir-Hwa Ueng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (W.-Y.C.); (S.-H.U.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-F.C.); (T.-H.W.)
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-F.C.); (T.-H.W.)
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12
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JuknytĖ G, LaurinaitytĖ I, VilkeviČiŪtĖ A, GedvilaitĖ G, GlebauskienĖ B, KriauČiŪnienĖ L, LiutkeviČienĖ R. TBX15 rs98422, DNM3 rs1011731, RAD51B rs8017304, and rs2588809 Gene Polymorphisms and Associations With Pituitary Adenoma. In Vivo 2021; 35:815-826. [PMID: 33622874 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign tumor of parenchymal cells in the adenohypophysis, and it's development is strongly associated with genetic factors.This study aim was to find whether TBX15 rs98422, DNM3 rs1011731, RAD51B rs8017304, and rs2588809 single nucleotide polymorphisms can be associated with pituitary adenoma. While the TBX15 gene belongs to the T-box family of genes and is a transcription factor involved in many developmental processes, the DNM3 encodes a protein that is a member of the dynamin family with mechanochemical properties involved in actin-membrane processes, predominantly in membrane budding, and the RAD51B gene plays a significant role in homologous recombination in DNA repair for genome stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study enrolled 113 patients with pituitary adenoma and 283 healthy control subjects. DNA samples were extracted and purified from peripheral blood leukocytes. Genotyping was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were assessed using binomial logistic regression. RESULTS Our study revealed that RAD51B rs2588809 TT genotype could be associated with PA development in the co-dominant (OR=6.833; 95% CI=2.557-18.262; p<0.001) and recessive (OR=7.066; 95% CI=2.667-18.722; p<0.001) models. The same results were observed in females but not in males and PA without recurrence, while in PA with recurrence, no statistically significant results were obtained. CONCLUSION RAD51B rs2588809 TT genotype may increase the odds of PA development in women; it may also be associated with non-recurrent PA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabija JuknytĖ
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inga LaurinaitytĖ
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvita VilkeviČiŪtĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta GedvilaitĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Brigita GlebauskienĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa KriauČiŪnienĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa LiutkeviČienĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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13
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Kang K, Choi Y, Moon H, You C, Seo M, Kwon G, Yun J, Beck B, Kang K. Epigenomic Analysis of RAD51 ChIP-seq Data Reveals cis-regulatory Elements Associated with Autophagy in Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112547. [PMID: 34067336 PMCID: PMC8196894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary RAD51 is a key enzyme involved in homologous recombination during DNA double-strand break repair. However, recent studies suggest that non-canonical roles of RAD51 may exist. The aim of our study was to assess regulatory roles of RAD51 by reanalyzing RAD51 ChIP-seq data in GM12878, HepG2, K562, and MCF-7 cell lines. We identified 5137, 2611, 7192, and 3498 RAD51-associated cis-regulatory elements in GM12878, HepG2, K562, and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Intriguingly, gene ontology analysis revealed that promoters of the autophagy pathway-related genes were most significantly occupied by RAD51 in all four cell lines, predicting a non-canonical role of RAD51 in regulating autophagy-related genes. Abstract RAD51 is a recombinase that plays a pivotal role in homologous recombination. Although the role of RAD51 in homologous recombination has been extensively studied, it is unclear whether RAD51 can be involved in gene regulation as a co-factor. In this study, we found evidence that RAD51 may contribute to the regulation of genes involved in the autophagy pathway with E-box proteins such as USF1, USF2, and/or MITF in GM12878, HepG2, K562, and MCF-7 cell lines. The canonical USF binding motif (CACGTG) was significantly identified at RAD51-bound cis-regulatory elements in all four cell lines. In addition, genome-wide USF1, USF2, and/or MITF-binding regions significantly coincided with the RAD51-associated cis-regulatory elements in the same cell line. Interestingly, the promoters of genes associated with the autophagy pathway, such as ATG3 and ATG5, were significantly occupied by RAD51 and regulated by RAD51 in HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Taken together, these results unveiled a novel role of RAD51 and provided evidence that RAD51-associated cis-regulatory elements could possibly be involved in regulating autophagy-related genes with E-box binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.M.); (M.S.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +82-41-550-3456 (K.K.); +82-43-261-2295 (K.K.)
| | - Yoonjung Choi
- Deargen Inc., 193, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34051, Korea; (Y.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Hyeonjin Moon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.M.); (M.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chaelin You
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (C.Y.); (G.K.)
| | - Minjin Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.M.); (M.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Geunho Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (C.Y.); (G.K.)
| | - Jahyun Yun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.M.); (M.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Boram Beck
- Deargen Inc., 193, Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34051, Korea; (Y.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Kyuho Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (C.Y.); (G.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +82-41-550-3456 (K.K.); +82-43-261-2295 (K.K.)
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14
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Wahyuni EA, Lin HD, Lu CW, Kao CM, Chen SC. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of single and combined fenthion and terbufos treatments in human liver cells and zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143597. [PMID: 33221015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of genotoxicity of the individual and combined pesticides of terbufos and fenthion were evaluated using HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos. We determined genotoxicity by neutral comet assay and phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX), which indicated that cells treated with terbufos and/or fenthion caused DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The combination of these pesticides at the equimolar concentration (40 μM) exhibited less toxicity, genotoxicity, and did not impact DNA homologous recombination (HR) repair activity compare to terbufos or fenthion alone treatment. In HepG2 cells, terbufos, fenthion and their combination decreased only Xrcc2 expression (one of DNA HR repair genes). Moreover, the combined pesticides decreased Xrcc6 expression (one of DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair genes). In addition, only terbufos or fenthion decreased XRCC2 protein expression, while Ku70 was impacted in all of the treated cells irrespective of up or down regulation. In zebrafish embryos, only fenthion impaired HR genes (Rad51 and Rad18) expression at 24 h. After 48 h exposure to pesticides, the combined pesticides elevated HR genes (Rad51 and Xrcc2) expression while terbufos or fenthion inhibited the expression of these four genes (Rad51, Rad18, Xrcc2, Xrcc6). In addition, the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos with fenthion or the combined pesticide at 72 hpf was significantly impaired. Collectively, terbufos and/or fenthion in combining caused DSBs in HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos. Moreover, the specific mechanism of combined pesticide both HepG2 and zebrafish embryos revealed antagonism interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ari Wahyuni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan; Department of Natural Science Education, University of Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Heng-Dao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Chih Ming Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.
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15
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Xiao Y, Jin L, Deng C, Guan Y, Kalogera E, Ray U, Thirusangu P, Staub J, Sarkar Bhattacharya S, Xu H, Fang X, Shridhar V. Inhibition of PFKFB3 induces cell death and synergistically enhances chemosensitivity in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:1409-1424. [PMID: 33420377 PMCID: PMC7906909 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer (EC) has a poor prognosis because of chemoresistance. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a glycolytic enzyme, is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and plays important roles in promoting tumor cell growth. Here, we showed that high expression of PFKFB3 in EC cell lines is associated with chemoresistance. Pharmacological inhibition of PFKFB3 with PFK158 and or genetic downregulation of PFKFB3 dramatically suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced the sensitivity of EC cells to carboplatin (CBPt) and cisplatin (Cis). Moreover, PFKFB3 inhibition resulted in reduced glucose uptake, ATP production, and lactate release. Notably, we found that PFK158 with CBPt or Cis exerted strong synergistic antitumor activity in chemoresistant EC cell lines, HEC-1B and ARK-2 cells. We also found that the combination of PFK158 and CBPt/Cis induced apoptosis- and autophagy-mediated cell death through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we found that PFK158 downregulated the CBPt/Cis-induced upregulation of RAD51 expression and enhanced CBPt/Cis-induced DNA damage as demonstrated by an increase in γ-H2AX levels in HEC-1B and ARK-2 cells, potentially revealing a means to enhance PFK158-induced chemosensitivity. More importantly, PFK158 treatment, either as monotherapy or in combination with CBPt, led to a marked reduction in tumor growth in two chemoresistant EC mouse xenograft models. These data suggest that PFKFB3 inhibition alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for improved therapeutic efficacy and outcomes of advanced and recurrent EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Xiao
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan P.R. China
| | - Ling Jin
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Chaolin Deng
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Ye Guan
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Eleftheria Kalogera
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Upasana Ray
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Prabhu Thirusangu
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Julie Staub
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Haotian Xu
- grid.254444.70000 0001 1456 7807Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Xiaoling Fang
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan P.R. China
| | - Viji Shridhar
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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16
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Targeting Rad51 as a strategy for the treatment of melanoma cells resistant to MAPK pathway inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:581. [PMID: 32719412 PMCID: PMC7385107 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rad51 is an essential factor of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway and therefore plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability. We show that RAD51 and other homologous recombination repair genes are overexpressed in metastatic melanoma cell lines and in melanoma patient samples, which correlates with reduced survival of melanoma patients. In addition, Rad51 expression in melanoma cells was regulated on a transcriptional level by the MAPK signaling pathway with Elk1 as the main downstream transcriptional effector. Most strikingly, melanoma cells which developed resistance towards MAPK inhibitors could be efficiently targeted by Rad51 inhibitors similar to their sensitive counterparts, leading to DNA damage, G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, the treatment of MAPK inhibitor resistant cells with Rad51 inhibitors enhances the susceptibility of these cells for MAPK inhibitor treatment in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that Rad51 plays a critical role in the survival of metastatic melanoma cells and is a promising target for the therapy of melanoma irrespective of its MAPK inhibitor resistance status.
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17
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Chen S, Gao C, Wu Y, Huang Z. Identification of Prognostic miRNA Signature and Lymph Node Metastasis-Related Key Genes in Cervical Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32457603 PMCID: PMC7226536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs and genes can serve as biomarkers for the prognosis and therapy of cervical tumors whose metastasis into lymph nodes is closely associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Methods R software and Bioconductor packages were employed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. GEO2R detected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GSE7410 dataset originating from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). A Cox proportional hazard regression model was established to select prognostic miRNA biomarkers. Online tools such as TargetScan and miRDB predicted target genes, and overlapping DEGs and target genes were defined as consensus genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology (GO) function annotations were performed to discern the potential functions of consensus genes. STRING and Cytoscape screened key genes and constructed a regulatory network. Results A combination of four miRNAs (down-regulated miR-502 and miR-145, up-regulated miR-142 and miR-33b) was identified as an independent prognostic signature of cervical cancer. A total of 94 consensus genes were significantly enriched in 7 KEGG pathways and 19 GO function annotations including the cAMP signaling pathway, the plasma membrane, integral components of the plasma membrane, cell adhesion, etc. The module analysis suggested that CXCL12, IGF1, PTPRC CDH5, RAD51B, REV3L, and WDHD1 are key genes that significantly correlate with cervical cancer lymph node metastasis. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a four-miRNA signature can be a prognostic biomarker, and seven key genes are significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer patients. These miRNAs and key genes have the potential to be therapeutic targets for cervical cancer. Among them, two miRNAs (miR-502 and miR-33b) and two key genes (PTPRC and CDH5) were first reported to be potential novel biomarkers for cervical cancer. The current study further characterizes the progression of lymph node metastasis and mechanism of cervical tumors; therefore, it provides a novel diagnostic indicator and therapeutic targets for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yangyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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18
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Chiu WC, Fang PT, Lee YC, Wang YY, Su YH, Hu SCS, Chen YK, Tsui YT, Kao YH, Huang MY, Yuan SSF. DNA Repair Protein Rad51 Induces Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma via a p38/Akt-Dependent Pathway. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 27:2090-2101. [PMID: 31749080 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-08043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rad51 is a protein which plays a vital role in DNA double-strand break repair and maintenance of telomeres. However, the underlying mechanism for its action in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-seven patients with ESCC were enrolled in this study. Expression of Rad51 in ESCC was determined by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological variables by Chi square test. The role of Rad51 in patient survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier estimates. The effects of Rad51 knockdown and overexpression on esophageal cancer growth, migration, and invasion were examined using TE8, CE81T, and KYSE70 cells. The mechanisms involved were also analyzed. Nude mice models were used for assessment of tumor growth. RESULTS Rad51 staining was predominantly observed in ESCC patients. ESCC patients with high Rad51 expression had significantly decreased survival (P < 0.001) combined with increased tumor size (P = 0.034) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.039). Rad51 overexpression promoted, while its knockdown attenuated, esophageal cancer cell viability through cell cycle entry and migration/invasion via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, Rad51 overexpression increased colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In addition, high Rad51 expression increased cancer progression through the p38/Akt/Snail signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates a new biological role for Rad51 in ESCC progression. Rad51 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Chiu
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Tzu Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Su
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Center, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tong Tsui
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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19
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Lee JO, Kang MJ, Byun WS, Kim SA, Seo IH, Han JA, Moon JW, Kim JH, Kim SJ, Lee EJ, In Park S, Park SH, Kim HS. Metformin overcomes resistance to cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by targeting RAD51. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:115. [PMID: 31640742 PMCID: PMC6805313 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy is a standard therapeutic regimen to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, chemotherapy alone does not result in significant improvement and often leads to drug resistance in patients. In contrast, combination therapy has proven to be an effective strategy for TNBC treatment. Whether metformin enhances the anticancer effects of cisplatin and prevents cisplatin resistance in TNBC cells has not been reported. Methods Cell viability, wounding healing, and invasion assays were performed on Hs 578T and MDA-MB-231 human TNBC cell lines to demonstrate the anticancer effects of combined cisplatin and metformin treatment compared to treatment with cisplatin alone. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to determine the expression of RAD51 and gamma-H2AX. In an in vivo 4T1 murine breast cancer model, a synergistic anticancer effect of metformin and cisplatin was observed. Results Cisplatin combined with metformin decreased cell viability and metastatic effect more than cisplatin alone. Metformin suppressed cisplatin-mediated RAD51 upregulation by decreasing RAD51 protein stability and increasing its ubiquitination. In contrast, cisplatin increased RAD51 expression in an ERK-dependent manner. In addition, metformin also increased cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of γ-H2AX. Overexpression of RAD51 blocked the metformin-induced inhibition of cell migration and invasion, while RAD51 knockdown enhanced cisplatin activity. Moreover, the combination of metformin and cisplatin exhibited a synergistic anticancer effect in an orthotopic murine model of 4T1 breast cancer in vivo. Conclusions Metformin enhances anticancer effect of cisplatin by downregulating RAD51 expression, which represents a novel therapeutic target in TNBC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Byun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hyeok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Han
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wook Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Pastushok L, Fu Y, Lin L, Luo Y, DeCoteau JF, Lee K, Geyer CR. A Novel Cell-Penetrating Antibody Fragment Inhibits the DNA Repair Protein RAD51. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11227. [PMID: 31375703 PMCID: PMC6677837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging chemotherapies are successful in cancer therapy, however, the damage can be reversed by DNA repair mechanisms that may be up-regulated in cancer cells. We hypothesized that inhibiting RAD51, a protein involved in homologous recombination DNA repair, would block DNA repair and restore the effectiveness of DNA damaging chemotherapy. We used phage-display to generate a novel synthetic antibody fragment that bound human RAD51 with high affinity (KD = 8.1 nM) and inhibited RAD51 ssDNA binding in vitro. As RAD51 is an intracellular target, we created a corresponding intrabody fragment that caused a strong growth inhibitory phenotype on human cells in culture. We then used a novel cell-penetrating peptide "iPTD" fusion to generate a therapeutically relevant antibody fragment that effectively entered living cells and enhanced the cell-killing effect of a DNA alkylating agent. The iPTD may be similarly useful as a cell-penetrating peptide for other antibody fragments and open the door to numerous intracellular targets previously off-limits in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Pastushok
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Advanced Diagnostics Research Lab, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yongpeng Fu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Leo Lin
- iProgen Biotech Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John F DeCoteau
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Advanced Diagnostics Research Lab, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ken Lee
- iProgen Biotech Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - C Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. .,Advanced Diagnostics Research Lab, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada.
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21
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Hu J, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Li L, Zuo W, Han L. High expression of RAD51 promotes DNA damage repair and survival in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30638176 PMCID: PMC6443323 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51 recombinase plays a critical role in homologous recombination and DNA damage repair. Here we showed that expression of RAD51 is frequently upregulated in lung cancer tumors compared with normal tissues and is associated with poor survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 2, P = 0.0009). Systematic investigation of lung cancer cell lines revealed higher expression of RAD51 in KRAS mutant (MT) cells compared to wildtype (WT) cells. We further showed that MT KRAS, but not WT KRAS, played a critical role in RAD51 overexpression via MYC. Moreover, our results revealed that KRAS MT cells are highly dependent on RAD51 for survival and depletion of RAD51 resulted in enhanced DNA double strand breaks, defective colony formation and cell death. Together, our results suggest that mutant KRAS promotes RAD51 expression to enhance DNA damage repair and lung cancer cell survival, suggesting that RAD51 may be an effective therapeutic target to overcome chemo/radioresistance in KRAS mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Hu
- Department of pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Daxing District People's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Cancer center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Li Li
- Cancer center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of respiration, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Daxing District People's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 102600, China
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22
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Jiang S, Lin T, Xie Q, Wang L. Network Analysis of RAD51 Proteins in Metazoa and the Evolutionary Relationships With Their Archaeal Homologs. Front Genet 2018; 9:383. [PMID: 30319685 PMCID: PMC6168637 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 (DNA repair protein RAD51) recombinases are essential for homologous recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. Overexpression of RAD51 proteins has been observed in many cancer cells, such as thyroid carcinoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and others. In Metazoa, there are multiple members of RAD51 (RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, DMC1) (DNA meiotic recombinase 1), XRCC2 (X-ray repair cross-complementing 2), and XRCC3. In this study, we used a protein sequence similarity network (SSN) to analyze the evolutionary relationship within this protein family. The SSN based on the RAD51 proteins from Metazoa indicated that there are several proteins that have yet to be functionally defined. The SSN based on the distribution of the proteins supports the hypothesis that horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in the evolution of RAD51 proteins. Multiple sequence alignments with structural information revealed that the amino acid residues for ATP and Mg2+ are highly conserved. The seven RAD51 proteins in humans are under different selective pressure: RAD51 and DMC1 are under stringent negative selection, while other proteins are subject to relatively relaxed negative selection. Furthermore, the expression levels of the seven genes in different tissues showed that the genes in the same cluster in the phylogenetic tree showed similar expression profiles. Finally, the SSN based on the RAD51 proteins from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes suggested that the eukaryotic RAD51 recombinases share a common ancestor with the archaeal homologs, but XRCC2 may have a different origin. These findings expand the understanding of the evolution and diversity of RAD51 recombinases in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingji Xie
- Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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23
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Han SW, Kim YY, Kang WJ, Kim HC, Ku SY, Kang BC, Yun JW. The Use of Normal Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells for Potential Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Strategy. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:365-380. [PMID: 30603561 PMCID: PMC6171655 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advance in conventional cancer therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy to reduce tumor size, unfortunately cancer mortality and metastatic cancer incidence remain high. Along with a deeper understanding of stem cell biology, cancer stem cell (CSC) is important in targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we review representative patents using not only normal stem cells as therapeutics themselves or delivery vehicles, but also CSCs as targets for anti-cancer strategy. METHODS Relevant patent literatures published between 2005 and 2017 are discussed to present developmental status and experimental results on using normal stem cells and CSCs for cancer therapy and explore potential future directions in this field. RESULTS Stem cells have been considered as important element of regenerative therapy by promoting tissue regeneration. Particularly, there is a growing trend to use stem cells as a target drug-delivery system to reduce undesirable side effects in non-target tissues. Noteworthy, studies on CSC-specific markers for distinguishing CSCs from normal stem cells and mature cancer cells have been conducted as a selective anti-cancer therapy with few side effects. Many researchers have also reported the development of various substances with anticancer effects by targeting CSCs from cancer tissues. CONCLUSION There has been a continuing increase in the number of studies on therapeutic stem cells and CSC-specific markers for selective diagnosis and therapy of cancer. This review focuses on the current status in the use of normal stem cells and CSCs for targeted cancer therapy. Future direction is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Han
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibongro, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ju Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibongro, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-daero, Daehwa-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibongro, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
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24
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Selinexor reduces the expression of DNA damage repair proteins and sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damaging agents. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30773-30786. [PMID: 30112106 PMCID: PMC6089403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The goal of this study was to examine the effects of selinexor, an inhibitor of exportin-1 mediated nuclear export, on DNA damage repair and to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of selinexor in combination with DNA damaging agents (DDAs) in cancer cells. Results Selinexor reduced the expression of DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins. This did not induce significant DNA damage in tested cell lines. Inhibition of DDR protein expression resulted in enhanced cancer cell death when cells were pretreated with DDAs. In contrast, enhanced cell death was not detected in cells that were pretreated with selinexor then with DDAs. In vivo, single-agent selinexor, docetaxel, or cisplatin treatment resulted in 66.7%, 51.5%, and 26.6% tumor growth inhibition (TGI), respectively, in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. Consequently, combination treatment with docetaxel or cisplatin followed by selinexor in vivo resulted in 93.9% and 103.4% TGI, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining and immunoblot analysis of tumor sections confirmed reduced expression of DDR proteins. Conclusion Selinexor treatment inhibited DDR mechanisms in cancer cell lines and therefore potentiated DNA damage-based therapy. The sequential combination of DDAs followed by selinexor increased cancer cell death. This combination is superior to each individual therapy and has a mechanistic rationale as a novel anticancer strategy. Methods Cancer cells treated with selinexor ± DDAs were analyzed using reverse phase protein arrays, immunoblots, quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors were treated with subtherapeutic doses of selinexor, cisplatin, docetaxel and selinexor in combination with either cisplatin or docetaxel. Tumor growth was evaluated for 25 days.
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25
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Pataer A, Shao R, Correa AM, Behrens C, Roth JA, Vaporciyan AA, Wistuba II, Swisher SG. Major pathologic response and RAD51 predict survival in lung cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2405-2414. [PMID: 29673125 PMCID: PMC6010873 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we determined that major pathologic response (MPR) as indicated by the percentage of residual viable tumor cells predicted overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, we assessed whether two genes and five protein biomarkers could predict MPR and OS in 98 patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We collected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of resected NSCLC tumors from 98 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We identified mutations in KRAS and EGFR genes using pyrosequencing and examined the expression of protein markers VEGFR2, EZH2, ERCC1, RAD51, and PKR using immunohistochemistry. We assessed whether gene mutation status or protein expression was associated with MPR or OS. We observed that KRAS mutation tended to be associated with OS (P = .06), but EGFR mutation was not associated with OS. We found that patients with high RAD51 expression levels had a poorer prognosis than did those with low RAD51 expression. We also observed that RAD51 expression was associated with MPR. MPR and RAD51 expression were associated with OS in univariate and multivariate analyses (P = .04 and P = .02, respectively). Combination of MPR with RAD51 is a significant predictor of prognosis in patients with NSCLC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We demonstrated that MPR or RAD51 expression was associated with OS in patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prediction of a patient's prognosis could be improved by combined assessment of MPR and RAD51 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apar Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ruping Shao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Arlene M. Correa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ara A. Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Stephen G. Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
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26
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Ginsenosides synergize with mitomycin C in combating human non-small cell lung cancer by repressing Rad51-mediated DNA repair. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:449-458. [PMID: 28836581 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of ginseng extract as an adjuvant for cancer treatment has been reported in both animal models and clinical applications, but its molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Mitomycin C (MMC), an anticancer antibiotic used as a first- or second-line regimen in the treatment for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), causes serious adverse reactions when used alone. Here, by using both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we provide evidence for an optimal therapy for NSCLC with total ginsenosides extract (TGS), which significantly enhanced the MMC-induced cytotoxicity against NSCLC A549 and PC-9 cells in vitro when used in combination with relatively low concentrations of MMC. A NSCLC xenograft mouse model was used to confirm the in vivo synergistic effects of the combination of TGS with MMC. Further investigation revealed that TGS could significantly reverse MMC-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and inhibit Rad51-mediated DNA damage repair, which was evidenced by the inhibitory effects of TGS on the levels of phospho-MEK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2 and Rad51 protein and the translocation of Rad51 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to MMC. In summary, our results demonstrate that TGS could effectively enhance the cytotoxicity of MMC against NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo, thereby revealing a novel adjuvant anticancer mechanism of TGS. Combined treatment with TGS and MMC can significantly lower the required concentration of MMC and can further reduce the risk of side effects, suggesting a better treatment option for NSCLC patients.
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27
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Inhibition of RAD51 by siRNA and Resveratrol Sensitizes Cancer Stem Cells Derived from HeLa Cell Cultures to Apoptosis. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2493869. [PMID: 29681946 PMCID: PMC5846439 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2493869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most frequent tumor type in women worldwide with cases developing clinical recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The cancer stem cells (CSC) may be implicated in tumor resistance to therapy. RESveratrol (RES), a natural compound, is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial activities. We previously determined that the expression of RAD51 is decreased by RES. The aim of our study was to examine molecular mechanism by which CSC from HeLa cultures exhibit chemoresistance. We hypothesized CSC repair more efficiently DNA breaks and that RAD51 plays an important role in this mechanism. We found that CSC, derived from cervical cancer cell lines, overexpress RAD51 and are less sensitive to Etoposide (VP16). We inhibited RAD51 in CSC-enriched cultures using RES or siRNA against RAD51 messenger RNA and observed a decrease in cell viability and induction of apoptosis when treated simultaneously with VP16. In addition, we found that inhibition of RAD51 expression using RES also sensitizes CSC to VP16 treatment. Our results suggest that resveratrol is effective to sensitize cervical CSC because of RAD51 inhibition, targeting high RAD51 expressing CD49f-positive cells, which supports the possible therapeutic application of RES as a novel agent to treat cancer.
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28
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Wu M, Sheng Z, Jiang L, Liu Z, Bi Y, Shen Y. Overexpression of RAD51B predicts a preferable prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91471-91480. [PMID: 29207658 PMCID: PMC5710938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an incurable advanced stage with poor prognosis. A recent study associated the methylation of homologous recombination genes with expression of immune checkpoints in lung squamous cell carcinoma. However, the correlation between them remains unclear. In our study, we propose that RAD51B, a repair gene in the homologous recombination process, which is noticed to be a key player in the maintenance of chromosome integrity and in sensing DNA damage, can act as an independent factor affecting the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Univariate analysis showed that overexpression of RAD51B is statistically significant correlated with better prognosis (P=0.013). Further, the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the morbidity of patients with high expression of RAD51B was decreased by 26% compared to those with low expression (HR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.59-0.93), especially for the patients with squamous cell carcinoma (HR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.51-0.90). In conclusion, RAD51B in mRNA level can be an important indicator to decide the prognosis of NSCLC and its overexpression predicts a preferable prognosis for NSCLC. Our results serve as a foundation for the investigation of the role of RAD51B in NSCLC, which may lead to potential therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zufeng Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Bi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yueping Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Nickoloff JA, Boss MK, Allen CP, LaRue SM. Translational research in radiation-induced DNA damage signaling and repair. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S875-S891. [PMID: 30574452 PMCID: PMC6298755 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool in the fight against cancer. It is non-invasive and painless, and with advanced tumor imaging and beam control systems, radiation can be delivered to patients safely, generally with minor or no adverse side effects, accounting for its increasing use against a broad range of tumors. Tumors and normal cells respond to radiation-induced DNA damage by activating a complex network of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways that determine cell fate including survival, death, and genome stability. DNA damage response (DDR) proteins represent excellent targets to augment radiotherapy, and many agents that inhibit key response proteins are being combined with radiation and genotoxic chemotherapy in clinical trials. This review focuses on how insights into molecular mechanisms of DDR pathways are translated to small animal preclinical studies, to clinical studies of naturally occurring tumors in companion animals, and finally to human clinical trials. Companion animal studies, under the umbrella of comparative oncology, have played key roles in the development of clinical radiotherapy throughout its >100-year history. There is growing appreciation that rapid translation of basic knowledge of DNA damage and repair systems to improved radiotherapy practice requires a comprehensive approach that embraces the full spectrum of cancer research, with companion animal clinical trials representing a critical bridge between small animal preclinical studies, and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan M LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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30
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Chen Q, Cai D, Li M, Wu X. The homologous recombination protein RAD51 is a promising therapeutic target for cervical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627709 PMCID: PMC5561999 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 is one of the pivotal enzymes for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, which implies it as a promising and novel target for cancer therapy. Recent findings have indicated RAD51 protein is overexpressed in a variety of tumors. The high-expression of RAD51 is related to poor prognosis. RAD51 is involved in the repair of DNA damage and the generation of genetic diversity by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. However, the exact mechanism of Rad51 in the progression of cervical cancer remains unclear. RI-1 is a small molecule that inhibits the central recombination protein RAD51. In this study, we found that RAD51 was highly expressed in invasive squamous cervical cancer (SCC). The administration of RI-1 inhibited cell growth in vitro and reduced growth of tumor xenografts in vivo with cervical cancer cells (HeLa and SiHa). Further investigation suggested that RAD51 protein significantly promoted the cell cycle transition from the G0/G1 to S phase. In addition, the inhibition of RAD51 reduced the level of the cell cycle related protein cyclin D1, but increased the levels of p21 mRNA and protein. As a DNA DSB repair enzyme, the expression of RAD51 in tumor cells possibly affects their sensitivity to anti-cancer agents. Additionally, in experiments using cisplatin and ionizing radiation, RI-1 treated cervical cancer cells, HeLa and SiHa, were sensitized to a greater extent than the untreated control. Thus, HR inhibition of RAD51 may provide yet another mechanism of therapeutic target for the chemosensitization and radiosensitization of cervical cancer with RI-1. Collectively, our data demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of RAD51 suppressed the cervical cancer cell proliferation and the growth of cervical cancer xenografts by attenuating cell cycle transition, which could be a functional link between RAD51 and cyclin D1 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Dongge Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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31
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Gachechiladze M, Škarda J, Soltermann A, Joerger M. RAD51 as a potential surrogate marker for DNA repair capacity in solid malignancies. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1286-1294. [PMID: 28477336 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting deficient mechanisms of cellular DNA repair still represents the basis for the treatment of the majority of solid tumors, and increased DNA repair capacity is a hallmark mechanism of resistance not only to DNA-damaging treatments such as cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy, but also to small molecule targeted drugs such as inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Hence, there is substantial medical need for potent and convenient biomarkers of individual response to DNA-targeted treatment in personalized cancer care. RAD51 is a highly conserved protein that catalyzes DNA repair via homologous recombination, a major DNA repair pathway which directly modulates cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging treatments. The clinical and biological significance of RAD51 protein expression is still under investigation. Pre-clinical studies consistently show the important role of nuclear RAD51 immunoreactivity in chemo- and radioresistance. Validating data from clinical trials however is limited at present, and some clinical studies show controversial results. This review gives a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge about the prognostic and predictive value of RAD51 protein expression and genetic variability in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gachechiladze
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Škarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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32
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Sarwar R, Sheikh AK, Mahjabeen I, Bashir K, Saeed S, Kayani MA. Upregulation of RAD51 expression is associated with progression of thyroid carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:446-454. [PMID: 28502582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS RAD51 participates in homologous recombination repair (HRR) of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) which may cause genomic instability and cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate RAD51 gene expression at transcriptional and translational levels to measure mRNA and protein level and to correlate its relationship with proliferation marker, Ki67 in thyroid cancer patients. This study also explored correlation of these genes with different clinicopathological parameters of the study cohort by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. METHODS Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect mRNA transcript levels and protein expression of RAD51 and Ki67 in 102 cases of thyroid cancer tissues and equal number of uninvolved healthy thyroid tissue controls. RESULTS Data showed that expression for both RAD51 and Ki67 was significantly increased in thyroid cancer (p<0.001). High RAD51 and Ki67 expression was associated with later stages, poor tissue differentiation, large tumor size, positive lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. The correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation (r=0.461) between RAD51 and Ki67 on mRNA level and on protein level (r=0.866). Strong correlation was observed between clinicopathological characteristics and selected molecules. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that upregulation of RAD51 and overexpression of Ki67 may be associated with the progression of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarwar
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A K Sheikh
- Pathology Department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad (PIMS), Pakistan
| | - I Mahjabeen
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - K Bashir
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Saeed
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M A Kayani
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Zhi L, Yao S, Ma W, Zhang W, Chen H, Li M, Ma J. Polymorphisms of RAD51B are associated with rheumatoid arthritis and erosion in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45876. [PMID: 28361912 PMCID: PMC5374468 DOI: 10.1038/srep45876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, chronic autoimmune disease affecting 0.5–1.0% of adults worldwide, including approximately 4.5–5.0 million patients in China. The genetic etiology and pathogenesis of RA have not yet been fully elucidated. Recently, one new RA susceptibility gene (RAD51B) has been identified in Korean and European populations. In this study, we designed a two-stage case-control study to further assess the relationship of common variants in the RAD51B gene with increased risk of RA in a total of 965 RA patients and 2,511 unrelated healthy controls of Han Chinese ancestry. We successfully identified a common variant, rs911263, as being significantly associated with the disease status of RA (P = 4.8 × 10−5, OR = 0.64). In addition, this SNP was shown to be related to erosion, a clinical assessment of disease severity in RA (P = 2.89 × 10−5, OR = 0.52). These findings shed light on the role of RAD51B in the onset and severity of RA. More research in the future is needed to clarify the underlying functional link between rs911263 and the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhi
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuxin Yao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenlong Ma
- Department of Hip Injury and Disease, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Qiming South Road No.82, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Honggan Chen
- Department of Hip Injury and Disease, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Qiming South Road No.82, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianbing Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Personalised Medicine: Genome Maintenance Lessons Learned from Studies in Yeast as a Model Organism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:157-178. [PMID: 28840557 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yeast research has been tremendously contributing to the understanding of a variety of molecular pathways due to the ease of its genetic manipulation, fast doubling time as well as being cost-effective. The understanding of these pathways did not only help scientists learn more about the cellular functions but also assisted in deciphering the genetic and cellular defects behind multiple diseases. Hence, yeast research not only opened the doors for transforming basic research into applied research, but also paved the roads for improving diagnosis and innovating personalized therapy of different diseases. In this chapter, we discuss how yeast research has contributed to understanding major genome maintenance pathways such as the S-phase checkpoint activation pathways, repair via homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining as well as topoisomerases-induced protein linked DNA breaks repair. Defects in these pathways lead to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Thus, the understanding of the exact genetic defects underlying these diseases allowed the development of personalized medicine, improving the diagnosis and treatment and overcoming the detriments of current conventional therapies such as the side effects, toxicity as well as drug resistance.
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35
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Cheng Y, Yang B, Xi Y, Chen X. RAD51B as a potential biomarker for early detection and poor prognostic evaluation contributes to tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14969-14978. [PMID: 27651161 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common and deadly disease worldwide. Outcomes of patients are poor largely due to chemoresistance or recurrence. Thus, identifying novel biomarkers to predict response to therapy and/or prognosis are urgently needed. RAD51B, a key player in DNA repair/recombination, has the potential to be a candidate oncogene and biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, its relationship with GC remains unclear. To evaluate clinicopathological and prognostic significance of RAD51B in GC, we examined messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) from 69 and tissue microarray from 144 GC patients, respectively. Our results showed that RAD51B mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in tumors compared to that of matched noncancerous tissues (P < 0.001). In parallel, RAD51B protein showed a mainly nucleus-staining pattern, and the positive rate in tumors and stomach atypical hyperplasia was significantly higher than that in matched noncancerous tissues (P = 0.015). Moreover, high level of RAD51B protein was correlated with advanced stage (P = 0.009), aggressive differentiation (P = 0.022), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001). Further, Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high level of RAD51B expression exhibited worse overall survival compared to patients with low level (P = 0.040). A multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that RAD51B may be an independent prognostic factor for GC patients in Chinese population (P = 0.004). Additionally, functional studies indicated that over-expression of RAD51B promoted cell proliferation, aneuploidy, and drug resistance, while RAD51B knockdown led to G1 arrest and sensitized cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In conclusion, RAD51B may act as an oncogene during GC progression, and its hyper-expression may be a potential biomarker for early detection and poor prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Cheng
- Beijing New Oriental Foreign Language School at Yangzhou, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Endoscopy, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
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High expression of Rad51c predicts poor prognostic outcome and induces cell resistance to cisplatin and radiation in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13489-13498. [PMID: 27465554 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rad51c is critical for homologous recombination repair and genomic stability and may play roles in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. We investigated the expression level and clinical significance of Rad51c in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and determined the effect of Rad51c on NSCLC cell chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity. Rad51c expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and was higher in NSCLC patient samples than in adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high Rad51c expression was an independent predictor of short overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in NSCLC patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Furthermore, Rad51c knockdown increased the killing effect of ionizing radiation (IR) and enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptotic cells in NSCLC cells by disrupting the repair of cisplatin- and IR-induced DNA damage. In addition, ectopic expression of Rad51c dramatically enhanced NSCLC cell resistance to cisplatin and radiotherapy. These findings suggest that increased expression of Rad51c may confer resistance to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy of NSCLC, and also be an independent prognostic factor for patient outcome. Therefore, targeting Rad51c may represent an improved therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients with locally advanced disease.
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37
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Large-scale RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of 4043 Cancers and 548 Normal Tissue Controls across 12 TCGA Cancer Types. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13413. [PMID: 26292924 PMCID: PMC4544034 DOI: 10.1038/srep13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has accrued RNA-Seq-based transcriptome data for more than 4000 cancer tissue samples across 12 cancer types, translating these data into biological insights remains a major challenge. We analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of 4043 cancer and 548 normal tissue samples from 21 TCGA cancer types, and created a comprehensive catalog of gene expression alterations for each cancer type. By clustering genes into co-regulated gene sets, we identified seven cross-cancer gene signatures altered across a diverse panel of primary human cancer samples. A 14-gene signature extracted from these seven cross-cancer gene signatures precisely differentiated between cancerous and normal samples, the predictive accuracy of leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) were 92.04%, 96.23%, 91.76%, 90.05%, 88.17%, 94.29%, and 99.10% for BLCA, BRCA, COAD, HNSC, LIHC, LUAD, and LUSC, respectively. A lung cancer-specific gene signature, containing SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes, accurately distinguished lung cancer from other cancer samples, the predictive accuracy of LOOCV for TCGA and GSE5364 data were 95.68% and 100%, respectively. These gene signatures provide rich insights into the transcriptional programs that trigger tumorigenesis and metastasis, and many genes in the signature gene panels may be of significant value to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and intractable human malignant tumors and a leading cause of cancer-related death across the world, with incidence equaling mortality. Because of the extremely high malignance, this disease is usually diagnosed at its advanced stage and recurs even after surgical excision. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is generally thought to arise from pathological changes of pancreatic duct, and the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 90 % of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas. To date, scientists have revealed several risk factors for pancreatic cancer, including smoking, family history, and aging. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Meanwhile, more mutations of DNA damage response factors have been identified in familial pancreatic cancers, implying a potential link between DNA damage and pancreatic cancer. DNA damage is a recurring phenomenon in our bodies which could be induced by exogenous agents and endogenous metabolism. Accumulated DNA lesions cause genomic instability which eventually results in tumorigenesis. In this study, we showed obvious DNA damages existed in human pancreatic cancer, which activated DNA damage response and the DNA repair pathway including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, DNA-PK, CHK1, and CHK2. The persistent DNA damage in pancreatic tissue may be the source for its tumorigenesis.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25:325-30. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328360f591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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