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Neha, Sardana HK, Dahiya N, Dogra N, Kanawade R, Sharma YP, Kumar S. Automated myocardial infarction and angina detection using second derivative of photoplethysmography. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:1259-1269. [PMID: 37395927 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) based healthcare devices have gained enormous interest in the detection of cardiac abnormalities. Limited research has been implemented for myocardial infarction (MI) detection. Moreover, PPG-based detection of angina is still a research gap. PPG signals are not always informative. Therefore, this research work presents the use of PPG signals and their second derivative to evaluate myocardial infarction and angina using a novel set of morphological features. The obtained morphological features are fed onto the feed-forward artificial neural network for the identification of the type of MI and unstable angina (UA). The initial experiments have been carried out on non-ambulatory (public) subjects for feature extraction and later evaluated on ambulatory (self-generated) databases. The intended method attains accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98%, 97%, 98% on the public database and 94%, 94%, 94% on the self-generated database. The result shows that the proposed set of features can detect MI and UA with significant accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
| | - H K Sardana
- Indian Institute of Information Technology, Raichur, India.
| | - N Dahiya
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - N Dogra
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Kanawade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Y P Sharma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
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Zambrano-Serrano E, Platas-Garza MA, Posadas-Castillo C, Arellano-Delgado A, Cruz-Hernández C. Exploring the Role of Indirect Coupling in Complex Networks: The Emergence of Chaos and Entropy in Fractional Discrete Nodes. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:866. [PMID: 37372210 DOI: 10.3390/e25060866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of complex systems defined in the sense of Caputo, such as fractional differences, is crucial for predicting their behavior and improving their functionality. In this paper, the emergence of chaos in complex dynamical networks with indirect coupling and discrete systems, both utilizing fractional order, is presented. The study employs indirect coupling to produce complex dynamics in the network, where the connection between the nodes occurs through intermediate fractional order nodes. The temporal series, phase planes, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponent are considered to analyze the inherent dynamics of the network. Analyzing the spectral entropy of the chaotic series generated, the complexity of the network is quantified. As a final step, we demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the complex network. It is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which confirms its hardware realizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Zambrano-Serrano
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Platas-Garza
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
| | - Cornelio Posadas-Castillo
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
| | - Adrian Arellano-Delgado
- National Council of Science and Technology, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
- Engineering, Architecture and Design Faculty, Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
| | - César Cruz-Hernández
- Electronics and Telecommunication Department, Scientific Research and Advanced Studies Center of Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
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Method for Solving Difficulties in Rhythm Classification Caused by Few Samples and Similar Characteristics in Electrocardiograms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020196. [PMID: 36829690 PMCID: PMC9952353 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for accurately analyzing electrocardiograms (ECGs), which are obtained from electrical signals generated by cardiac activity, is essential in heart disease diagnosis. However, rhythms are typically obtained with relatively few data samples and similar characteristics, making them difficult to classify. To solve these issues, we proposed a novel method that distinguishes a given ECG rhythm using a beat score map (BSM) image. Through the proposed method, the associations between beats and previously used features, such as the R-R interval, were considered. Rhythm classification was implemented by training a convolutional neural network model and using transfer learning with the created BSM image. As a result, the proposed method for ECG rhythms with small data samples showed significant results. It also showed good performance in differentiating atrial fibrillation (AFIB) and atrial flutter (AFL) rhythms, which are difficult to distinguish due to their similar characteristics. The performance for rhythms with a small number of samples of the proposed method is 20% better than an existing method. In addition, the performance based on the F-1 score for classifying AFIB and AFL of the proposed method is 30% better than the existing method. This study solved the previous limitations caused by small sample numbers and similar rhythms.
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Candelaria MDE, Chua NMM, Kee SH. Evaluation of Heat-Induced Damage in Concrete Using Machine Learning of Ultrasonic Pulse Waves. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7914. [PMID: 36431399 PMCID: PMC9692534 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the applicability of using ultrasonic wave signals in detecting early fire damage in concrete. This study analyzed the reliability of using the linear (wave velocity) and nonlinear (coherence) parameters from ultrasonic pulse measurements and the applicability of machine learning in assessing the thermal damage of concrete cylinders. While machine learning has been used in some damage detections for concrete, its feasibility has not been fully investigated in classifying thermal damage. Data was collected from laboratory experiments using concrete specimens with three different water-to-binder ratios (0.54, 0.46, and 0.35). The specimens were subjected to different target temperatures (100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C) and another set of cylinders was subjected to room temperature (20 °C) to represent the normal temperature condition. It was observed that P-wave velocities increased by 0.1% to 10.44% when the concretes were heated to 100 °C, and then decreased continuously until 600 °C by 48.46% to 65.80%. Conversely, coherence showed a significant decrease after exposure to 100 °C but had fluctuating values in the range of 0.110 to 0.223 thereafter. In terms of classifying the thermal damage of concrete, machine learning yielded an accuracy of 76.0% while the use of P-wave velocity and coherence yielded accuracies of 30.26% and 32.31%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Doreen Esplana Candelaria
- Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart Cities Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Nhoja Marie Miranda Chua
- Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart Cities Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Kee
- Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart Cities Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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Arrhythmia Classification Algorithm Based on a Two-Dimensional Image and Modified EfficientNet. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:8683855. [PMID: 36065367 PMCID: PMC9440778 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8683855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The classification and identification of arrhythmias using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are of great practical significance in the early prevention and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we propose an arrhythmia classification algorithm based on two-dimensional (2D) images and modified EfficientNet. First, we developed a method for converting original one-dimensional (1D) ECG signals into 2D image signals. In contrast with the existing classification method that uses only the time-domain features of a 1D ECG signal, the classification of 2D images can consider the spatiotemporal characteristics of the signal. Then, to better assign feature weights, we introduced an attention feature fusion module (AFF) into the EfficientNet network to replace the addition operation in the mobile inverted bottleneck convolution (MBConv) structure of the network. We selected EfficientNet for modification because, compared with most convolutional neural networks (CNNs), EfficientNet does not require manual adjustment of parameters, which improves the accuracy and speed of the network. Finally, we combined the 2D images and the improved EfficientNet network and tested its performance as an arrhythmia classification method. Our experimental results show that the network training of the proposed method requires less equipment and training time, and this method can effectively distinguish eight types of heartbeats in the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, with a classification accuracy of 99.54%. Thus, the model has a good classification effect.
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Ventricular Fibrillation and Tachycardia Detection Using Features Derived from Topological Data Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate detection of ventricular arrhythmias is essential to take appropriate therapeutic actions when cardiac arrhythmias occur. Furthermore, the accurate discrimination between arrhythmias is also important, provided that the required shocking therapy would not be the same. In this work, the main novelty is the use of the mathematical method known as Topological Data Analysis (TDA) to generate new types of features which can contribute to the improvement of the detection and classification performance of cardiac arrhythmias such as Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) and Ventricular Tachycardia (VT). The electrocardiographic (ECG) signals used for this evaluation were obtained from the standard MIT-BIH and AHA databases. Two input data to the classify are evaluated: TDA features, and Persistence Diagram Image (PDI). Using the reduced TDA-obtained features, a high average accuracy near 99% was observed when discriminating four types of rhythms (98.68% to VF; 99.05% to VT; 98.76% to normal sinus; and 99.09% to Other rhythms) with specificity values higher than 97.16% in all cases. In addition, a higher accuracy of 99.51% was obtained when discriminating between shockable (VT/VF) and non-shockable rhythms (99.03% sensitivity and 99.67% specificity). These results show that the use of TDA-derived geometric features, combined in this case this the k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) classifier, raises the classification performance above results in previous works. Considering that these results have been achieved without preselection of ECG episodes, it can be concluded that these features may be successfully introduced in Automated External Defibrillation (AED) and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillation (ICD) therapies.
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Gajendran MK, Rohowetz LJ, Koulen P, Mehdizadeh A. Novel Machine-Learning Based Framework Using Electroretinography Data for the Detection of Early-Stage Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:869137. [PMID: 35600610 PMCID: PMC9115110 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.869137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeEarly-stage glaucoma diagnosis has been a challenging problem in ophthalmology. The current state-of-the-art glaucoma diagnosis techniques do not completely leverage the functional measures' such as electroretinogram's immense potential; instead, focus is on structural measures like optical coherence tomography. The current study aims to take a foundational step toward the development of a novel and reliable predictive framework for early detection of glaucoma using machine-learning-based algorithm capable of leveraging medically relevant information that ERG signals contain.MethodsERG signals from 60 eyes of DBA/2 mice were grouped for binary classification based on age. The signals were also grouped based on intraocular pressure (IOP) for multiclass classification. Statistical and wavelet-based features were engineered and extracted. Important predictors (ERG tests and features) were determined, and the performance of five machine learning-based methods were evaluated.ResultsRandom forest (bagged trees) ensemble classifier provided the best performance in both binary and multiclass classification of ERG signals. An accuracy of 91.7 and 80% was achieved for binary and multiclass classification, respectively, suggesting that machine-learning-based models can detect subtle changes in ERG signals if trained using advanced features such as those based on wavelet analyses.ConclusionsThe present study describes a novel, machine-learning-based method to analyze ERG signals providing additional information that may be used to detect early-stage glaucoma. Based on promising performance metrics obtained using the proposed machine-learning-based framework leveraging an established ERG data set, we conclude that the novel framework allows for detection of functional deficits of early/various stages of glaucoma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar Gajendran
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Landon J. Rohowetz
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Amirfarhang Mehdizadeh
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Amirfarhang Mehdizadeh
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Labib MI, Nahid AA. OptRPC: A novel and optimized recurrence plot-based system for ECG beat classification. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alqudah AM, Alqudah A. Deep learning for single-lead ECG beat arrhythmia-type detection using novel iris spectrogram representation. Soft comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-021-06555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Application of Internet of Things on the Healthcare Field Using Convolutional Neural Network Processing. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1892123. [PMID: 35126905 PMCID: PMC8808223 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1892123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Population at risk can benefit greatly from remote health monitoring because it allows for early detection and treatment. Because of recent advances in Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigms, such monitoring systems are now available everywhere. Due to the essential nature of the patients being monitored, these systems demand a high level of quality in aspects such as availability and accuracy. In health applications, where a lot of data are accessible, deep learning algorithms have the potential to perform well. In this paper, we develop a deep learning architecture called the convolutional neural network (CNN), which we examine in this study to see if it can be implemented. The study uses the IoT system with a centralised cloud server, where it is considered as an ideal input data acquisition module. The study uses cloud computing resources by distributing CNN operations to the servers with outsourced fitness functions to be performed at the edge. The results of the simulation show that the proposed method achieves a higher rate of classifying the input instances from the data acquisition tools than other methods. From the results, it is seen that the proposed CNN achieves an average accurate rate of 99.6% on training datasets and 86.3% on testing datasets.
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Mohebbanaaz, Padma Sai Y, Rajani Kumari L. Cognitive assistant DeepNet model for detection of cardiac arrhythmia. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gan Y, Shi JC, He WM, Sun FJ. Parallel classification model of arrhythmia based on DenseNet-BiLSTM. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang J, Cai W, Wang M. Premature beats detection based on a novel convolutional neural network. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34167103 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac0e82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Automatic detection of premature beats on long electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings is of great significance for clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning model, the ECGDet, to detect premature beats, including premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and supraventricular premature beats (SPBs) on single-lead long-term ECGs.Approach.The ECGDet is proposed based on a convolutional neural network and squeeze-and-excitation network. It outputs the probabilities that the ECG samples belong to a premature contraction. Non-max suppression was used to select the most appropriate locations for the premature beats. The ECGDet was trained and tested on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database (MITDB) using a five-fold cross-validation approach. A novel loss calculation method was introduced in the model training process. Then it was tuned and further tested on the China Physiological Signal Challenge (2020) database (CPSCDB).Main results.The results showed that the average F1 value of PVC detection was 92.6%, while that of SPB detection was 72.2% on MITDB. The ECGDet bagged the 2nd place for PVC detection and ranked 7th place of SPB detection in the China Physiological Signal Challenge (2020).Significance.The proposed ECGDet can automatically detect premature heartbeats without manually extracting the features. This technique can be used for long-term ECG signal analysis and has potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Yang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Detection of ventricular arrhythmia using hybrid time-frequency-based features and deep neural network. Phys Eng Sci Med 2021; 44:135-145. [PMID: 33417159 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-020-00964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major cause of death among patients with heart diseases. It occurs mainly due to ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VTA) which includes ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) conditions. The main challenging task is to predict the VTA condition at a faster rate and timely application of automatic external defibrillator (AED) for saving lives. In this study, a VF/VT classification scheme has been proposed using a deep neural network (DNN) approach using hybrid time-frequency-based features. Two annotated public domain ECG databases (CUDB and VFDB) were used as training, test, and validation of datasets. The main motivation of this study was to implement a deep learning model for the classification of the VF/VT conditions and compared the results with other standard machine learning algorithms. The signal is decomposed with the wavelet transform, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and variable mode decomposition (VMD) approaches and twenty-four are extracted to form a hybrid model from a window of length 5 s length. The DNN classifier achieved an accuracy (Acc) of 99.2%, sensitivity (Se) of 98.8%, and specificity (Sp) of 99.3% which is comparatively better than the results of the standard classifier. The proposed algorithm can detect VTA conditions accurately, hence could reduce the rate of misinterpretations by human experts and improves the efficiency of cardiac diagnosis by ECG signal analysis.
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