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RAMIREZ‐OTAROLA N, ESPINOZA J, KALERGIS AM, SABAT P. Response to lipopolysaccharide inOctodon deguspups produces age‐related sickness behavior but does not have effects in juveniles. Integr Zool 2019; 14:235-247. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia RAMIREZ‐OTAROLA
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Science FacultyUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Department of Ecology, Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability, Biological Sciences FacultyPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Janyra ESPINOZA
- Millennium Institute Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Alexis M. KALERGIS
- Millennium Institute Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo SABAT
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Science FacultyUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Department of Ecology, Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability, Biological Sciences FacultyPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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2
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Zouikr I, Karshikoff B. Lifetime Modulation of the Pain System via Neuroimmune and Neuroendocrine Interactions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 28348566 PMCID: PMC5347117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that still is challenging both clinicians and researchers. Despite intense research, it is still not clear why some individuals develop chronic pain while others do not or how to heal this disease. In this review, we argue for a multisystem approach to understand chronic pain. Pain is not only to be viewed simply as a result of aberrant neuronal activity but also as a result of adverse early-life experiences that impact an individual's endocrine, immune, and nervous systems and changes which in turn program the pain system. First, we give an overview of the ontogeny of the central nervous system, endocrine, and immune systems and their windows of vulnerability. Thereafter, we summarize human and animal findings from our laboratories and others that point to an important role of the endocrine and immune systems in modulating pain sensitivity. Taking "early-life history" into account, together with the past and current immunological and endocrine status of chronic pain patients, is a necessary step to understand chronic pain pathophysiology and assist clinicians in tailoring the best therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane Zouikr
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, RIKEN BSI , Wako , Japan
| | - Bianka Karshikoff
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bolton JL, Bilbo SD. Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25364282 PMCID: PMC4214174 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/jbolton] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now epidemic worldwide. Beyond associated diseases such as diabetes, obesity is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Alarmingly maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption during gestation/lactation may “program” offspring longterm for increased obesity themselves, along with increased vulnerability to mood disorders. We review the evidence that programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet is propagated by inflammatory mechanisms, as obesity and high-fat diets are independently associated with exaggerated systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. Due to the recognized dual role of these immune molecules (eg, interleukin [IL]-6, 11-1β) in placental function and brain development, any disruption of their delicate balance with growth factors or neurotransmitters (eg, serotonin) by inflammation early in life can permanently alter the trajectory of fetal brain development. Finally, epigenetic regulation of inflammatory pathways is a likely candidate for persistent changes in metabolic and brain function as a consequence of the perinatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Sominsky L, Fuller EA, Hodgson DM. Factors in Early-Life Programming of Reproductive Fitness. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 102:216-25. [PMID: 26043876 DOI: 10.1159/000431378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fertility rates have been declining worldwide, with a growing number of young women suffering from infertility. Infectious and inflammatory diseases are important causes of infertility, and recent evidence points to the critical role of the early-life microbial environment in developmental programming of adult reproductive fitness. Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that acute exposure to an immunological challenge early in life has a profound and prolonged impact on male and female reproductive development. This review presents evidence that perinatal exposure to immunological challenge by a bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, acts at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in long-lasting changes in reproductive function, suggesting that disposition to infertility may begin early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia
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Prenatal lipopolysaccharide disrupts maternal behavior, reduces nest odor preference in pups, and induces anxiety: Studies of F1 and F2 generations. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:342-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sominsky L, Sobinoff AP, Jobling MS, Pye V, McLaughlin EA, Hodgson DM. Immune regulation of ovarian development: programming by neonatal immune challenge. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:100. [PMID: 23781169 PMCID: PMC3679471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal immune challenge by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces enduring alterations in the development and activity of neuroendocrine, immune and other physiological systems. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to an immune challenge by administration of LPS results in altered reproductive development in the female Wistar rat. Specifically, LPS-treated animals exhibited diminished ovarian reserve and altered reproductive lifespan. In the current study, we examined the cellular mechanisms that lead to the previously documented impaired ovulation and reduced follicular pool. Rats were administered intraperitoneally either 0.05 mg/kg of LPS (Salmonella Enteritidis) or an equivalent volume of non-pyrogenic saline on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5, and ovaries were obtained on PND 7. Microarray analysis revealed a significant upregulation in transcript expression (2-fold change; p < 0.05) for a substantial number of genes in the ovaries of LPS-treated animals, implicated in immune cell signaling, inflammatory responses, reproductive system development and disease. Several canonical pathways involved in immune recognition were affected by LPS treatment, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and LPS-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Quantitative Real-time PCR analysis supported the microarray results. Protein expression analysis of several components of the MAPK signaling pathway revealed a significant upregulation in the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the neonatal ovary of LPS-treated animals. These results indicate that neonatal immune challenge by administration of LPS has a direct effect on the ovary during the sensitive period of follicular formation. Given the pivotal role of inflammatory processes in the regulation of reproductive health, our findings suggest that early life immune activation via TLR signaling may have significant implications for the programming of ovarian development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Faculty of Science and IT, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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7
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Doosti MH, Bakhtiari A, Zare P, Amani M, Majidi-Zolbanin N, Babri S, Salari AA. Impacts of early intervention with fluoxetine following early neonatal immune activation on depression-like behaviors and body weight in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:55-65. [PMID: 23270703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have suggested that early neonatal immune activation adversely influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis development in humans and animal models. In addition, there have been several studies indicating that early intervention with fluoxetine (FLX) can alter HPA axis development and function, and prevent occurrence of behavioral abnormalities induced by common early-life insults. The present study aims to investigate the effects of early intervention with FLX following early neonatal immune activation on depression-like behaviors and body weight in mice. Neonatal mice in their postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5 received either lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 μg/kg, s.c.) or saline treatment, then male and female mice of both neonatal intervention groups received oral administration of FLX (5 and 10 mg/kg/day) or water via regular drinking bottles during the periadolescent period (PNDs 35-65). The results showed that neonatal LPS exposure elevated depression-like behaviors accompanied by increasing corticosterone levels in adulthood and decreasing body weight during neonatal and adolescent periods. Furthermore, the periadolescent FLX treatment inhibited the depression-like behaviors induced by neonatal infection in both sexes. This study obtained some experimental evidence indicating the potential adverse impacts of the FLX on normal behavioral development in male control animals. In conclusion, our findings suggest that an early pharmacological intervention with FLX may prevent emergence of depression-like behaviors induced by neonatal immune challenge without any detrimental effect on health in a sex- and dose-dependent manner in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hossein Doosti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Sominsky L, Meehan CL, Walker AK, Bobrovskaya L, McLaughlin EA, Hodgson DM. Neonatal immune challenge alters reproductive development in the female rat. Horm Behav 2012; 62:345-55. [PMID: 22366707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure alters neuroendocrine, immune and behavioural responses in adult rats. Recent findings indicate that neonatal LPS treatment may have a more pronounced effect on the mating behaviours of females compared to males. The current study further explored the impact of neonatal inflammation on reproductive development in the female rat. Wistar rats were administered LPS (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (equivolume) on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5. The immediate effect of treatment was assessed on plasma corticosterone and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation in the adrenal medulla. Weight gain and vaginal opening were recorded, and oestrous cyclicity was monitored post-puberty and in late adulthood. Blood and ovaries were collected throughout development to assess HPA and HPG hormones and to examine ovarian morphology. Reproductive success in the first (F1) generation and reproductive development in the second (F2) generation were also assessed. Neonatal LPS exposure resulted in increased TH phosphorylation in the neonatal adrenals. LPS treatment increased the corticosterone concentrations of females as juveniles, adolescents and adults, and reduced FSH in adolescence. Increased catch-up growth was evident in LPS-treated females, prompting earlier onset of puberty. Diminished follicular reserve was observed in neonatally LPS-treated females along with the advanced reproductive senescence. While fertility rates were not compromised, higher mortality and morbidity were observed in litters born to LPS-treated mothers. Female offspring of LPS-treated mothers displayed increased corticosterone on PND 14, increased catch-up growth and delayed emergence of the first oestrous cycle. No differences in any of the parameters assessed were observed in F2 males. These data suggest that neonatal immunological challenge has a profound impact on the female reproductive development, via the alteration of metabolic and neuroendocrine factors which regulate sexual maturation. Evidence of altered development in the female, but not male offspring of LPS-treated dams suggests increased susceptibility of females to the deleterious effects of neonatal immunological stress and its possible transferability to a subsequent generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, Australia.
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9
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Sominsky L, Walker AK, Ong LK, Tynan RJ, Walker FR, Hodgson DM. Increased microglial activation in the rat brain following neonatal exposure to a bacterial mimetic. Behav Brain Res 2011; 226:351-6. [PMID: 21907243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure increases anxiety-like behaviour in adulthood. Our current aim was to examine whether neonatal LPS exposure is associated with changes in microglial activation, and whether these alterations correspond with alterations in behaviour. In adulthood, LPS-treated animals exhibited significantly increased anxiety-like behaviour and hippocampal microglial activation. The efficacy of the LPS challenge was confirmed by increased neonatal plasma corticosterone and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation in the adrenal medulla. These findings suggest a neuroimmune pathway which may underpin the long-term behavioural and neuroendocrine changes following neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sominsky
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Australia.
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10
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Walker AK, Hiles SA, Sominsky L, McLaughlin EA, Hodgson DM. Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure impairs sexual development and reproductive success in the Wistar rat. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:674-84. [PMID: 21251974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated, in rats, whether neonatal exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairs sexual development, sexual decline, and reproductive behaviour in later life. Rats were administered either LPS (Salmonella enterica, serotype enteritidis, 0.05 mg/kg, ip) or saline (equivolume) on days 3 and 5 postpartum. The immediate and long-term effect of treatment on HPA and HPG hormones, testicular morphology, and mating behaviour was assessed. Neonatal LPS exposure induced a significant increase in corticosterone compared to controls, as well as reduced testosterone and LH in males and LH in females immediately following neonatal drug exposure. Neonatal LPS exposure disrupted the normal weight-to-age ratio of puberty onset in males and females, and impaired sexual performance in adulthood. Reproductive function was reflected in significantly diminished sperm presence in rats that had received neonatal LPS. LPS-treated females exhibited LH suppression during puberty, and males demonstrated testosterone suppression in late adulthood. Testosterone and LH surges during mating were significantly reduced in adult offspring treated with LPS as neonates. Furthermore, animals exposed to neonatal LPS and subsequent stress in adulthood, exhibited significantly blunted corticosterone responses. Morphometric assessment of testes taken from neonates revealed reduced gonocyte genesis immediately following LPS exposure and increased seminiferous disorganisation of the epithelium in these animals in adulthood. This research demonstrates the long-term impact of neonatal bacterial exposure on reproductive success given that early life exposure to bacteria disrupted puberty onset and sexual performance. Associated changes in neuroendocrine functioning suggest a possible mechanism through which a subfertile phenotype may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
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11
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Walker AK, Nakamura T, Hodgson DM. Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure alters central cytokine responses to stress in adulthood in Wistar rats. Stress 2010; 13:506-15. [PMID: 20666652 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.489977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
"Perinatal programming" is a phenomenon describing how early life environmental conditions can produce long-term physiological alterations that either enhance or inhibit adaptive functioning. Previously, we have demonstrated that neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) predisposes to anxiety-like behaviour in later life, which was associated with changes to the neuroendocrine response to stress. Given the known interactions between the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems, here we investigated whether neonatal exposure to a bacterial mimetic alters neuroimmune responses to acute stress in adulthood. Male and female Wistar rats were administered LPS (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline vehicle (equivolume) on days 3 and 5 post-partum. One group of rats was euthanised following early life treatment to assess immediate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and central cytokine responses to treatment. A second group was assessed in adulthood (85 days) following exposure to either a "stress" (30-min restraint) or "no stress" condition. Blood was collected from all rats at baseline, 30, 60 and 90 min after "stress", "no stress" treatment to assess peripheral corticosterone responses, and brains were collected 180 min following baseline to assess hippocampal content of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and IL-6 protein. Radioimmunoassay revealed that neonatal LPS treatment resulted in a prolonged corticosterone response to stress in adulthood compared to controls (p < 0.05). Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays revealed no group differences in hippocampal IL-6 content. However, brain IL-1β and TNFα protein concentrations were significantly greater in rats neonatally exposed to LPS and then exposed to stress in adulthood when compared to all other groups (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that early life bacterial toxin exposure results in a prolonged neuroendocrine response to acute stress in adulthood, which may be a consequence of increased release of IL-1β and TNFα in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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12
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Rico JLR, Ferraz DB, Ramalho-Pinto FJ, Morato S. Neonatal exposure to LPS leads to heightened exploratory activity in adolescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 215:102-9. [PMID: 20620170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although several reports have demonstrated physiological and behavioral changes in adult rats due to neonatal immune challenges, little is known about their effects in adolescence. Since neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters the neural substrates involved in cognitive disorders, we tested the hypothesis that it may also alter the response to novel environments in adolescent rats. At 3 and 5 days of age, male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle solution or E. coli LPS (0.05mg/kg) or were left undisturbed. In the mid-adolescent period, between 40 and 46 days of age, the rats were exposed to the following behavioral tests: elevated plus-maze, open-field, novel-object exploration task, hole-board and the modified Porsolt forced swim test. The results showed that, in comparison with control animals, LPS-treated rats exhibited (1) less anxiety-related behaviors and enhanced patterns of locomotion and rearing in the plus-maze and the open-field tests, (2) high levels of exploration of both objects in the novel-object task and of corner and central holes in hole-board test, and (3) more time spent diving, an active behavior in the forced swim test. The present findings suggest that neonatal LPS exposure has long-lasting effects on the behavior profile adolescent rats exhibit in response to novelty. This behavioral pattern, characterized by heightened exploratory activity in novel environments, also suggests that early immune stimulation may contribute to the development of impulsive behavior in adolescent rats.
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Walker AK, Nakamura T, Byrne RJ, Naicker S, Tynan RJ, Hunter M, Hodgson DM. Neonatal lipopolysaccharide and adult stress exposure predisposes rats to anxiety-like behaviour and blunted corticosterone responses: implications for the double-hit hypothesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:1515-25. [PMID: 19524372 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The double-hit hypothesis posits that an early life genetic or environmental insult sets up a neural predisposition to psychopathology, which may emerge in the presence of a subsequent insult, or 'second hit' in later life. The current study assessed the effect of neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on anxiety-like behaviours in the adult Wistar rat. Rats were administered either LPS (Salmonella enterica, serotype enteritidis, 0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (equivolume) on days 3 and 5 of life (birth=day 1). In adulthood (85 days), subjects were allocated to either "stress" or "no stress" treatment groups. For the "stress" group, subjects were exposed to a three-day stress protocol consisting of a 30 min period of restraint and isolation. The "no stress" group was left unperturbed but were handled during this period to control for handling effects between adult "stress" and "no stress" conditions. All animals then underwent behavioural testing using standardised tests of anxiety-like behaviour, including either the Hide Box/Open Field, Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) or Acoustic Startle Response (ASR). Time and event measures for restraint and isolation, the Hide Box/Open Field and EPM were recorded using automated tracking software. Startle amplitude and habituation across time was measured in the ASR test. Prior to and following behavioural test sessions, peripheral blood was collected to assess serum corticosterone and ACTH levels. Data analysis indicated that LPS-treated animals exposed to stress in adulthood exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviour across all behavioural tests compared to controls. Sexually dimorphic effects were observed with males exhibiting increased anxiety-related behaviours compared to females (p<.05). Neonatal LPS exposure induced a significant increase in corticosterone compared to controls (p<.05), whereas corticosterone responses to stress in adulthood were associated with a significantly blunted HPA axis response (p<.05). No differences in ACTH were observed. These results lend support to the double-hit hypothesis of anxiety-related behaviour, demonstrating that neonatal immune activation produces an enhanced propensity toward anxiety-related behaviour following stress in adulthood, and that this susceptibility is associated with alterations to HPA axis ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Kinouchi R, Fujisawa S, Murakami M, Kiyokawa M, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Neonatal LPS injection alters the body weight regulation systems of rats under non‐stress and immune stress conditions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Riyo Kinouchi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Shinobu Fujisawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Machiko Kiyokawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
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Walker FR, Hodyl NA, Hodgson DM. Neonatal bacterial endotoxin challenge interacts with stress in the adult male rat to modify KLH specific antibody production but not KLH stimulated ex vivo cytokine release. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 207:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Neonatal endotoxin exposure modifies the acoustic startle response and circulating levels of corticosterone in the adult rat but only following acute stress. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:1094-103. [PMID: 18406426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of early life stressors have consistently been implicated in the development of psychopathology in adulthood. The current study investigates a rarely considered form of early life stress, bacterial infection, for its ability to induce psychopathology-like symptoms in adult rat. Specifically, neonatal rats were exposed to a simulated bacterial infection. In adulthood the acoustic startle response of these animals was evaluated both prior to and following exposure to restraint stress. Our results indicate that animals neonatally exposed to infection exhibit a significantly exaggerated acoustic startle response but only following exposure to stress. Additionally, we observed that adult animals neonatally exposed to infection, exhibited increased production of circulating corticosterone following stress, indicating potentiated hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity as well as altered novelty seeking behaviour and locomotor activity. These results extend upon existing pre-clinical findings that indicate certain stressful early life events can predispose the adult animal to exhibit abnormal behaviour in adulthood.
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Miller MA, McTernan PG, Harte AL, Silva NFD, Strazzullo P, Alberti KGMM, Kumar S, Cappuccio FP. Ethnic and sex differences in circulating endotoxin levels: A novel marker of atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk in a British multi-ethnic population. Atherosclerosis 2008; 203:494-502. [PMID: 18672240 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating endotoxin levels are associated with atherosclerosis. Moreover, ethnic differences in pro-inflammatory markers may be associated with ethnic differences in atherosclerotic and cardiovascular (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To investigate ethnic differences in circulating plasma endotoxin levels, its soluble receptor (sCD14), and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). 192 individuals, aged 40-59 years (61 white (30 women), 68 of African origin (33 women) and 63 South Asians (33 women)), free from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, CVD and diabetes were randomly selected from the UK 'Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study'. RESULTS Age-adjusted endotoxin levels were lower in women than in men (p=0.002) and were highest in South Asians (13.3EU/mL [95% CI 12.0-14.7]) and lowest in individuals of African origin (10.1EU/mL [9.1-11.1]) than in whites (p for linear trend <0.001). Endotoxin levels were positively associated with waist, waist-hip ratio, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum insulin levels and negatively associated with serum HDL-cholesterol. Serum hs-CRP and plasma sCD14 varied by ethnic group (p<0.001) but was not associated with endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to indicate a graded increase in endotoxin levels from black Africans to whites to South Asians, which is consistent with the ethnic difference in CHD risk. Whilst these findings support the concept that the innate immune system (IIS) may contribute significantly to the metabolic component underlying the development of CVD and CHD risk, further studies are required to see whether endotoxin levels are causally related to the development of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Miller
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.
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Matteucci E, Giampietro O. Proposal open for discussion: defining agreed diagnostic procedures in experimental diabetes research. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:163-172. [PMID: 17961942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal experimentation has a long tradition in diabetes research and has provided invaluable benefits with regard to insulin discovery and treatment assessment. METHODS The review focuses on chemical-induced diabetes in rats and surveys the protocols of diabetes induction, diabetes diagnosis, and glucose tolerance evaluation in a selection of recent research. RESULTS This brief review of techniques in experimental diabetes highlights that there is no uniformity, whereas standardisation of procedures is desirable so that comparability will exist among experiments carried out in different settings. CONCLUSIONS On this basis, questions are put and standards are proposed. It would be a platform to promote the exchange of ideas through expert consultation about practical issues related to animal research and a basis on which standards can be set according to user requirements and animal respect.
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Luheshi GN, Rummel C. Is programming of weight regulation immune to neonatal inflammation? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R578-80. [PMID: 17537838 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00376.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giamal N Luheshi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Dept. of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Blvd. LaSalle, Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Spencer SJ, Mouihate A, Galic MA, Ellis SL, Pittman QJ. Neonatal immune challenge does not affect body weight regulation in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R581-9. [PMID: 17507437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00262.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The perinatal environment plays a crucial role in programming many aspects of adult physiology. Myriad stressors during pregnancy, from maternal immune challenge to nutritional deficiency, can alter long-term body weight set points of the offspring. In light of the increasing concern over body weight issues, such as obesity and anorexia, in modern societies and accumulating evidence that developmental stressors have long-lasting effects on other aspects of physiology (e.g., fever, pain), we explored the role of immune system activation during neonatal development and its impact on body weight regulation in adulthood. Here we present a thorough evaluation of the effects of immune system activation (LPS, 100 microg/kg ip) at postnatal days 3, 7, or 14 on long-term body weight, adiposity, and body weight regulation after a further LPS injection (50 microg/kg ip) or fasting and basal and LPS-induced circulating levels of the appetite-regulating proinflammatory cytokine leptin. We show that neonatal exposure to LPS at various times during the neonatal period has no long-term effects on growth, body weight, or adiposity. We also observed no effects on body weight regulation in response to a short fasting period or a further exposure to LPS. Despite reductions in circulating leptin levels in response to LPS during the neonatal period, no long-term effects on leptin were seen. These results convincingly demonstrate that adult body weight and weight regulation are, unlike many other aspects of adult physiology, resistant to programming by a febrile-dose neonatal immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Spencer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysiscs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Stress, genetics, and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:313-6. [PMID: 16495034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Kavelaars
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Division of Perinatology and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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