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Talukder P, Chanda S, Chaudhuri B, Choudhury SR, Saha D, Dash S, Banerjee A, Chatterjee B. CRISPR-Based Gene Editing: a Modern Approach for Study and Treatment of Cancer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4439-4456. [PMID: 37737443 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The development and emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) as a genome-editing technology have created a plethora of opportunities in genetic engineering. The ability of sequence-specific addition or removal of DNA in an efficient and cost-effective manner has revolutionized modern research in the field of life science and healthcare. CRISPR is widely used as a genome engineering tool in clinical studies for observing gene expression and metabolic pathway regulations in detail. Even in the case of transgenic research and personalized gene manipulation studies, CRISPR-based technology is used extensively. To understand and even to correct the underlying genetic problem is of cancer, CRISPR-based technology can be used. Various kinds of work is going on throughout the world which are attempting to target different genes in order to discover novel and effective methodologies for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we provide a brief overview on the application of CRISPR gene editing technology in cancer treatment focusing on the key aspects of cancer screening, modelling and therapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Talukder
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India.
| | - Sounak Chanda
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Biswadeep Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | | | - Debanjan Saha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sudipta Dash
- Department of Biotechnology, IIT, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Abhineet Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, NIT, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
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Yildiz SN, Entezari M, Paskeh MDA, Mirzaei S, Kalbasi A, Zabolian A, Hashemi F, Hushmandi K, Hashemi M, Raei M, Goharrizi MASB, Aref AR, Zarrabi A, Ren J, Orive G, Rabiee N, Ertas YN. Nanoliposomes as nonviral vectors in cancer gene therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e583. [PMID: 38919334 PMCID: PMC11199024 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonviral vectors, such as liposomes, offer potential for targeted gene delivery in cancer therapy. Liposomes, composed of phospholipid vesicles, have demonstrated efficacy as nanocarriers for genetic tools, addressing the limitations of off-targeting and degradation commonly associated with traditional gene therapy approaches. Due to their biocompatibility, stability, and tunable physicochemical properties, they offer potential in overcoming the challenges associated with gene therapy, such as low transfection efficiency and poor stability in biological fluids. Despite these advancements, there remains a gap in understanding the optimal utilization of nanoliposomes for enhanced gene delivery in cancer treatment. This review delves into the present state of nanoliposomes as carriers for genetic tools in cancer therapy, sheds light on their potential to safeguard genetic payloads and facilitate cell internalization alongside the evolution of smart nanocarriers for targeted delivery. The challenges linked to their biocompatibility and the factors that restrict their effectiveness in gene delivery are also discussed along with exploring the potential of nanoliposomes in cancer gene therapy strategies by analyzing recent advancements and offering future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of Medical Convergence SciencesFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of Medical Convergence SciencesFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceIslamic Azad UniversityScience and Research BranchTehranIran
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department of PharmacyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of OrthopedicsShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Clinical Sciences InstituteNephrology and Urology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of Medical Convergence SciencesFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of HealthBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer ScienceDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Translational SciencesXsphera Biosciences Inc.BostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research GroupSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology ‐ UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research GroupVitoria‐GasteizSpain
- The AcademiaSingapore Eye Research InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
- ERNAM—Nanotechnology Research and Application CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
- UNAM−National Nanotechnology Research CenterBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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Chen B, Deng Y, Ren X, Zhao J, Jiang C. CRISPR/Cas9 screening: unraveling cancer immunotherapy's 'Rosetta Stone'. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00102-3. [PMID: 38763850 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based technology, a powerful toolset for the unbiased functional genomic screening of biological processes, has facilitated several scientific breakthroughs in the biomedical field. Cancer immunotherapy has advanced the treatment of numerous malignancies that previously had restricted treatment options or unfavorable outcomes. In the realm of cancer immunotherapy, the application of CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-based genetic perturbation screening has enabled the identification of genes, biomarkers, and signaling pathways that govern various cancer immunoreactivities, as well as the development of effective immunotherapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based screening for cancer immunotherapy and outline the immunotherapeutic targets identified via CRISPR screening based on cancer-type classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Chen
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Yanrong Deng
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianghai Ren
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Congqing Jiang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Clinical Center of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases of Hubei Province, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Lin T, Liu D, Guan Z, Zhao X, Li S, Wang X, Hou R, Zheng J, Cao J, Shi M. CRISPR screens in mechanism and target discovery for AML. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29382. [PMID: 38660246 PMCID: PMC11040068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based screens have discovered novel functional genes involving in diverse tumor biology and elucidated the mechanisms of the cancer pathological states. Recently, with its randomness and unbiasedness, CRISPR screens have been used to discover effector genes with previously unknown roles for AML. Those novel targets are related to AML survival resembled cellular pathways mediating epigenetics, synthetic lethality, transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial and energy metabolism. Other genes that are crucial for pharmaceutical targeting and drug resistance have also been identified. With the rapid development of novel strategies, such as barcodes and multiplexed mosaic CRISPR perturbation, more potential therapeutic targets and mechanism in AML will be discovered. In this review, we present an overview of recent progresses in the development of CRISPR-based screens for the mechanism and target identification in AML and discuss the challenges and possible solutions in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lin
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Zhangchun Guan
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Sijin Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
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Li K, Yang H, Lin A, Xie J, Wang H, Zhou J, Carr SR, Liu Z, Li X, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Schrump DS, Luo P, Wei T. CPADS: a web tool for comprehensive pancancer analysis of drug sensitivity. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae237. [PMID: 38770717 PMCID: PMC11106634 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug therapy is vital in cancer treatment. Accurate analysis of drug sensitivity for specific cancers can guide healthcare professionals in prescribing drugs, leading to improved patient survival and quality of life. However, there is a lack of web-based tools that offer comprehensive visualization and analysis of pancancer drug sensitivity. We gathered cancer drug sensitivity data from publicly available databases (GEO, TCGA and GDSC) and developed a web tool called Comprehensive Pancancer Analysis of Drug Sensitivity (CPADS) using Shiny. CPADS currently includes transcriptomic data from over 29 000 samples, encompassing 44 types of cancer, 288 drugs and more than 9000 gene perturbations. It allows easy execution of various analyses related to cancer drug sensitivity. With its large sample size and diverse drug range, CPADS offers a range of analysis methods, such as differential gene expression, gene correlation, pathway analysis, drug analysis and gene perturbation analysis. Additionally, it provides several visualization approaches. CPADS significantly aids physicians and researchers in exploring primary and secondary drug resistance at both gene and pathway levels. The integration of drug resistance and gene perturbation data also presents novel perspectives for identifying pivotal genes influencing drug resistance. Access CPADS at https://smuonco.shinyapps.io/CPADS/ or https://robinl-lab.com/CPADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Xie
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Intersection of Xinlong Avenue and Xinpu Avenue, Honghuagang District, Zunyi City 563000, China
| | - Shamus R Carr
- Thoracic Surgery Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, No. 33, Life Park Road, Zhongguancun, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sixth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, No. 16, Jianjian South Street, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610051, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Surgery Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Zhong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Tang L, Zhang H, Zhou F, Wei Q, Du M, Wu J, Li C, Luo W, Zhou J, Wang X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Wu Z, Wen Y, Jiang H, Liao D, Kou H, Xiong W, Mei H, Hu Y. Targeting autophagy overcomes cancer-intrinsic resistance to CAR-T immunotherapy in B-cell malignancies. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:408-432. [PMID: 38407943 PMCID: PMC10958674 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy has substantially revolutionized the clinical outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies, but the cancer-intrinsic mechanisms underlying resistance to CAR-T cells remain yet to be fully understood. This study aims to explore the molecular determinants of cancer cell sensitivity to CAR-T cell-mediated killing and to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and potential modulation to improve clinical efficacy. METHODS The human whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout screening was conducted to identify key genes that enable cancer cells to evade CD19 CAR-T-cell-mediated killing. The in vitro cytotoxicity assays and evaluation of tumor tissue and bone marrow specimens were further conducted to confirm the role of the key genes in cancer cell susceptibility to CAR-T cells. In addition, the specific mechanisms influencing CAR-T cell-mediated cancer clearance were elucidated in mouse and cellular models. RESULTS The CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout screening showed that the enrichment of autophagy-related genes (ATG3, BECN1, and RB1CC1) provided protection of cancer cells from CD19 CAR-T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings were further validated by in vitro cytotoxicity assays in cells with genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy. Notably, higher expression of the three autophagy-related proteins in tumor samples was correlated with poorer responsiveness and worse survival in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma after CD19 CAR-T therapy. Bulk RNA sequencing analysis of bone marrow samples from B-cell leukemia patients also suggested the clinical relevance of autophagy to the therapeutic response and relapse after CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy and knockout of RB1CC1 could dramatically sensitize tumor cells to CD19 CAR-T cell-mediated killing in mouse models of both B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Moreover, our study revealed that cancer-intrinsic autophagy mediates evasion of CAR-T cells via the TNF-α-TNFR1 axis-mediated apoptosis and STAT1/IRF1-induced chemokine signaling activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that autophagy signaling in B-cell malignancies is essential for the effective cytotoxic function of CAR-T cells and thereby pave the way for the development of autophagy-targeting strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.
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Wang Y, Khalil A, Kamar A, Du M, Dinh T, McFarland C, Wang Z. Unveiling immune checkpoint regulation: exploring the power of in vivo CRISPR screenings in cancer immunotherapy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1304425. [PMID: 38162677 PMCID: PMC10755878 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1304425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy by reinvigorating antitumor immune responses, but their efficacy remains limited in most patients. To address this challenge and optimize Immune check inhibitor treatment, understanding the underlying molecular intricacies involved is crucial. The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has empowered researchers to precisely investigate gene function and has introduced transformative shifts in identifying key genes for various physiological and pathological processes. CRISPR screenings, particularly in vivo CRISPR screenings, have become invaluable tools in deciphering molecular networks and signaling pathways governing suppressive immune checkpoint molecules. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of in vivo CRISPR screenings in cancer immunotherapy, exploring how this cutting-edge technology has unraveled potential novel therapeutic targets and combination strategies. We delve into the latest findings and advancements, shedding light on immune checkpoint regulation and offering exciting prospects for the development of innovative and effective treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Case Comprehesive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Athar Khalil
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Case Comprehesive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Amina Kamar
- Centre for Digital Transformation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mengyan Du
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Case Comprehesive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Trang Dinh
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Case Comprehesive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christopher McFarland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Case Comprehesive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zhenghe Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Case Comprehesive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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To KKW, Cho WC. Drug Repurposing to Circumvent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2166. [PMID: 37631380 PMCID: PMC10459070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have achieved unprecedented clinical success in cancer treatment. However, drug resistance to ICI therapy is a major hurdle that prevents cancer patients from responding to the treatment or having durable disease control. Drug repurposing refers to the application of clinically approved drugs, with characterized pharmacological properties and known adverse effect profiles, to new indications. It has also emerged as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance. In this review, we summarized the latest research about drug repurposing to overcome ICI resistance. Repurposed drugs work by either exerting immunostimulatory activities or abolishing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Compared to the de novo drug design strategy, they provide novel and affordable treatment options to enhance cancer immunotherapy that can be readily evaluated in the clinic. Biomarkers are exploited to identify the right patient population to benefit from the repurposed drugs and drug combinations. Phenotypic screening of chemical libraries has been conducted to search for T-cell-modifying drugs. Genomics and integrated bioinformatics analysis, artificial intelligence, machine and deep learning approaches are employed to identify novel modulators of the immunosuppressive TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K. W. To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wei W, Chen ZN, Wang K. CRISPR/Cas9: A Powerful Strategy to Improve CAR-T Cell Persistence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12317. [PMID: 37569693 PMCID: PMC10418799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emerging treatment strategy for malignant tumors, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has been widely used in clinical practice, and its efficacy has been markedly improved in the past decade. However, the clinical effect of CAR-T therapy is not so satisfying, especially in solid tumors. Even in hematologic malignancies, a proportion of patients eventually relapse after receiving CAR-T cell infusions, owing to the poor expansion and persistence of CAR-T cells. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided an effective approach to promoting the proliferation and persistence of CAR-T cells in the body. This technology has been utilized in CAR-T cells to generate a memory phenotype, reduce exhaustion, and screen new targets to improve the anti-tumor potential. In this review, we aim to describe the major causes limiting the persistence of CAR-T cells in patients and discuss the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in promoting CAR-T cell persistence and its anti-tumor function. Finally, we investigate clinical trials for CRISPR/Cas9-engineered CAR-T cells for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Ke Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
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Vredevoogd DW, Peeper DS. Heterogeneity in functional genetic screens: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162706. [PMID: 37398651 PMCID: PMC10312307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional genetic screens to uncover tumor-intrinsic nodes of immune resistance have uncovered numerous mechanisms by which tumors evade our immune system. However, due to technical limitations, tumor heterogeneity is imperfectly captured with many of these analyses. Here, we provide an overview of the nature and sources of heterogeneity that are relevant for tumor-immune interactions. We argue that this heterogeneity may actually contribute to the discovery of novel mechanisms of immune evasion, given a sufficiently large and heterogeneous set of input data. Taking advantage of tumor cell heterogeneity, we provide proof-of-concept analyses of mechanisms of TNF resistance. Thus, consideration of tumor heterogeneity is imperative to increase our understanding of immune resistance mechanisms.
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Fu L, Li Z, Ren Y, Yu H, Liu B, Qiu Y. CRISPR/Cas genome editing in triple negative breast cancer: Current situation and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115449. [PMID: 36754153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been well-known to be closely associated with the abnormal expression of both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Although several pathogenic mutations in TNBC have been identified, the current therapeutic strategy is usually aimed at symptom relief rather than correcting mutations in the DNA sequence. Of note, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has been gradually regarded as a breakthrough gene-editing tool with potential therapeutic applications in human cancers, including TNBC. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the molecular subtypes of TNBC, as well as the CRISPR system and its potential applications in TNBC treatment. Moreover, we further discuss several emerging strategies for utilizing the CRISPR/Cas system to aid in the precise diagnosis of TNBC, as well as the limitations of the CRISPR/Cas system. Taken together, these findings would demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas system is not only an effective genome editing tool in TNBC, but a promising strategy for the future therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yueting Ren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerity faculty of medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuling Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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12
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Rabaan AA, AlSaihati H, Bukhamsin R, Bakhrebah MA, Nassar MS, Alsaleh AA, Alhashem YN, Bukhamseen AY, Al-Ruhimy K, Alotaibi M, Alsubki RA, Alahmed HE, Al-Abdulhadi S, Alhashem FA, Alqatari AA, Alsayyah A, Farahat RA, Abdulal RH, Al-Ahmed AH, Imran M, Mohapatra RK. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Cancer Treatment: A Future Direction. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:1954-1976. [PMID: 36826113 PMCID: PMC9955208 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing, especially with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), has advanced gene function science. Gene editing's rapid advancement has increased its medical/clinical value. Due to its great specificity and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 can accurately and swiftly screen the whole genome. This simplifies disease-specific gene therapy. To study tumor origins, development, and metastasis, CRISPR/Cas9 can change genomes. In recent years, tumor treatment research has increasingly employed this method. CRISPR/Cas9 can treat cancer by removing genes or correcting mutations. Numerous preliminary tumor treatment studies have been conducted in relevant fields. CRISPR/Cas9 may treat gene-level tumors. CRISPR/Cas9-based personalized and targeted medicines may shape tumor treatment. This review examines CRISPR/Cas9 for tumor therapy research, which will be helpful in providing references for future studies on the pathogenesis of malignancy and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Hajir AlSaihati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Bukhamsin
- Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef N. Alhashem
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Y. Bukhamseen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Al-Ruhimy
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 14235, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alotaibi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 14235, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hejji E. Alahmed
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Al Hofuf 36441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Saleh Office for Medical Genetic and Genetic Counseling Services, The House of Expertise, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Dammam 32411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatemah A. Alhashem
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hematopathology Division, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam A. Alqatari
- Hematopathology Department, Clinical Pathology, Al-Dorr Specialist Medical Center, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H. Al-Ahmed
- Dammam Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India
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13
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Maity S, Mukherjee R, Banerjee S. Recent Advances and Therapeutic Strategies Using CRISPR Genome Editing Technique for the Treatment of Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:206-226. [PMID: 35999480 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR genome editing technique has the potential to target cancer cells in a precise manner. The latest advancements have helped to address one of the prominent concerns about this strategy which is the off-target integrations observed with dsDNA and have resulted in more studies being carried out for potentially safer and more targeted gene therapy, so as to make it available for the clinical trials in order to effectively treat cancer. CRISPR screens offer great potential for the high throughput investigation of the gene functionality in various tumors. It extends its capability to identify the tumor growth essential genes, therapeutic resistant genes, and immunotherapeutic responses. CRISPR screens are mostly performed in in vitro models, but latest advancements focus on developing in vivo models to view cancer progression in animal models. It also allows the detection of factors responsible for tumorigenesis. In CRISPR screens key parameters are optimized in order to meet proficient gene targeting efficiencies. It also detects various molecular effectors required for gene regulation in different cancers, essential pathways which modulate cytotoxicity to immunotherapy in cancer cells, important genes which contribute to cancer cell survival in hypoxic states and modulate cancer long non-coding RNAs. The current review focuses on the recent developments in the therapeutic application of CRISPR technology for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the associated challenges and safety concerns along with the various strategies that can be implemented to overcome these drawbacks has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Maity
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rishyani Mukherjee
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satarupa Banerjee
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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14
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Luo BH, Huang JQ, Huang CY, Tian P, Chen AZ, Wu WH, Ma XM, Yuan YX, Yu L. Screening of Lymphoma Radiotherapy-Resistant Genes with CRISPR Activation Library. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2023; 16:67-80. [PMID: 36743888 PMCID: PMC9897072 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s386085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to screen lymphoma radiotherapy-resistant genes using CRISPR activation (CRISPRa). Methods The Human CRISPRa library virus was packaged and then transfected into lymphoma cells to construct an activation library cell line, which was irradiated at the minimum lethal radiation dose to screen radiotherapy-resistant cells. Radiotherapy-resistant cell single-guide RNA (sgRNA) was first amplified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the coding region and then subject to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics analysis to screen radiotherapy-resistant genes. Certain radiotherapy-resistant genes were then selected to construct activated cell lines transfected with a single gene so as to further verify the relationship between gene expression and radiotherapy resistance. Results A total of 16 radiotherapy-resistant genes, namely, C20orf203, MTFR1, TAF1L, MYADM, NIPSNAP1, ZUP1, RASL11A, PSMB2, PSMA6, OR8H3, TMSB4Y, CD300LF, EEF1A1, ATP6AP1L, TRAF3IP2, and SNRNP35, were screened based on the NGS results and bioinformatics analysis of the radiotherapy-resistant cells. Activated cell lines transfected with a single gene were constructed using 10 radiotherapy-resistant genes. The qPCR findings showed that, when compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of MTFR1, NIPSNAP1, ZUP1, PSMB2, PSMA6, EEF1A1, TMSB4Y and TAF1L (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the mRNA expression of AKT3 or TRAF3IP2 (p > 0.05) was found between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion The 16 genes screened are potential lymphoma radiotherapy-resistant genes. It was initially determined that the high expression of 8 genes was associated with lymphoma radiotherapy resistance, and these genes could serve as the potential biomarkers for predicting lymphoma radiotherapy resistance or as new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Hua Luo
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Huang
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Tian
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Zhen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hao Wu
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ma
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Xing Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Yu
- Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Lian Yu, Department of Hematology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated Fujian Medical University, No. 105 of Jiuyibei Road, Xinluo District, Fujian, 364000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13859572936, Email
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15
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Maranda V, Zhang Y, Vizeacoumar FS, Freywald A, Vizeacoumar FJ. A CRISPR Platform for Targeted In Vivo Screens. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2614:397-409. [PMID: 36587138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genetic screens are becoming increasingly used as powerful tools to query the genome to identify therapeutic targets in cancer. The advent of the CRISPR technology has revolutionized the effectiveness of these screens and has made it possible to carry out loss-of-function screens to identify cancer-specific genetic interactions. Such loss-of-function screens can be performed in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, depending on the scale of the screen, as well as research questions to be answered. Performing screens in vivo has its challenges but also advantages, providing opportunities to study the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunity. In this chapter, we present a procedural framework and associated notes for conducting in vivo CRISPR knockout screens in cancer models to study cancer biology, anti-tumor immune responses, tumor microenvironment, and predicting treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Maranda
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada.
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16
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Malla RR, Middela K. CRISPR-Based Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 28:1-14. [PMID: 38050977 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023048723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is a powerful gene editing tool that has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. It allows for precise and efficient editing of specific genes that drive cancer growth and progression. CRISPR-based approaches gene knock-out, which deletes specific genes or sequences of DNA within a cancer cell, and gene knock-in, which inserts new sequences of DNA into a cancer cell to identify potential targets for cancer therapy. Further, genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screens identify specific markers for diagnosis of cancers. Recently, immunotherapy has become a highly efficient strategy for the treatment of cancer. The use of CRISPR in cancer immunotherapy is focused on enhancing the function of T cells, making them more effective at attacking cancer cells and inactivating the immune evasion mechanisms of cancer cells. It has the potential to generate CAR-T cells, which are T cells that have been genetically engineered to target and attack cancer cells specifically. This review uncovers the latest developments in CRISPR-based gene editing strategies and delivery of their components in cancer cells. In addition, the applications of CRISPR in cancer immune therapy are discussed. Overall, this review helps to explore the potential of CRISPR-based strategies in cancer immune therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Keerthana Middela
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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17
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Liu Y, An L, Huang R, Xiong J, Yang H, Wang X, Zhang X. Strategies to enhance CAR-T persistence. Biomark Res 2022; 10:86. [PMID: 36419115 PMCID: PMC9685914 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has significantly improved the life expectancy for patients with refractory or relapse B cell lymphoma. As for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), although the primary response rate is promising, the high incidence of early relapse has caused modest long-term survival with CAR-T cell alone. One of the main challenges is the limited persistence of CAR-T cells. To further optimize the clinical effects of CAR-T cells, many studies have focused on modifying the CAR structure and regulating CAR-T cell differentiation. In this review, we focus on CAR-T cell persistence and summarize the latest progress and strategies adopted during the in vitro culture stage to optimize CAR-T immunotherapy by improving long-term persistence. Such strategies include choosing a suitable cell source, improving culture conditions, combining CAR-T cells with conventional drugs, and applying genetic manipulations, all of which may improve the survival of patients with hematologic malignancies by reducing the probability of recurrence after CAR-T cell infusion and provide clues for solid tumor CAR-T cell therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingna An
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihao Huang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingkang Xiong
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China. .,Jinfeng Laboratory, 401329, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Identification of NOXA as a pivotal regulator of resistance to CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell malignancies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:98. [PMID: 35370290 PMCID: PMC8977349 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDespite the remarkable success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for treating hematologic malignancies, resistance and recurrence still occur, while the markers or mechanisms underlying this resistance remain poorly understood. Here, via an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we identified loss of NOXA, a B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family protein in B-cell malignancies, as a pivotal regulator of resistance to CAR T-cell therapy by impairing apoptosis of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, low NOXA expression in tumor samples was correlated with worse survival in a tandem CD19/20 CAR T clinical trial in relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma. In contrast, pharmacological augmentation of NOXA expression by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors dramatically sensitized cancer cells to CAR T cell-mediated clearance in vitro and in vivo. Our work revealed the essentiality of NOXA in resistance to CAR T-cell therapy and suggested NOXA as a predictive marker for response and survival in patients receiving CAR T-cell transfusions. Pharmacological targeting of NOXA might provide an innovative therapeutic strategy to enhance CAR T-cell therapy.
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19
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Eerkens AL, Vledder A, Rooij N, Foijer F, Nijman HW, Bruyn M. Rapid and efficient generation of antigen‐specific isogenic T cells from cryopreserved blood samples. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:285-295. [PMID: 35194830 PMCID: PMC9314923 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)‐mediated gene editing has been leveraged for the modification of human and mouse T cells. However, limited experience is available on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 electroporation in cryopreserved T cells collected during clinical trials. To address this, we aimed to optimize a CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing protocol compatible with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples routinely produced during clinical trials. PBMCs from healthy donors were used to generate knockout T‐cell models for interferon‐γ, Cbl proto‐oncogene B (CBLB), Fas cell surface death receptor (Fas) and T‐cell receptor (TCRαβ) genes. The effect of CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing on T cells was evaluated using apoptosis assays, cytokine bead arrays and ex vivo and in vitro stimulation assays. Our results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing of ex vivo T cells is efficient and does not overtly affect T‐cell viability. Cytokine release and T‐cell proliferation were not affected in gene‐edited T cells. Interestingly, memory T cells were more susceptible to CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing than naïve T cells. Ex vivo and in vitro stimulation with antigens resulted in equivalent antigen‐specific T‐cell responses in gene‐edited and untouched control cells, making CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing compatible with clinical antigen‐specific T‐cell activation and expansion assays. Here, we report an optimized protocol for rapid, viable and highly efficient genetic modification in ex vivo human antigen‐specific T cells, for subsequent functional evaluation and/or expansion. Our platform extends CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing for use in gold‐standard clinically used immune‐monitoring pipelines and serves as a starting point for development of analogous approaches, such as those including transcriptional activators and/or epigenetic modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke L Eerkens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Annegé Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Rooij
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marco Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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20
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Li Y, Yang C, Liu Z, Du S, Can S, Zhang H, Zhang L, Huang X, Xiao Z, Li X, Fang J, Qin W, Sun C, Wang C, Chen J, Chen H. Integrative analysis of CRISPR screening data uncovers new opportunities for optimizing cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:2. [PMID: 34980132 PMCID: PMC8722047 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the application of functional genetic immuno-oncology screens has showcased the striking ability to identify potential regulators engaged in tumor-immune interactions. Although these screens have yielded substantial data, few studies have attempted to systematically aggregate and analyze them. Methods In this study, a comprehensive data collection of tumor immunity-associated functional screens was performed. Large-scale genomic data sets were exploited to conduct integrative analyses. Results We identified 105 regulator genes that could mediate resistance or sensitivity to immune cell-induced tumor elimination. Further analysis identified MON2 as a novel immune-oncology target with considerable therapeutic potential. In addition, based on the 105 genes, a signature named CTIS (CRISPR screening-based tumor-intrinsic immune score) for predicting response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and several immunomodulatory agents with the potential to augment the efficacy of ICB were also determined. Conclusion Overall, our findings provide insights into immune oncology and open up novel opportunities for improving the efficacy of current immunotherapy agents. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-021-01462-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shangce Du
- Immune Regulation in Cancer Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Susan Can
- Immune Regulation in Cancer Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Hailin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Linmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zhenyu Xiao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Immune Regulation in Cancer Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Huimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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21
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Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has been one of the greatest scientific discoveries in the last decade. The highly efficient and precise editing ability of this technology is of great therapeutic value and benefits the basic sciences as an advantageous research tool. In recent years, forward genetic screens using CRISPR technology have been widely adopted, with genome-wide or pathway-focused screens leading to important and novel discoveries. CRISPR screens have been used primarily in cancer biology, virology, and basic cell biology, but they have rarely been applied to diabetes research. A potential reason for this is that diabetes-related research can be more complicated, often involving cross talk between multiple organs or cell types. Nevertheless, many questions can still be reduced to the study of a single cell type if assays are carefully designed. Here we review the application of CRISPR screen technology and provide perspective on how it can be used in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yi
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, and CRISPR Screen Core Laboratory, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Noelle Morrow
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, and CRISPR Screen Core Laboratory, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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22
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Ma YS, Cao YF, Liu JB, Li W, Deng J, Yang XL, Xin R, Shi Y, Zhang DD, Lv ZW, Fu D. The power and the promise of circRNAs for cancer precision medicine with functional diagnostics and prognostic prediction. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1305-1313. [PMID: 34313732 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a large class of covalently closed circular RNA. As a member of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), it participates in the regulation of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and plays an important role in the regulation of physiology and pathology. CircRNA is produced by the reverse splicing of exon, intron or both, forming exon or intron circRNA. Studies have shown that circRNA is a ubiquitous molecule, which exceeds the linear mRNA distributed in human cells. Because of its covalent closed-loop structure, circRNA is resistant to RNase R, which is more stable than linear mRNA; circRNA is highly conserved in different species. It was found that circRNA competitively adsorbs miRNA, as a miRNA sponge, to involve in the expression regulation of a variety of genes and plays an important role in tumor development, invasion, metastasis and other processes. These molecules offer new potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention and serve as biomarkers for diagnosis. In this paper, the origin, characteristics and functions of circRNA and its role in tumor development, invasion and metastasis, diagnosis and prognosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shui Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.,Department of Tumor, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226300, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, National Center for Liver Cancer, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yong-Feng Cao
- Department of Tumor, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226300, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Department of Tumor, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226300, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Da Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.,Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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23
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Costa A, Vale N. Strategies for the treatment of breast cancer: from classical drugs to mathematical models. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:6328-6385. [PMID: 34517536 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and generally affects women. It is a heterogeneous disease that presents different entities, different biological characteristics, and differentiated clinical behaviors. With this in mind, this literature review had as its main objective to analyze the path taken from the simple use of classical drugs to the application of mathematical models, which through the many ongoing studies, have been considered as one of the reliable strategies, explaining the reasons why chemotherapy is not always successful. Besides, the most commonly mentioned strategies are immunotherapy, which includes techniques and therapies such as the use of antibodies, cytokines, antitumor vaccines, oncolytic and genomic viruses, among others, and nanoparticles, including metallic, magnetic, polymeric, liposome, dendrimer, micelle, and others, as well as drug reuse, which is a process by which new therapeutic indications are found for existing and approved drugs. The most commonly used pharmacological categories are cardiac, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, antiviral, antibiotic, and others. For the efficient development of reused drugs, there must be a process of exchange of purposes, methods, and information already available, and for their better understanding, computational mathematical models are then used, of which the methods of blind search or screening, based on the target, knowledge, signature, pathway or network and the mechanism to which it is directed, stand out. To conclude it should be noted that these different strategies can be applied alone or in combination with each other always to improve breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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24
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Ou X, Ma Q, Yin W, Ma X, He Z. CRISPR/Cas9 Gene-Editing in Cancer Immunotherapy: Promoting the Present Revolution in Cancer Therapy and Exploring More. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674467. [PMID: 34095145 PMCID: PMC8172808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has showed fantastic promise in pioneering and accelerating the field of cancer therapy and embraces unprecedented breakthroughs in clinical practice. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system, as a versatile gene-editing technology, lays a robust foundation to efficiently innovate cancer research and cancer therapy. Here, we summarize recent approaches based on CRISPR/Cas9 system for construction of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and T cell receptor T (TCR-T) cells. Besides, we review the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in inhibiting immune checkpoint signaling pathways and highlight the feasibility of CRISPR/Cas9 based engineering strategies to screen novel cancer immunotherapy targets. Conclusively, we discuss the perspectives, potential challenges and possible solutions in this vivid growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Ou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qizhi Ma
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Yin
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyao He
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Castells-Roca L, Tejero E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Surrallés J. CRISPR Screens in Synthetic Lethality and Combinatorial Therapies for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1591. [PMID: 33808217 PMCID: PMC8037779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the accumulation of genetic dysfunctions. Tumor heterogeneity causes the molecular variety that divergently controls responses to chemotherapy, leading to the recurrent problem of cancer reappearance. For many decades, efforts have focused on identifying essential tumoral genes and cancer driver mutations. More recently, prompted by the clinical success of the synthetic lethality (SL)-based therapy of the PARP inhibitors in homologous recombinant deficient tumors, scientists have centered their novel research on SL interactions (SLI). The state of the art to find new genetic interactions are currently large-scale forward genetic CRISPR screens. CRISPR technology has rapidly evolved to be a common tool in the vast majority of laboratories, as tools to implement CRISPR screen protocols are available to all researchers. Taking advantage of SLI, combinatorial therapies have become the ultimate model to treat cancer with lower toxicity, and therefore better efficiency. This review explores the CRISPR screen methodology, integrates the up-to-date published findings on CRISPR screens in the cancer field and proposes future directions to uncover cancer regulation and individual responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Castells-Roca
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) and Join Unit UAB-IR Sant Pau on Genomic Medicine, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eudald Tejero
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Surrallés
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) and Join Unit UAB-IR Sant Pau on Genomic Medicine, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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